Friend or foe? Ecological modernisation in Brazil

Abstract

Ecological modernisation (EM) is a theory that proposes participation in decision-making, trust in science and technology, and preference for preventative measures, as strategies to simultaneously achieve environmental and economic objectives. The main objective of this thesis is to empirically assess the feasibility of EM in Brazil. This assessment is based on a framework that adopts a narrow definition of EM and focuses on the implementation of preventative innovation. The empirical part of this research examines the extent to which government and non-government actors have motivated preventative innovation. The study analyses environmental and scientific federal institutions in Brazil and determines their relationships with industry. Case studies focus on a few industrial sectors: batteries, tyres, pulp and paper, and small and medium-sized enterprises. The research identifies that, although Brazil only partially meets the conditions for EM, processes that resemble EM are happening in a few of these sectors, with varying levels of achievement. The investigation finds that EM has occurred in Brazil mainly because of international actors. However, it also notes that 'internationally oriented' EM has linkages with institutional dependence, does not motivate development of domestic technology, and might diverge environmental solutions away from local priorities. The thesis concludes that EM is feasible in Brazil and capable of creating environmental and economic benefits. Nevertheless, it cautions that 'internationally oriented' EM might create negative impacts, and proposes that further studies should be carried out to evaluate the desirability of EM for other middle-income countries.