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Publication Restricted The management of New Zealand mountain lands for recreation : the third of three volumes on the current status and future direction of mountain land recreation in New Zealand(Lincoln College. Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands Institute., 1979) Aukerman, Robert; Smith, JaquettaThis report is a nationwide perspective of the management of mountain lands through the expressed thoughts and impressions which the managers of these lands have given. Furthermore, it is a critical review of management. It is important to observe that those responding represent a cross-section of managers within the agencies concerned, throughout New Zealand. This is important in order to get a true nationwide picture of the management of mountain lands. In summary, this study has involved a significant number of managers with wide regional distribution. All agencies involved in the management of mountain land recreation are represented, as are all management levels within those agencies. The data presented represent uninhibited and honest concerns of the managers. I suggest that conflict and lack of cooperation appear to be two of the major stumbling blocks to proper management of New Zealand mountain lands. Accordingly, this report addresses mountain land management within the framework of conflict and cooperation.Publication Open Access Economic benefits of Mt. Cook National Park(Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management., 1986-02) Kerr, G. N.; Sharp, B. M. H.; Gough, Janet D.Market and non-market valued decisions are associated with New Zealand's system of national parks. The use benefits of Mount Cook National Park are not priced by the market mechanism, whereas many of the inputs necessary to operate and maintain the Park are priced. Estimates of the economic benefits are relevant information when deciding upon the allocation of resources to, and within, a system of national parks. In 1984, the consumers' surplus for adult New Zealand visitors was about $2.2 million. An estimate of the net national benefits is given by the consumers' surplus obtained by New Zealand visitors, plus the net benefits associated with foreign visitors, less the cost of Park management and land rental. The net benefit of Mount Cook National Park, as it was in 1984, is likely to be positive, indicating that the benefits associated with the current use pattern of resources exceeds their opportunity cost to the nation. However, this result cannot be used to establish the optimality of current expenditure and management. Approximately 170,000 adults visited Mount Cook National Park over 1984; 29% were from New Zealand, 25% were from Australia, 18% were from the United States, and 7% were from Japan. Visitors to the Park spend money in towns and villages in the Mackenzie Basin area. Average adult visitor expenditure in the Mackenzie Basin area is $58. These expenditures give rise to secondary economic benefits and create opportunities for regional development. Visitor expenditures in the Mackenzie Basin area are associated with $13.4 million of additional regional output, $6.8 million of additional regional income, and 196 jobs. These effects derive their significance from regional objectives; they are not indicators of the national benefits associated with Mount Cook National Park.Publication Open Access Pastoral high country : proposed tenure changes and the public interest : a case study(Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management., 1983) Blake, H.This study was undertaken in response to the report of the Clayton Committee and the findings of the trial assessments. Its goal is to investigate the public interest in relation to present and proposed future tenure of the South Island pastoral hill and high country (hereafter referred to as high country). By focussing on the public interest, we are able to encompass within a unifying framework, a diverse range of the issues raised by the Clayton Report and the subsequent public debate. The concept helps us to discuss the values held by society with respect to the high country and the way in which these have been accommodated in the recent recommendations as to tenure. Chapter Two provides background on the characteristics of the resource and the history of the relationship between land use and tenure in the high country. Chapter Three discusses the implications of the present tenure system and the proposed tenure changes with respect to the major present and potential land uses of the high country. Chapter Four investigates the concept of the public interest, beginning with a critical review of approaches to the public interest, then developing our own approach in terms of procedural democracy. Chapter Five applies our approach to the public interest to the recommendations of the Clayton Committee and the role of the Land Settlement Board in the light of our understanding of the implications of the proposed changes of tenure.Publication Open Access Resource use options for the Upper Manuherikia Valley : 603 case study(University of Canterbury and Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management., 1982) Bussières, M.Current resource development in New Zealand is unprecedented in its pace and scale. Development activities have implications for other resource uses and for future generations. Conflicts generated must be recognized and a comprehensive framework for resource planning developed for their reconciliation at all levels. The goal of this study is to understand resource use options in the Upper Manuherikia Valley of Central Otago. This area contains two of nine lignite deposits in the South Island which are being considered for processing into transport fuels (Figure 2). Development of the lignite will affect present and potential resource uses in the valley. The study area is defined on the west by the St Bathans Range, on