Department of Environmental Management

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https://hdl.handle.net/10182/46

The Department of Environmental Management promotes the advancement of knowledge, through teaching and research, that will allow the sustainable use of environmental and natural resources.

Staff publications and research activities reflect the well established interdisciplinary nature of the Department; research interests include environmental policy, planning and politics, natural resources and environmental economics, ecological economics, transport studies, biodiversity and biodiversity policy, ecological evaluation, environmental ethics, environmental education, women and the environment, the Treaty of Waitangi, Māori approaches to environmental management, indigenous peoples and sustainability and socio-cultural and political perspectives of the environment.

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Science–policy research collaborations need philosophers
(Springer Nature, 2024) Schneider, MD; Sogbanmu, TO; Rubin, H; Bortolus, A; Chukwu, EE; Heesen, R; Hewitt, Chad; Kaufer, R; Metzen, H; Mitova, V; Schwenkenbecher, A; Schwindt, E; Slanickova, H; Woolaston, K; Yu, L-A
'Wicked problems’ are tricky to solve because of their many interconnected components and a lack of any single optimal solution. At the science-policy interface, all problems can look wicked: research exposes the complexity relevant to designing, executing, and implementing policy fit for ambitious human needs. Expertise in philosophical research can help navigate that complexity.
Open Access
Status, trends and future dynamics of biodiversity and ecosystems underpinning nature's contributions to people
(Zenodo on behalf of IPBES, 2018-03-24) Faridah-Hanum, I; Rawat, GS; Yahara, T; Abi-Said, M; Corlett, RT; Courchamp, F; Dai, R; Freitag, H; Haryoko, T; Hewitt, Chad; Hussain, T; Kadoya, T; Maheswaran, G; Miyashita, T; Mohan Kumar, B; Mohapatra, A; Nakashizuka, T; Piggott, JJ; Raghunathan, C; Rawal, R; Sheppard, A; Shirayama, Y; Son, Y; Takamura, N; Thwin, S; Yamakita, T; Febria, CM; Niamir, A; Karki, M; Sellamuttu, SS; Okayasu, S; Suzuki, W
This chapter deals with trends and the current state of biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific region, and how these components affect the nature's contributions to people. Based on the review of recent (past 15-20 years) scientific publications and reports from this region, and current trends, both positive and negative, in biodiversity are presented. The chapter addresses policy question 3 of the Asia-Pacific region, i.e., "What are the status, trends and potential future dynamics of biodiversity, ecosystem functions that affect their contributions to the economy; livelihoods and well-being in the Asia-Pacific region?" Essentially these aspects and all ecosystem services cover the 'Nature and Nature's contributions to people (NCP) in the region. Given the dynamic nature of these contributions drawn by the society in different parts of the Asia Pacific region and lack of quantitative information on their state, it has not been possible to cover contributions from all ecosystems. We recognize that much of the published literature on the ecosystem services is based on bio-physical and ecological aspects and there has been very little research on bio cultural aspects of ecosystem services. The chapter identifies information gaps and areas of future research on the status and trends of biodiversity.
Open Access
Female-dominated disciplines have lower evaluated research quality and funding success rates, for men and women
(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2024-03-15) James, A; Buelow, F; Gibson, L; Brower, A
We use data from 30 countries and find that the more women in a discipline, the lower quality the research in that discipline is evaluated to be and the lower the funding success rate is. This affects men and women, and is robust to age, number of research outputs, and bibliometric measures where such data are available. Our work builds on others’ findings that women’s work is valued less, regardless of who performs that work.
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Expressed values in social media posts regarding the Three Waters Act : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning at Lincoln University
(Lincoln University, 2023) van Hout, Samuel
The Three Waters Act, which dealt with the reforming of wastewater, stormwater, and drinking water systems in New Zealand, is more commonly known simply as “Three Waters”. It has gained a variety of positive and negative feedback from the public in response, causing it to be an issue of contention. This research seeks to understand this public response through the application of an environmental psychology framework to identify which values underpin people’s perception of the issue. By identifying the impacts of such processes, it looks to establish a better understanding of how to manage contrasting interests for planning issues.
