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Publication Open Access Investigation of the water use ratio and the importance of Christchurch aquifers to the food and beverage industry(Lincoln University. LEaP, 2017-10) Alcee, MandilleUnderstanding the socio-economic value of freshwater in Christchurch has emerged as long-term development plans for the city ensues with attempts being made to better understand this natural resource and the value it adds to business operations. However, understanding the socio-economic value of this resource can be quite complex due to the issues surrounding freshwater use and management in Christchurch. Nonetheless, this research investigates the water use ratios and importance of the Christchurch freshwater supply to the food and beverage industry. Telephone interviews with the use of a questionnaire were conducted with 80 companies, purposely selected from within the food and beverage sector. The results from the data collected indicate that water is very important to food and beverage business operations and that the quality of freshwater is one of the key reasons for these businesses choosing to establish and operate in Christchurch. Moreover, the research also finds that the analysis conducted was limited to some degree as most companies failed to provide the necessary data to investigate the water use ratios for the food and beverage industry.Publication Open Access Canterbury youth and outdoor recreation: An investigation of youth group leaders' perspectives on recreation opportunities on Banks Peninsula(Lincoln University, 2015-05) Hughes Hutton, J; Espiner, Stephen; Stewart, EmmaIn the summer of 2014-2015, Lincoln University, in conjunction with the Rod Donald Banks Peninsula Trust and Department of Conservation, undertook research to explore the use of the Banks Peninsula walkways among youth organisations. The aim of this investigation was to understand the demand for local outdoor recreation opportunities among youth groups in Christchurch, as well as to gauge the implications for the Banks Peninsula “Spine of the Lizard” project. The research developed a database of youth organisations in the Christchurch area that participate in outdoor recreation (n=150); an on-line survey of youth organisation leaders in Christchurch to discover what outdoor recreation activities they participate in and which locations they use, as well as their perceptions of Banks Peninsula as an outdoor setting for young people (n=72); and semi-structured interviews with youth leaders involved in the decision making process to understand what is required for young people to explore the outdoors (n=13). Key findings include: Youth group organisations are frequent users of a wide range of Canterbury outdoor recreation areas – use that appears to be governed primarily by ‘tradition’; most youth organisations report high levels of recreation participation, engaging in some form of outdoor activity (but not necessarily beyond their immediate neighbourhoods) at least 2-3 times every month; relative to some other locations, Banks Peninsula is not currently a high-frequency outdoor recreation destination for youth groups. Although one in six groups surveyed never used Banks Peninsula, just under 70 per cent had visited at least once in the last twelve months. The most common visit frequency reported was once every 6-12 months (26%); the majority of respondents (61%) reported that they would like to use Banks Peninsula more often for their groups’ activities. Common reasons for not doing so included ‘traditionally using other sites’ and ‘lack of information’; respondents were relatively evenly divided on their likelihood of using a two night tramp (utilising huts or tents) on Banks Peninsula starting within one hour of Christchurch City, with 47 per cent of respondents saying that they would be ‘unlikely’ to use it, and 42 per cent saying they would use it. Key recommendations included: develop marketing tools to improve communication; Install interpretation at key sites and facilities; create a hut booking system for youth organisations; increase capacities of facilities to cater for larger youth groups; explore possibilities for a shuttle transport system and continue to develop and maintain mountain bike tracks.Publication Open Access The well-evolved life: Well-being, evolution and personhood: An annotated bibliography(Lincoln University. LEaP, 2013-05) Moore, Kevin; Minchington, Lynette J.Advances in most areas of specialization within the broad discipline of psychology occur incrementally – sometimes in larger increments, sometimes in smaller increments. One often-noted disadvantage of such specialized research progress is that connections between different areas can be overlooked or neglected. Three areas within psychology that have been making rapid theoretical and empirical progress over the past few decades have been: (i) understandings of well-being; (ii) evolutionary and related biological approaches to human psychology; and, (iii) theories of the development of personhood (or the ‘self’). The aim of this annotated bibliography is to provide a ‘first cut’ at characterising this multiple interface. It cannot hope to be comprehensive and apologies are made in advance to any authors of work that might be omitted from this collection. In particular, the bibliography, with