the north by the boundary of the Manuherikia catchment, on the east by the Hawkdun Range and Idaburn Hills, and on the south by the road linking St Bathans and Hills Creek (Fig. 1). Part A identifies present and potential resource users in the study area. Agriculture and recreation are present uses. Forestry, lignite mining and processing, down-valley irrigation and reserves are examined as potential uses. The characteristics and physical requirements of these options are determined and discussed. Part B comprises four scenarios which represent a broad range of resource use alternatives. Implications for the physical and social environment are outlined in each scenario, as are the implications for local, regional and national policy. In Part C, recommendations are made for a comprehensive planning framework which may be used to reconcile the conflicts identified in each scenario.Publication Open Access Environmental energy flows in the New Zealand economic system(Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management., 1982) Baines, James T.; Smith, D. J.An understanding of the energy basis for human societies is incomplete if the current and recent energy flows in the global system are not recognised. These contributions include sunlight, wind, rain, ocean waves and tides. If, as we believe, mankind's long term future is constrained by the limits imposed by sustainable energy supplies, then we must acknowledge the relationship that exists between socio-economic systems and their supporting environmental systems. For a long time people have recognised that the sun is an important source of energy supporting economic activity. However, some points of view have been advanced recently which discount the need to evaluate environmental energy flows and to include such evaluations in planning. Some argue that energy flows derived from current and recent solar energy inputs to the global system are beyond the sphere of interest of economic analysis since they do not have a money value. Such flows are beyond man's direct influence and the economic system regards them as "free goods". Others assert that such flows are so large that their inclusion in calculations dwarfs all other energy sources. Much has been done recently to assess the validity of these arguments and to overcome the theoretical and practical problems in such energy analyses. Analysis based on the concept of Embodied energy now enables the assembly and interpretation of previously disjointed information to provide a more holistic view of the world in which we live. This paper is a first attempt to rationalise and extend energy analyses of the systems of New Zealand by including environmental energy flows. The major flows are evaluated as annual averages and the relative utilities of the various flows are assessed in terms of their Energy Transformation Ratios. The calculations provide preliminary estimates only and are described in detail to enable others to improve upon them later as better information and clearer perceptions evolve.Publication Open Access The public mountain land resource for recreation in New Zealand(Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management., 1980) Davison, Jenny; Geden, Bruce; Smith, JaquettaThe first volume of these studies concentrated on the needs, behaviour and wants of New Zealand mountain recreationists. It was the conception of Dr Robert Aukerman of Colorado State University in his leadership of this mountain recreation research programme at Lincoln College that an inventory and analysis of public mountain land resources for recreation should be an integral part of the programme. Bruce Geden and Jenny Davison had begun such work as part of their post-graduate Diploma in Natural Resources projects at Lincoln College. Under Bob Aukerman's guidance, first Bruce Geden then Jaquetta Smith developed and unified the inventory to include all pub public land areas "perceived as mountains" throughout the main islands of New Zealand. Jaquetta Smith and Jenny Davison patiently canvassed the agencies administering such lands, identifying from a variety of sources the records of natural resources and recreation facilities for each administrative region. The variety of talents that each brought to the study, Jaquetta Smith with degrees in geology and forestry, Jenny Davison in history, Bruce Geden in geography, were unified in their common interest in natural resources and recreation. Their combined work is presented in a format which takes account of both public administration and regional geography. This inventory is of mountain land which is conventionally considered as public land. Omitted from it are the extensive areas of mountain lands which are included in the pastorally-occupied areas of both North and South Island. The recreational use of South Island pastoral runs is the subject of studies reported in the third volume of this series. Recreational use of North Island pastoral properties may be principally as access to public mountain land resources beyond their boundaries. Such questions of access are briefly mentioned at appropriate points in this inventory. Also omitted from this inventory are most of those areas of mountain lands which remain as Maori Land. It would be presumptuous of this Institute to report on such terrain without the active cooperation of Maori people. The recreational significance of such Maori Land to both Maori and other people warrants a full exposition in its own right. This volume will be welcomed as the first compendium of public recreational land resources on a national basis. What is presented here may stimulate other appropriate agencies to compile similar inventories of recreational resources of New Zealand coasts and wetlands and to expand the recreational assessment of New Zealand water bodies. Only by such documentation are the issues of access and management likely to be clarified. The interests of both New Zealand residents