Open Access
Community-led in-stream habitat creation to protect taonga species
(2023) Barrett, Isabelle; Solomon, R; Nutira, T; Robilliard, R; Robilliard, J; O'Connell, D
Iwi and community groups are at the forefront of river restoration, driving planting and bank restoration initiatives. These efforts are important and can yield significant water quality improvements, however, many aquatic species also suffer from poor structural habitat beneath the water surface. By targeting in-stream habitat (which is often neglected), we hope to facilitate significant improvements in ecological health. This project brings together science, kaupapa Māori, and collective enthusiasm for the rivers of Aotearoa New Zealand to advance restoration practice, using proactive habitat additions which anyone can help build. In-stream habitat structures focussed on fish and invertebrate refuge were collaboratively designed and trialled in Canterbury, New Zealand by Te Taumutu Rūnanga and the Waterways Centre. Inspired by flax wahakura (baby bassinettes), these habitat structures aim to enhance our freshwater taonga (treasured) species, boosting diversity and nurturing mauri (the life force of the river). Importantly, they also provide a storytelling opportunity and analogy in the protection of both babies and young fish, which is an effective tool to inspire and engage. Weaving and restoration wānanga were held at Te Pa o Moki Marae, close to Waikēkēwai Stream. These meetings brought the community together to create and deploy habitat structures, and also facilitated storytelling and sharing of Mātauranga Māori. Ongoing monitoring includes both ecological and cultural assessments, supporting the holistic nature of this project. This collaborative approach holds great promise for ecological health outcomes, and subsequent restoration of mauri will benefit all who interact with the water. Through sharing of knowledge, skills and Mātauranga Māori, we hope to kickstart ongoing, holistic restoration initiatives for years to come, and inspire kaitiakitanga (guardianship) in future generations.
Open Access
Community-led in-stream habitat creation to protect taonga species
(2024) Barrett, Isabelle; Solomon, R; Nutira, T; O'Connell, D
Iwi and community groups are at the forefront of river restoration, driving planting and bank restoration initiatives. These efforts are important and can yield significant water quality improvements, however, many aquatic species also suffer from poor structural habitat beneath the water surface. By targeting in-stream habitat (which is often neglected), we hope to facilitate significant improvements in ecological health. This project brings together science, kaupapa Māori, and collective enthusiasm for the rivers of Aotearoa New Zealand to advance restoration practice, using proactive habitat additions which anyone can help build. In-stream habitat structures focussed on fish and invertebrate refuge were collaboratively designed and trialled in Canterbury, New Zealand by Te Taumutu Rūnanga and the Waterways Centre. Inspired by flax wahakura (baby bassinettes), these habitat structures aim to enhance our freshwater taonga (treasured) species, boosting diversity and nurturing mauri (the life force of the river). Importantly, they also provide a storytelling opportunity and analogy in the protection of both babies and young fish, which is an effective tool to inspire and engage. Weaving and restoration wānanga were held at Te Pa o Moki Marae, close to Waikēkēwai Stream. These meetings brought the community together to create and deploy habitat structures, and also facilitated storytelling and sharing of Mātauranga Māori. Ongoing monitoring includes both ecological and cultural assessments, supporting the holistic nature of this project. This collaborative approach holds great promise for ecological health outcomes, and subsequent restoration of mauri will benefit all who interact with the water. Through sharing of knowledge, skills and Mātauranga Māori, we hope to kickstart ongoing, holistic restoration initiatives for years to come, and inspire kaitiakitanga (guardianship) in future generations.
Open Access
Wetland Science Plan: What do farmers want to know, and what opportunities are there for scientists?
(2022) Barrett, Isabelle; Watson, T
Wetlands are diverse systems with significant ecological, cultural and economic value. Many current and former wetlands are located on farms, which is unsurprising given New Zealand’s agricultural development history (e.g wetland drainage to increase land for production). Successful management and protection of these systems, particularly under agricultural pressures, requires a holistic approach which addresses gaps in our scientific understanding, but also applies a practical lens which acknowledges feasible approaches. The Wetland Science Plan was developed as part of the New Zealand Landcare Trust’s ‘Managing Wetlands as Farm Assets’ project, to identify opportunities for future research, with a view to improving future wetland science and management capability. Development of the Wetland Science Plan involved the consideration of existing and potential research, as well as discussions with scientists from diverse disciplines, farmers, practitioners, mana whenua, and industry representatives. Harnessing this momentum and encouraging continued discussion, particularly at the interface between science and practice, is vital for the future of wetland science. We identify scientific knowledge gaps, acknowledge barriers, and present recommendations to advance wetland practice on farms. Valuable research is already being planned and carried out in this space; for example, recent guidelines have been produced for the design of constructed wetlands. However, substantial gaps remain in scientific understanding and delivery of action-based research, and there is room for improvement regarding communication of science to practitioners and incorporation of Mātauranga Māori. Practical science needs of farmers include guidance to manage wetlands in ways that are conducive to farming practices (e.g. investigating the potential role of grazing as a management tool), and creation of opportunities for farmers to engage positively with wetlands and to understand their unique values, including through citizen science. Wetlands are complex, diverse systems and must be managed as such, thus there cannot be a one-size-fits-all management approach. Unfortunately, there is also a scarcity of wetland science capability, with few wetland science recruits coming through at a time when established specialists are nearing the end of their careers. We discuss opportunities to bolster wetland expertise, informed by multi-disciplinary science and rapidly evolving legislation.