a few exceptions, is restricted to journal articles accessed via the targeted databases. The omission of many books and book chapters is a definite limitation of the bibliography. The assumption, however, was that most books in the area are based upon published articles. Also, in most cases, book or book chapter authors are themselves article authors. Should someone wish to pursue the work of particular authors featured in this bibliography they will be able to locate books, book chapters and other omitted reference material by those authors. The aim of this bibliography is to assist with rather than substitute for comprehensive literature searches. Many bibliographies are designed to provide useful source material for particular areas of research specialization or the development of particular theoretical frameworks (e.g., see Axelrod and D’Ambrosio’s (1994) “Annotated Bibliography on the Evolution of Cooperation” for an example of the latter). This bibliography differs from many others in that, as just noted, it seeks to target a set of interfaces between three distinct bodies of literature: Human well-being; Evolutionary (and related biological) perspectives on human behaviour; Personhood (including the ‘self’). Each of these bodies of literature is extensive in its own right. Importantly, this bibliography does not aim to include all the literature in each area. Instead, its focus is on the overlap between these areas. As will be explained in the ‘Methods’ section, this has involved a necessarily subjective, but principled, process of selection of those published works (captured in the search process) that provide clear insight into the connections between two or more of these areas of research. Within those bounds, the selection process has been deliberately ‘permissive’. While major, well-cited works are included so too are some quite focused and specific studies. The selection criterion in this respect is a work’s ‘fit’ with the purpose of the bibliography, rather than its renown.Publication Open Access Existing and potential use of Orton Bradley Park, Charteris Bay, New Zealand(Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand, 2014-05) Moore, Stephen; Espiner, Stephen R.Orton Bradley Park (OBP) is a private farm park located 25 kilometres south east of Christchurch in the Lyttelton Harbour basin. The Park is marketed as offering peaceful picnic, BBQ and camping areas, heritage buildings and agricultural relics, as well as extensive walking tracks through regenerating native forest, commercial forest and farmland. Over its forty years of operation, little visitor profile data has been collected, so documented evidence of the Park’s use and users is limited. Despite this lack of information on visitation, recent development proposals have been suggested for the Park, which include family-friendly mountain bike tracks, a café, plant nursery, dog exercise area, historic tours and year-round basic camping facilities. To help evaluate the appropriateness of the proposed Park developments, the purpose of this study was to better understand OBP’s current and potential visitor use and markets in order for the Orton Bradley Park Board to make informed choices about future development and marketing.Publication Open Access Existing and potential use and perceptions of the "Spine of the Lizard" walking routes: an investigation into the Banks Peninsula summit walkway and associated feeder tracks(Lincoln University, 2014-05) Holland, P; Espiner, Stephen; Stewart, EmmaIn the summer of 2013-14, Lincoln University, in conjunction with the Rod Donald Banks Peninsula Trust, undertook an investigation into the recreational use of Banks Peninsula Summit Walkway and associated feeder tracks. The purpose of this study was to assess the current and potential use of the track network, as well as to document perceptions of current track users about existing and future provisions to inform the “Spine of the Lizard” project, a joint partnership between the Trust and the Department of Conservation.Publication Open Access The relationship between marine tourism and marine protection: A baseline study of Akaroa, New Zealand(Lincoln University, 2014-06) Rose, J. S.; Shone, Michael C.; Espiner, Stephen R.Nature cruises and marine eco-tourism are primary attractions of Akaroa, one of Canterbury’s most popular tourism destinations, and more recently cruise ship port. Each of the last four decades have brought forth a new marine protection measure and increased marine tourism activity to the small town of Akaroa. A variety of marine protection measures are now in place in the area, including a Marine Mammal Sanctuary that came into effect in 1988; Pōhatu Marine Reserve, a ‘no-take’ reserve on the outer coast that came into effect in 1999; and an Akaroa Harbour Taiāpure – a community based fishery management model and committee that regulates fisheries through co-management with local Māori, established in 2006. In addition to these measures, a new marine reserve – the Akaroa Marine Reserve – has been formally approved by the Minister of Conservation and is due to be enacted in June 2014. The Akaroa Marine Reserve will be 475 hectares in size, and will be located on the southeast corner of the Akaroa Harbour. Included in this Reserve is the area surrounding Dan Rogers Bluff. It is important to note that although