and visitors from overseas demand that these issues receive the purposeful and sustained attention of citizens and administrative agencies alike. It is the hope of this Institute that these three volumes of studies will help make this possible.Publication Open Access The mountain land recreationist in New Zealand : the first of three volumes on the current status and future direction of mountain land recreation in New Zealand(Lincoln College, Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands Institute., 1980) Aukerman, Robert; Davison, JennyBarring love and war, few enterprises are undertaken with such abandon, or by such diverse individuals, or with so paradoxical a mixture of appetite and altruism, as that group of avocations known as outdoor recreation. It is by common consent, a good thing for people to get back to nature. But wherein lies the goodness, and what can be done to encourage its pursuit? (Leopold 1949). In 1949 Aldo Leopold asked this question. It is the basic and essential question which must be answered in order to serve the recreational needs of people. The question remains unanswered. The "goodness" lies hidden somewhere in a variety of needs which people have, needs which, when fulfilled, help make life rich and satisfying. In our report we have not attempted to answer Leopold's question. We have attempted to show just how close we are today in identifying "wherein lies the goodness and what can be done to encourage its pursuit" for people seeking recreation in New Zealand's mountain lands. - More specifically, this report sets out to present the following: - What is known and what information is available in New Zealand. - A critical review of selected aspects of the information and how it is being used. - What information is not available. - The implications for planners, management and the public recreationist of having or not having the information available. - What needs to be known. - The present trend toward obtaining the information. - Some tested and suggested methods of obtaining the more critically needed information. In general we have found the task of identifying what is known about New Zealand mountain land recreationists far too easy, because little such knowledge is available. While this was a relatively easy; albeit time consuming, task for us, the implication is that those who must plan and manage for New Zealand’s mountain land recreationists are faced with a very difficult task. For the less one knows about the recreational requirements of the people for whom one is planning and managing, the greater are the chances for mistakes. A fuller knowledge of the recreationist and his requirements also fits into the broad scale of land-use planning. We can then balance what needs to be provided to meet the recreationists’ requirements (which may be simple rather than extravagant) and what can be provided. Some recreational activities may be damaging to a fragile mountain environment, even destructive of the very experience sought. Thus the physical resource itself is a real constraint. Again, recreation may compete or conflict with other valued land uses such as nature preservation, soil and water conservation practices, forestry and farming. However, individual recreation activities may be co-ordinated and integrated to some degree with these uses in multiple-use practices. Other very real limitations are the money and manpower available. This report is presented to clarify what is known and what needs to be known about mountain land recreationists in an attempt to help planners and managers at all levels in their task of helping people enjoy life. If any part of this report contributes to this endeavour we consider ourselves truly lucky. For we too are in love with the New Zealand mountain lands and seek them for our recreation.Publication Open Access The Resources of Lake Wanaka(Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management., 1980) Robertson, B. T.; Blair, I. D.The purposes of the Lake Wanaka Preservation Act 1973 and the functions of the Guardians appointed by the Minister for the Environment appear to allow a wide or liberal interpretation. While the specific purposes of the Act are to preserve the water levels and shoreline in their natural state and to maintain and improve the quality of the lake water, a function directed to the Guardians is to report and make recommendations on any matter concerning the use of the lake for recreational purposes. With these considerations in mind the Guardians have deemed it important, if not imperative, to arrange for the compilation, publication and distribution of a definitive record of Lake Wanaka in its present natural ecological state, and as a regional locality of development with some problems to be resolved and resources maintained or preserved. In short, the guardians have posed these questions: What does the Wanaka system comprise in terms of natural resources that are implicit in the concept of guardianship? What problems are identified with the resources that may be reported within the purposes of the empowering Act? A report of the Guardians published in 1976, "The issues relating to the level of Lake Wanaka", discussed the significance of the lake and its levels within the context of the Clutha hydroelectricity plans. This critically important controversial topic is not further discussed at this stage. Information of scientific and general interest on Lake Wanaka is possessed by various people, most of whom signified willingness, when approached, to prepare reports on their subject areas of authority or knowledge. Further, it was both timely and fortuitous that the Working Party on Lagarosiphon weed in Lake Wanaka set up by the Officials Committee on Eutrophication had commissioned the Chemistry Division DSIR to provide detailed analyses of the Lake W anaka waters as background information to the inquiry on ingress and spread of this aquatic weed. Through this