Open Access
In-stream habitat unit additions: If you build it, will they stay?
(2023) Barrett, Isabelle
River restoration in New Zealand is often focussed on riparian planting, hoping water quality improvements will improve overall ecosystem health. These interventions are important, but successful community recovery requires additional steps to improve aquatic habitat. We trialled the addition of simple, instream habitat units as a practicable restoration tool and opportunity to investigate community recovery mechanisms. Habitat units were designed to be simple to construct using sustainable, readily available materials, and optimised to create heterogeneous habitat and refugia for invertebrates. Here, we present the outcome of three trials: (1) a preliminary trial as a proof of concept that habitat addition can facilitate establishment of drifting colonists; (2) a trial in streams with varying physical characteristics to identify methodological constraints; and (3) a project co developed with local iwi (indigenous people) in NZ, demonstrating the value of indigenous knowledge in restoration.
Open Access
Instream habitat unit additions: If you build it, will they stay?
(2024) Barrett, Isabelle
River restoration in New Zealand is often focussed on riparian planting, hoping water quality improvements will improve overall ecosystem health. These interventions are important but successful community recovery requires additional steps to improve aquatic habitat. We trialled the addition of simple, instream habitat units as a practicable restoration tool and opportunity to investigate community recovery mechanisms. Habitat units were designed to be simple to construct using sustainable, readily available materials, and optimised to create heterogeneous habitat and refugia. Here, we present the outcome of three trials: (1) a preliminary trial as a proof of concept that habitat addition can facilitate establishment of drifting invertebrate colonists; (2) a trial in streams with varying physical characteristics to identify methodological constraints; and (3) a project co developed with local iwi (indigenous people) in NZ, demonstrating the value of indigenous knowledge in restoration.
Open Access
A guide to Oaro
(Lincoln College Field Station, 1979) Jowett, Warren Clapham
The Oaro Field Station is owned by Lincoln College and administered by the Lincoln College Field Station Club. The buildings were shifted to their present site in 1961. Before then they were part of the Army establishment at Godley Heads, Lyttleton Harbour. Since that time many groups of students and school pupils have used the Field Station as their base for field studies. The Field Station is situated on the Kaikoura Coast at Oaro, some 20 km south of Kaikoura. This location makes it an ideal place for carrying out investigations in a wide range of environments. In close proximity to the Field Station there are: 1. A large scenic reserve of native bush. 2. A coast line which offers a wide variety of shoreline habitats .. 3. Diverse geological formations. 4. Active geomorphic processes on both hills and coastline. 5. An historically important area with a long period of Maori occupation. 6. A river, streams and a waterfall. It is hoped that this booklet will assist and stimulate students to understand something of the inter-relationships and features of the physical, biological and cultural environments of this coastal area. The intention of the author is not that the book will replace the role of the teacher but rather that both student and teacher will use is to familiarise themselves with aspects of the environment in which they are studying.
Open Access
Panic activism or crisis solidarity? Reworking crisis narratives in climate activism through the COVID-19 pandemic
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal Geographical Society (with The Institute of British Geographers)., 2024-03-09) Nissen, Sylvia; Cretney, Raven
Crisis narratives have long been a prominent feature of the climate movement to spur system change. The COVID-19 pandemic brought to the fore the complexities of navigating climate action through the overlapping crises of the Anthropocene. While crisis is seen to offer possibilities for transformational change, it also threatens to prioritise urgency over justice. It is therefore important to understand how climate activists, in practice, are mobilising different narratives of crisis. To this end, we empirically examine climate activists' reflections on crisis in Aotearoa New Zealand through their experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic. We identify a narrative of ‘panic-activism’ that uses crisis to demonstrate the severity of the climate threat to enable drastic action. Such narratives are often underpinned by a ‘hierarchy of crisis’ that positions climate change as the most imminent existential crisis. We caution that this crisis narrative is troubling for climate justice, particularly as it positions one crisis as more urgent than others. However, in contrast to panic-activism, our study suggests climate activists in Aotearoa tended to approach crisis cautiously and with reluctant necessity, rather than as something to be actively catalysed or capitalised on. Instead, activists cultivated a narrative of ‘crisis solidarity’ that highlights the networks of reciprocity and vulnerability across and within communities for more intersectional social movement organising.