this new marine reserve was approved by government in April 2013, it was not yet in place at the time of this study. It is due to be enacted by parliament on 8 June 2014. The application for the Akaroa Marine Reserve has created significant debate within the Akaroa community, as many customary and recreational fishers who utilise this marine environment appear to view this ‘new’ reserve as either unnecessary or overly restrictive in respect of the range of activities to be permitted in this area. This study is intended, therefore, to act as a baseline study and ‘capture’ visitor and operator perspectives on the link between marine tourism and marine protection measures at a time when this issue is likely to be, at least for marine tourism operators, both prominent and salient.Publication Open Access Whitebaiting: Application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS)(Lincoln University. Department of Social Science, Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Sport., 2013-09) Booth, Kay L.; Rutledge, Michael P.; Tonkin,, C.; West,, D.Publication Open Access Natural character in Northland: application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS)(Lincoln University. LEaP, 2013-07) Booth, Kay L.; Ballinger, John; Blunden, Greg; Farrow, Mike; Glover, Natalie; Gregson, Julie; Jones, DarrylThe River Values Assessment System (RiVAS) was applied by a River Expert Panel to eight resource attributes to assess 57 river units in the Northland Region for their natural character. The method was applied to differentiate rivers of high natural character (n=10), moderate natural character (n=34), and low natural character (n=13). Few data were available, so the Expert Panel relied on their own assessments for most attributes.Publication Open Access River swimming in Northland: application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS and RiVAS+)(Lincoln University. LEaP, 2013-07) Booth, Kay L.; Ballinger, John; Glover, Natalie; Greer, Lynnell; Jones, Darryl; Lewis, George; Mussle, Reiner; Paraone, TamatiThe River Values Assessment System (RiVAS and RiVAS+) was applied by a River Expert Panel to eight resource and user attributes to assess 45 known river swimming locations in Northland. Few data were available, so the Expert Panel relied on their own assessments for most attributes. Revision was made to the algae attribute; with E. coli replacing blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) as an indicator of public health as E. coli is the bacteria measured in the annual recreational bathing water quality programme. The method differentiated swimming sites of local significance (n=39) from those of regional significance (n=6): Waipoua River at the Forest Visitor Centre; Forest Pools on the Waipapa River; sites on the Waimamaku River along the Wekaweka Gorge Road; Taheke Falls on the Taheke River (Hokianga); Rainbow Falls on the Kerikeri River; and Raetea Camp Ground on the Victoria River. The RiVAS+ methodology was also applied to assess future potential value of two sites for swimming. This suggested that the swimming site above the Whangarei Falls on the Hatea River could be of regional swimming value (rather than local significance in its existing state) if identified management actions were taken to enhance the site for swimming. However, the swimming site at the Waipu River bridge (by the Waipu Boat and Fishing Club) is likely to remain of local significance for swimming.Publication Open Access Swimming in Christchurch: how the industry was affected by the earthquakes(Lincoln University. LEaP, 2013-02) Gainsford,, J; Kerr, RoslynThroughout 2010 and 2011, the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, suffered a series of devastating earthquakes that caused serious damage to the city. This study examines the effect these earthquakes have had on the sport of swimming in Christchurch. It specifically focuses on three different aspects of the swimming industry: indoor competitive swimming, open water swimming and learning to swim. It reports on the industry prior to the earthquakes before examining the developments subsequent to the shakes. The effects on both facilities and participation numbers were examined. Results showed that many indoor swimming facilities were lost which had significant flow-on effects. In addition, many beaches were out of bounds and almost half of the schools in Canterbury lost the use of their own swimming pools. In terms of participation numbers, results showed that while there was a decrease in the number of indoor competitive swimmers, Canterbury clubs were still highly competitive and their rankings at events either remained similar or bettered during and after the period of the earthquakes. On the other hand, an increase in the number of participants was seen in swimming lessons as temporary pools were constructed and subsidies were offered to cover transport and lesson costs. Open water swimming, however, seems to have been relatively unaffected by the earthquakes.Publication Open Access Native fish in Northland: application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS and RiVAS+)(Lincoln University. Faculty of Environment, Society and Design. Department of Social Science, Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Sport, 2013-07) Hughey, Kenneth