agency, therefore, the basic information on water quality became available. Until these data were provided, the Guardians would have been unable to plan or think in accord with one of their purposes: "to maintain and as far as possible improve the quality of water in the lake". The water and its chemical properties are reported on in this publication including two practical problems identified with Wanaka water, viz (1) Lagarosiphon: aquatic weed, a potential danger to the efficiency of hydro-electric dams in the Clutha River and (2) the public health problem, Duck or Swimmers' Itch, linked with a host/parasite syndrome. Other subjects the Guardians believe to be basic to an understanding and appreciation of the habitat include the fish and wildlife resources; the physical characteristics and morphology of the lake including bathymetric maps, together with geological features; the climate and meteorology of the region and botany and ecology of the shoreline.Publication Open Access Mavora : development of a planning process for reconciliation of interests in wilderness(Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management., 1982) O'Connor, K. F.; Batchelor, G. W.; Davison, J. J.The Mavora Lakes area has been a subject of regional interest and some controversy for a number of years. Geographically, the Mavora is intermediate between an acknowledged zone of preservation and a zone of land development. Historically it represents a zone of interaction between different agency interests, notably those of the New Zealand Forest Service and those of both the nature conservation and pastoral administration and development arms of the Department of Lands and Survey. Extensive pastoralism as private enterprise has yielded ground in the district to pastoral development and farm settlement. The limits to this process have tended to be set by progressive experience on the land available for farm settlement. A working plan had been drafted for the adjacent Snowdon Forest. More active management planning for lands administered separately by these two major central government agencies served to bring into sharper contrast any differences between such development proposals if they remained ineffectively co-ordinated. Meanwhile the long-valued fishery resource of the Mavora Lakes and the Mararoa River has itself commanded greater attention because of increased use by anglers and the improved road access to the area which has itself increased boating and other shoreline recreation. While discharge from the lakes in the Mararoa River is being directed down-stream into Manapouri for power production, some thought has been given to using it in part to augment the summer low flows of the Oreti to Invercargill. Different communities of interest show varying degrees of support and aversion for the different kinds of resource use outlined above. Decisions are needed to determine the optimal use of resources before any further development which may irreversibly change the resources and their character.Publication Open Access Recreation in the Waimakariri Basin; an introductory study with special reference to the Broken River region(Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management., 1972) Hayward, John A.; Boffa, Frank D.The authors of this study have approached the problem of planning for recreational use of the Waimakariri Basin in the Canterbury Mountains by placing emphasis on the constraints imposed by the environment itself. In this they have honoured the spirit pervading all aspects of this Institute's concern with the tussock grasslands and mountain lands, respect for the land, for its condition, its variety, its quality, its reality. This Institute was at its foundation charged with investigating all aspects of the management of tussock grasslands and mountain lands. A few years ago Mr Hayward compiled and edited a review of all aspects of land conditions in the Waimakariri Basin. In that review, recreation received rather summary treatment, not because of ignorance of its significance but rather because of absence of a defined focus of public interest. A focus of public interest has been provided by the Castle Hill recreational proposal and this focus has been sharpened by the conflict of interest in that area between conservation in a strict sense and recreational development. The inter-relation between recreation and other uses is also acknowledged in the authors’ treatment of the topic and the dimensions that they have considered for planning recreational developments in a multiple context are appropriately the dimensions of the Waimakariri Basin.Publication Open Access Beef cattle on tussock country(Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management., 1971) Hughes, J. G.; McClatchy, D.; Hayward, John A.In general, high country and hard hill country properties share a number of common characteristics. They have long severe winters, and often steep slopes, high average altitude, small ploughable area, and high proportions of unimproved grasslands. Their soils are usually of low fertility. These factors have produced a farming system based on extensive grazing of native vegetation. Surplus stock are usually cast-for-age and sold in store condition. In general the lowest-rainfall runs carry only sheep (usually Merinos). The maps in the appendix show that cattle tend to be found more in the higher-rainfall areas. The biggest herds are mostly on the high-rainfall “gorge" runs.Publication Open Access The feasibility of compost manufacture in metropolitan Christchurch(Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management., 1971) Mulcock, A. P.; Johnson, R. W. M.This report has been prepared by a committee of citizens of Greater Christchurch who are concerned with the human environment. The committee feels that a considerable improvement in the quality of this environment could be achieved now and in the future, by introducing new methods of refuse disposal.