Open Access
Peri-urban land use: A paper prepared for the New Zealand Land Use Advisory Council
(Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Canterbury and Lincoln College, 1979) Barker, W. H.; Brown, H. J.
This paper presents an overview of the issues and problems of regulating and guiding land use in the peri-urban area. The various land uses are considered, as are traditional views of the problems, and the statutory means of control. The principal findings are that the issues are both deeper and more complex than traditionally thought, and that existing land use control procedures are generally not reflecting this complexity. It is observed that the peri-urban area is very important to the well-being of both the urban area and the rural area, and that continuation of simplistic approaches to control will damage social and economic systems, and increase the chances of irreversible undesirable changes in land use, particularly on high quality soils.
Open Access
Reshaping Christchurch’s public transport system: The potential of transit orientated development and rail : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning at Lincoln University
(Lincoln University, 2023) Chrystal, Aidan
Christchurch, New Zealand, is a city with a seemingly forgotten rail history. The city once had an intricate tram system that served much of the city which was removed and sealed over in the 1950s, and a heavy rail system that serviced much of the surrounding Canterbury townships and the South Island which has served only tourists since 1970. This abandoning of the rail network that once shaped the region was due to the rapid uptake of private vehicle usage which was more convenient and cheaper than rail. In recent years studies into the feasibility of reinstating public rail transport have received significant interest from local government and public due to growing concerns about climate change and the city’s urban sprawl. This research will investigate the potential of a public rail network in the Greater Christchurch region of New Zealand and will provide further analysis Rapid Mass Transit options in the region. Literature was reviewed on the current and previous rail proposals for the Greater Christchurch region as well as reviewing successful rail projects internationally. Key informant semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of the Christchurch City Council/Greater Christchurch Partnership, Environment Canterbury and The Ministry of Transport to ascertain the key barriers and enablers of implementing a rail system in Christchurch. A quantitative analysis calculated the possible ridership numbers of an comprehensive Greater Christchurch region was also conducted using ArcGis, Census Commuter Data with Excel-based equations. This helped create a key research finding of an upper limit of 376,063 daily trips or 137,262,995 yearly trips that could be moved by rail between the catchments as defined within ArcGis. Other key findings highlight the importance of transit orientated development (TOD) in the success of rail whilst highlighting the success of new rail is at the expense of other transportation modes such as private vehicles. This suggests restricting cars in densified zones such as the central city being key to influencing a mode shift. Additionally, a change in mindset is also needed from the public to adopt public transport and from planners to find better ways of examining the potential success of rail through Cost-benefit analysis.
Open Access
Assessing the likely impacts of removing minimum parking requirements in New Zealand : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning at Lincoln University
(Lincoln University, 2023) Ashcroft, Devon
Minimum Parking Requirements (MPRs) determine the minimum number of car parks developers must provide based on the development, land use or activity occurring. Initially developed to manage car ownership growth and prevent the overspill of private vehicles onto surrounding streets, it has become increasingly evident that these requirements are unnecessary, and in fact, have resulted in more negative consequences than benefits. Planners and developers believe MPRs are overly restrictive, lack flexibility, and contribute to inefficient use of valuable land by providing excessive car parking rather than allocating this for housing or commercial development. Therefore, there has been a global shift toward gradually removing MPRs, with this change incorporated by New Zealand through the National Policy Statement on Urban Development 2020 (NPS-UD). Under the NPS-UD, MPRs are no longer allowed within district plans of tier 1, 2 and 3 territorial authorities, with all MPRs required to be removed by February 2022. Given the recent adoption of this change, a substantial knowledge gap exists in the research regarding implications in the New Zealand context. This research examines the potential positive and negative impacts of this policy change and how it will affect communities differently throughout New Zealand, with a specific focus on Christchurch, Auckland and Whangarei. Additionally, the research provides recommendations for complementary policies to accompany the removal of MPRs. The primary research method used was semi-structured interviews, analysed through in-depth thematic analysis. Interviewees included planners and developers from Auckland, Whangarei, and Christchurch. The findings from these interviews were compared and contrasted to existing literature and categorised into three overarching research questions. To ensure that communities gain maximum benefit from the policy change, four key recommendations are proposed to implement alongside the removal of MPRs. These recommendations include adopting a flexible and targeted approach, increasing alternative transport modes, strengthening on-street parking management and enforcement, and suggesting additional design criteria to be implemented with the removal of MPRs.