F. D.; Goodwin, E.; Burkepile, N.; Glover, N.; Griffin, B.; Hawkins, K.; Jones, K.; McGlynn, M.; Nicholson, C.; Poynter, M.The fourth application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS and RiVAS+) for native fisheries value was made in the Northland region. Data for nine out of ten indicators were provided from modelling undertaken by Cawthron Institute using a variety of databases including the NZFFD and FENZ. The expert panel then checked the modelling results and adjusted where appropriate based on local knowledge, and it populated the Population Stronghold indicator. Of 27 river catchment/clusters evaluated, nine were considered of national significance, namely the Bay of Islands North, Bay of Islands South, East Coast, Herekino, Hokianga, Mangamuka, Waihou, Waipoua and Wairoa. The Wairoa scored very poorly for all attributes other than presence of many at risk species. The remaining 18 are of regional significance. No river catchment/clusters were identified as being of local significance. The RIVAS+ identified work that can be done to reduce the inference on migratory fish movements caused by a barrier on the Waipoua River.Publication Open Access Sustainability, microclimate and culture in post-earthquake Christchurch(Lincoln University. LEaP, 2013-05) Tavares, SG; Swaffield, SR; Stewart, EmmaA series of earthquakes has forced Christchurch to re-plan and rebuild. Discussions about rebuilding strategies have emphasized the intention of making it a city for the future, sustainable and vibrant. This paper discusses the relationship between microclimate and urban culture in Christchurch based upon the concept of urban comfort. It explores the relationships between environment, people and culture to help understand the local requirements for urban landscape design. In this paper we claim that cultural requirements also should be taken into account when looking for sustainable strategies. A distinctive feature of this research is its focus on the way people are adapting to both surviving prequake and new post‐quake environments. Preliminary findings from the first year of field work using participant observation and 61 in‐depth interviews with Christchurch residents are presented. The interviews were carried out in a variety of urban settings including: established sites (places sustaining relatively little damage) and emerging sites (those requiring rebuilding) during 2011‐2012. Evidence from the interviews highlight future challenges regarding sustainability and urban comfort issues. Post‐quake Christchurch presents a remarkable opportunity to design an urban landscape which provides environmental, economic, social and cultural sustainability. However, to achieve successful outcomes it is fundamental to respond to the local culture. Field data suggest that the strong connections between urban and rural settings present in local culture, lifestyle and landscape generate a particular aesthetic and recreation preference for urban spaces, which should be considered in the urban landscape design strategies.Publication Open Access Native fish in Hawke's Bay: development and application of the river values assessment system (RiVAS and RiVAS+)(Lincoln University. Department of Social Science, Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Sport, 2012-08) Hughey, Kenneth F. D.; Clapcott, J.; Goodwin, E.; Jonas, H.; Cheyne, J.; Rook, H.; Cameron, F.; Maxwell, I.; Sharp, T.The second application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS and RiVAS+) for native fisheries value was made in the Hawke’s Bay Region. Of 16 rivers or river clusters evaluated, four were considered of national significance, namely the Tukituki, Ngaruroro, Tutaekuri, and Wairoa; the remainder, except the Napier Coast cluster which is ‘local’, are of regional significance. Data for nine out of ten indicators were provided from modelling undertaken by Cawthron Institute using a variety of databases including the NZFFD and FENZ; the expert panel then checked the modelling results and adjusted where appropriate based on local knowledge, and it populated the Population Stronghold indicator. The RiVAS+ methodology was also applied to assess future potential value. Of the 16 rivers or clusters, eight altered their sum total score, all in a positive direction. The Tukituki, Karamu and Napier Coast all shifted most but still remained in their same importance categories. The interventions most frequently identified for enhancing native fishlife value (with the number of times it was identified across all rivers given in brackets) were: Enhance Water Quality – remove/fence out stock (6) (but noting this intervention for Hawke’s Bay is mostly around protecting Inanga spawning sites), and Enhance Water Quality – reduce sediment input (3).Publication Open Access Natural Character in Hawke’s Bay: application of the river values assessment system (RiVAS and RiVAS+)(Lincoln University. Department of Social Science, Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Sport., 2012-07) Booth, Kay L.This report presents the results from an application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS) for natural character in the Hawke’s Bay Region. A workshop was held on 12 December 2011 to apply the method to Hawke’s Bay rivers.Publication Open Access Swimming in Hawke’s Bay: Application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS and RiVAS+)(Lincoln