Open Access
An analysis of the implications of planned behaviour theory on walkability in Christchurch, New Zealand : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning at Lincoln University
(Lincoln University, 2023) Davis, Jack
Walkability has recently become a key indicator of well-functioning cities. These cities have the ability to reduce carbon emissions, enhance social cohesion, and increase human physical health. With cities around the world striving to create more of these walkable areas, it is important to identify the primary drivers of this behaviour. This dissertation explores the implications of Planned Behaviour Theory to assess whether it can be used to predict human transport behaviour. Walkability for this study has been defined as the proximity of which, on average, people are from their needed amenities. This research took a quantitative approach and aimed to analyse the walkability across three areas of Christchurch, New Zealand, with a particular focus on how this can be applied to inform decision making on local policy. The independent variable in this study was the average time taken, in minutes, to reach essential services including healthcare, supermarkets, and education. A one-way ANOVA identified a statistically significant (F(2,54) = 35.27, p <0.001) result between the most walkable area and the two areas of less walkability. Riccarton South, identified as a 10-minute neighbourhood, contributed most significantly to this difference and was characterised by having greater access to amenities compared to the other two neighbourhoods of Somerfield West and Parklands. Two additional variables, time of day as well as day of the week, were also analysed and identified. No statistically significant result across the three neighbourhood areas were found. This research provides valuable insight into the psychological behaviour of people and provides recommendations to policy and planning practitioners as they seek to create these well functioning areas.
Open Access
Fragmentações, Violações, and Resistência: Weaving struggle and dreams in the Carajás corridor of the Brazilian Amazon : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University
(Lincoln University, 2023) Figueiredo de Almeida Silva Campos, Leila
The Estrada de Ferro Carajás is an 892 km railroad in Northern Brazil built to transports iron ore extracted by Vale S. A. from Serra dos Carajás in Pará state to ports in São Luís, Maranhão. Over the years, the connection between the railroad to other infrastructure and extractive projects has resulted on a logistics-export corridor – sometimes dubbed an “iron serpent” or “project of death” by local communities. Criss-crossing two Amazonian states, the Carajás corridor cuts through hundreds of territories of traditional peoples and communities, including Indigenous peoples, peasants, and quilombolas. Using document data and in-depth interviews interpreted through reflexive thematic analysis, this thesis aims to understand how the relationship between Vale, the state, and quilombolas contributes to the formation, expansion, and maintenance if the Carajás corridor. This thesis identifies contradictions at the heart of the iron serpent: instead of a connecting entity promoting progress, development, and cohesion, this research positions the railroad as a place of ‘Fragmentação’, ‘Violações’, and ‘Resistência’. Processes of Fragmentação (fragmentation) separate a contiguous quilombola territory in more easily manageable entities to favour the corridor. Violações (violations) encompass the cumulative harm caused by Vale and the Brazilian state in the enactment of resource regulations. Meanwhile, processes of Resistência (resistance) challenge the formation, expansion, and maintenance of the corridor, and are performed by quilombola communities and allies. This thesis brings important contributions to studies on development and resource extraction. Previous studies have tended to position mining companies as the most powerful actors in extractive areas, coercing the state to disregard regulations. My research points to a more nuanced scenario, in which the state itself enables, enacts, and relies on socioenvironmental harm - thus co-producing harm in the corridor alongside Vale. This thesis also introduces the concept of ‘silencing zones’ to reflect the physical, symbolic, and normative strategies enacted by Vale and the state to harm communities in the corridor. Finally, this study contributes to the growing literature on environmental justice by presenting community-led initiatives to resist extractive pursuits within and beyond the state, weaving new threads for state-making and territorial autonomy.
Open Access
Rethinking social infrastructure in spatial planning: Exploring the role of farmers markets as social infrastructure for community wellbeing : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning at Lincoln University
(Lincoln University, 2023) Farrar, Jessica
Farmers markets, an example of social infrastructure, positively influence community wellbeing in multifaceted ways. Despite an expanding international body of literature, research on the diverse roles of farmers markets in Aotearoa New Zealand (ANZ) remains limited. This dissertation addresses this gap by focusing on the Selwyn District, Canterbury, New Zealand . It employs a case study approach to analyse and compare farmers markets in Lincoln and Rolleston, contrasting towns within the Selwyn District. These markets, marked by their temporal and transitory nature, evolve with the seasons, often occupying spaces designated for other purposes. Through qualitative research methods including semi-structured interviews with market organizers, Selwyn District Council staff, observations, and document reviews, this dissertation explores the integration of community-driven initiatives, specifically farmers markets, into local strategic planning. Guided by a social capital framework, the analysis reveals that farmers markets transcend mere economic exchange, functioning as socially interactive spaces that enhance social capital. The findings echo international literature, emphasising the various ways in which farmers markets contribute to community wellbeing. The study identifies differentiating factors between Rolleston and Lincoln, contributing to the latter's greater success in hosting farmers markets. Notably, the Selwyn District Council emerges as an exemplar in providing dedicated spaces for farmers markets, particularly in Lincoln, and integrating community interests into spatial plans. The conclusions drawn underscore the essential role of farmers markets as social infrastructure and advocate for their delibrate incorporation into local strategic planning for fostering community wellbeing.
Open Access
Newly-claimed seascapes: Options and potential applications : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science in Environmental Management at Lincoln University
(Lincoln University, 2023) White, Faye Rose
Worldwide, communities and natural ecosystems are challenged by rising seas. Understandably, much of the response has focused on hazard mitigation to protect human populations, investment and infrastructure. As communities are forced to retreat from coastal areas and as inundation occurs, our coastal margins will change. I term these newly inundated areas “newly-claimed seascapes” (NCSs). The available options for NCSs are currently unclear. For some places, where the social, political and environmental conditions permit, there may be opportunities to repurpose them. For example, for sheltered coastal areas, shallow estuaries and harbours, they could be repurposed for aquaculture, fisheries, wetlands, and/or blue carbon. To aid policy and community preparation, this research used a global systematic literature review to identify options for NSCs. Thirty-nine potential options were identified and categorised to aid policy reform and coastal adaptation. Using Aotearoa/New Zealand as a case study to explore whether repurposing is feasible under current legislative frameworks, I undertook a content analysis of applicable legislation and policy. Finally, to determine the current state of play for local planning in this context, I interviewed a representative of regional councils currently reviewing their regional coastal plans to ascertain whether they are considering repurposing NCSs. Whilst repurposing is implicitly enabled under the current legislation, it is not explicitly directed. As a result, the interviewed regional councils were not preparing to repurpose NCSs at the time of this research. Given that the time to find solutions for coastal areas is becoming increasingly constrained, I argue that the PARA (protect, accommodate, retreat, avoid) management framework currently being promoted as best practice in responding to sea-level rise could be extended to PARAR to include the term Repurpose. Repurposing could help to broaden perspectives on sea-level rise from a sense of fear and loss to positive solutions and opportunities.
Open Access
The Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences : The first five years
(Lincoln College & University of Canterbury, 1979-09) Corbet, Philip S.
Establishment and aims After discussion and preparatory work involving representatives of the University of Canterbury (UC) and Lincoln College (LC) during 1971 and 1972, it was resolved at both Professorial Boards (UC in March 1972 and LC in June 1972) to establish a Joint Board of Studies in Environmental Sciences. To the first members of the Joint Board fell the responsibility of preparing the prescriptions for the M.Sc. programme and, until the arrival of the Director, for supervising and co-ordinating the teaching programme. At the first meeting of the Joint Board (8 February 1973) decisions were made on organisation and servicing of the Board, admission of the first students, and topics and instructors for the prescribed courses. The first five students began the M.Sc. programme in February 1973, and during 1973 and early 1974 their supervision was arranged by the Joint Board; for some of their papers they joined students enrolled for the Diploma in Natural Resources programme at LC. I was appointed Director-designate in November 1973, arrived in Christchurch on 29 May 1974, and thereafter progressively assumed responsibility for supervising and co-ordinating the programme of the Joint Centre.
Open Access
Electricity demand for irrigation
(© Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences, Lincoln College, 1983) McChesney, I. G.
This report examines the electricity demand of irrigation in New Zealand. Electricity load and consumption figures for the years 1977-1982 were estimated from data supplied by some electricity supply authorities. In the light of these figures, several important determinants of irrigation electricity demand were investigated. The report discusses these determinants and the two issues of future irrigation development and electricity pricing. While all efforts have been made to present accurate electricity consumption data, it is acknowledged that the reliability of some data sources used is limited. Some recommendations for improving aspects of the data base are included.

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