University. Department of Social Science, Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Sport, 2012-07) Booth, Kay L.; Madaraz Smith, Anna; Mauger, Jenny; Paipper, Aki; Petuha, Erin; Sharp, TimThis report presents the results from an application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS) for river swimming in the Hawke’s Bay Region. A workshop was held on 18 October 2011 to apply the method to Hawke’s Bay rivers.Publication Open Access Native Birdlife in Hawke’s Bay: application of the river values assessment system (RiVAS and RiVAS+)(Lincoln University. Department of Social Science, Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Sport, 2012-07) Hughey, Kenneth F. D.; Cameron,, F.; Cheyne,, J.; Dickson,, R.; Forbes, A.; Hashiba, K.; Rook, H.; Sharp, T.; Stephenson, B.; Welch, B.This report presents an application of the River Values Assessment System for existing value (RiVAS) and for potential value (RiVAS+) to native birdlife in the Hawkes Bay Region. A workshop was held in Napier on 3rd October 2011 to apply the method. This Hawkes Bay Region bird report needs to be read in conjunction with the method and with the first native bird application reports (see Hughey et al. 2010 and Gaze et al. 2010).Publication Open Access Irrigation in Hawke’s Bay: Application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS)(Lincoln University. Department of Social Science, Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Sport., 2012-07) Harris,, SThis report describes an application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS) method for irrigation, as described by Harris and Mulcock (2010), to the Hawke’s Bay region. The work forms part of an Envirolink project designed to develop a ‘useable’ system for regional councils to assess the significance of in- and out-of-stream river values in New Zealand. Funding is from the Foundation for Research Science and Technology.Publication Open Access Whitewater Kayaking in Hawke’s Bay: application of the river values assessment system (RiVAS)(Lincoln University. Department of Social Science, Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Sport., 2012-07) Booth, Kay L.; Bellamy, Sean; England, Andy; Hales, Warren; Kelly, Bernie; Mahoney, Mark; Reed, Chris; Sevicke Jones, GrahamThis report presents the results from an application of the River Values Assessment System (RIVAS) for whitewater kayaking in the Hawke’s Bay Region undertaken in April 2010. This is the second application of the RIVAS for whitewater kayaking in New Zealand; the first was conducted in the West Coast Region (Booth, et al., 2010). This application is based on the method outlined in Hughey et al. (2009). The Hawke’s Bay Regional Council (HBRC) held a workshop on 16-17 April to apply this method to identified Hawke’s Bay rivers. The application of the method for whitewater kayaking would be enhanced by research to inform underlying assumptions and replace data estimates (see Step 10). In particular, elucidation of the factors used by kayakers to value rivers is required.Publication Open Access Salmonid Angling in Hawke’s Bay: application of the river values assessment system (RiVAS)(Lincoln University. Department of Social Science, Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Sport., 2012-07) Booth, Kay L.; Coubrough, Larissa; Winlove, TomThis report is endorsed by the Expert Panel of anglers (below) as a first step in identifying the value of Hawke’s Bay Rivers for salmonid angling. However, the Panel acknowledges that data is absent for some rivers and severely outdated for others. Additional work is needed to be confident that the assessment reflects the current values of the wider angling community. The assessment is a best estimate only, given the limitations of existing data. The Panel also states that this exercise is about the assessment of recreational angling value only and not the value of the fishery itself i.e. it doesn’t take into account the importance of a stream for spawning or summer refuge, just angling value. The assessment is primarily intended as an engagement tool to assist the Hawke’s Bay Fish and Game Council in planning for more sustainable management of the region’s rivers. The Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) makes it clear that its purpose includes enabling people and communities to provide for their social wellbeing, of which salmonid angling is a part (RMA Part 2, section 5). The assessment is not intended to be used definitively in the RMA resource consenting process. For more information on the appropriate application of this assessment please contact the Hawke’s Bay Fish and Game office.Publication Open Access Native birdlife in Gisborne District: Application of the river values assessment system (RiVAS and RiVAS+)(Lincoln University. Department of Social Science, Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Sport, 2012-03) Bull, S.; Bassett, A.; Hughey, Kenneth F. D.This report presents an application of the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS) to native birdlife in the Gisborne District, undertaken over October-December 2011. An Expert Panel workshop was held in Gisborne on 4th October 2011. This Gisborne District bird report needs to be read in conjunction with the method and with other native bird application reports (see Hughey et al. 2010 and Gaze et al. 2010).