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The Department of Environmental Management promotes the advancement of knowledge, through teaching and research, that will allow the sustainable use of environmental and natural resources.
Staff publications and research activities reflect the well established interdisciplinary nature of the Department; research interests include environmental policy, planning and politics, natural resources and environmental economics, ecological economics, transport studies, biodiversity and biodiversity policy, ecological evaluation, environmental ethics, environmental education, women and the environment, the Treaty of Waitangi, Māori approaches to environmental management, indigenous peoples and sustainability and socio-cultural and political perspectives of the environment.
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Item Open Access Energy and environment in New Zealand(University of Canterbury and Lincoln College. Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences., 1983) Odum, Elisabeth; Scott, Graeme; Odum, HowardModern Biology courses often have a wider aim than simply introducing students to the elements of biological science. More and more teachers and curricula designers are seeking to provide a course that enables students to use their biological training to evaluate the relationship between man and nature - between human systems and natural systems. This change of emphasis arises out of a recognition that the impact of human systems on nature has been badly managed and that this mismanagement has important implications for us all. The next generation will have to cope with a complex of problems stemming from interactions between population, resources and environment. The first step towards coping is a clear understanding of the problem.Item Open Access Liquid fuel demand on New Zealand agriculture(University of Canterbury and Lincoln College. Joint Centre for Enviromental Sciences., 1983-12) McChesney, I. G.The second "oil shock" in 1979, and the fuel restrictions which followed, highlighted the dependence of farming on liquid fuels. In particular the diesel quota system illicited an immediate response from farmers requesting additional fuel, to the point where the system became virtually unworkable. Amongst other things, implementation of the 1979 demand restraint measures identified a clear need for greater understanding of the liquid fuel demand features of the farming sector. This report has two main objectives, to identify the determinants of liquid fuel demand; and to provide a detailed data base on current liquid fuel consumption patterns. During 1978/79, 17% of the diesel and 9% of the petrol used in New Zealand was used by farmers and the farm servicing sector. Two thirds of the fuel was used for transportation. Production type, technology and activity demand are identified as primary determinants of fuel demand. Detailed fuel use analysis of each of these determinants is outlined in the Appendices. The most fundamental determinant of demand though is relative fuel cost. An examination of farmers' responsiveness to fuel price increases indicates a reduction in fuel demand since 1979 (partially in response to fuel price increases) mainly resulting from technology changes. However, the combination of rising fuel prices and declining terms of trade have pushed average relative fuel costs (cost of fuel as a percentage of gross income) from about 2% during the 1960s and early 1970 to an estimated 5.4% in 1982. Most other sections of the community in New Zealand now have cheaper, alternative fuels available for transport and other mobile applications (e.g. CNG and LPG). However, on the surface at least, farmers' access to the advantages of these fuels appears to be quite limited because of the storage and transport costs associated with these fuels. This issue deserves closer attention because it implies that farmers will continue to be heavily reliant on imported fuels in the forseeable future. Data reliability will be a continuing problem for further farm fuel demand studies. Some suggestions are made for improving the data base.Item Open Access Rural and depopulation and resettlement(University of Canterbury and Lincoln College. Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences., 1980-02) Barker, W. H.; Brown, H. J.This is the third of four background papers designed to explore priority land use issues in the rural sector. This paper is concerned with Rural Depopulation and Resettlement. The paper outlines the scales, nature and geographical extent of rural depopulation and resettlement. It examines the factors influencing population movement, explores the social, economic and environmental effects of rural depopulation on both expelling and receiving areas; looks at policy implications and evalues rural economic and social development opportunities.Item Open Access A postgraduate programme in resource management(University of Canterbury and Lincoln College. Joint Centre for Enviromental Sciences., 1976-08) Corbet, Philip SThis booklet is designed to make available in a systematic way working papers used for administering the postgraduate training programme in resource management established recently by the University of Canterbury and Lincoln College at the Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences. The material presented here refers to 1975 and 1976, the third and fourth years of the programme's operation.Item Open Access Problems and issues in the planning and management of aquatic reserves in New Zealand(University of Canterbury and Lincoln College. Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences., 1980-11) Cunningham, E. B.The purpose of this paper is to present a critical analysis of reserve planning and management in New Zealand as they relate to longterm ecological stability in freshwater ecosystems. The intent is not to criticise the 1977 Reserves Act or the Planning Guide but rather to complement and supplement those documents. This paper is intended to identify problems and issues and provoke thought, recognising that the solutions must come from the citizens of New Zealand and must be determined in the context of their long term social and economic aspirations.Item Open Access Preservation and recreation(University of Canterbury and Lincoln College. Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences, Davie Lovell-Smith & Partners, 1979-10) Barker, W. H.; Brown, A. J.This is the second of four background papers designed to explore priority land use issues in the rural sector. This paper is concerned with preservation and recreation and is divided into two parts: the first deals with preservation: what is meant by preservation; why it is necessary to preserve; what kinds of resources need preserving; where these resources are, how preservation can be achieved and the effects of preservation. The second part of the paper deals with recreation: what is recreation; why it is necessary; what kinds of resources are required; how provision is and can be achieved and the effects of recreation.Item Open Access The proposed aluminium smelter at Aramoana : Some issues and implications(Lincoln College & University of Canterbury, 1981-08) Cable, C. G.; Cronin, K. E.; Coutts, B. J.; Dedekind, M.; Feasey, G. D.; Froude, V. A.; Glennie, J. M.; Kearns, N. B. F.; McCallum, L. R.; McGregor, G. A.; Ryde, J. L.; Whiteside, K. C.Students enrolled for the M.Sc. (Resource Management) are required to undertake a case study. Class members come from a wide range of disciplines or professions and have to work as an interdisciplinary team as they address a major issue in resource management. This report is part of the 1981 case study which was concerned with the proposal to establish an aluminium smelter at Aramoana. Case study reports are not normally published. However, in view of the public interest in this proposal this report is published in the hope that it might contribute to a better understanding of the issues involved in the Aramoana proposal. Readers of this report must, however, understand the constraints that applied to this study .Item Open Access A model of faulty and faultless disagreement for post-hoc assessments of knowledge utilization in evidence-based policymaking(Springer Nature, 2024-08-09) Heesen, R; Rubin, H; Schneider, MD; Woolaston, K; Bortolus, A; Chukwu, EE; Kaufer, R; Mitova, V; Schwenkenbecher, A; Schwindt, E; Slanickova, H; Sogbanmu, TO; Hewitt, ChadWhen evidence-based policymaking is so often mired in disagreement and controversy, how can we know if the process is meeting its stated goals? We develop a novel mathematical model to study disagreements about adequate knowledge utilization, like those regarding wild horse culling, shark drumlines and facemask policies during pandemics. We find that, when stakeholders disagree, it is frequently impossible to tell whether any party is at fault. We demonstrate the need for a distinctive kind of transparency in evidence-based policymaking, which we call transparency of reasoning. Such transparency is critical to the success of the evidence-based policy movement, as without it, we will be unable to tell whether in any instance a policy was in fact based on evidence.Item Open Access The Anthropocene Obscene: Poetic inquiry and evocative evidence of inequality(Wiley on behalf of Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), 2024-09) Thomsen, DC; Smith, Timothy; Elrick-Barr, CEPoetic inquiry is used to highlight contrasting lived experiences of vulnerability and worsening socio-ecological outcomes among Australia's fastest growing coastal communities. Our approach interweaves multiple participant voices across local and national scales to juxtapose the contrasts of inequality, enmesh social and ecological experiences, and ask reflexive questions of audiences. We offer an evocative portrayal of inequality to the growing body of work demonstrating that unequal and intensifying vulnerabilities are created and sustained through complicated, non-adaptive and hierarchical social systems. We demonstrate that poetic inquiry can interrogate complex system phenomena and broad concepts, such as the Anthropocene, to distil critical and systemic issues while retaining undeniable connections with the deeply personal implications of socio-ecological change. Hence, poetic inquiry can serve analytical and descriptive purposes towards an emotional and political aesthetic providing a compelling reorientation from more conventional modes of inquiry and representation. In this study, the misuse of power and privilege in the Anthropocene is reduced and revealed as the Obscene.Item Open Access Examining self-described policy-relevant evidence base for policymaking: An evidence map of COVID-19 literature(BMJ Publishing Group, 2024-08) Chukwu, Emelda E; Woolaston, Katie; Kaufer, Ricardo; Bortolus, Alejandro; Hewitt, Chad; Schwindt, Evangelina; Sogbanmu, Temitope O; Schwenkenbecher, Anne; Rubin, Hannah; Slanickova, Helena; Schneider, Mike D; Heesen, Remco; Mitova, VeliBackground Evidence-based policymaking is a paradigm aimed at increasing the use of evidence by actors involved in policymaking processes. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted a heavy reliance on emerging evidence for policymaking during emergencies. Objective This study describes the focus and types of evidence in journal articles self-described as relevant to policymaking using the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study, identifying gaps in evidence and highlighting author stated perceived biases specifically in evidence-based policy making. Design Evidence mapping. Data sources We systematically searched SCOPUS, PubMed and LexisNexis for literature identifying policy-relevant evidence available on the COVID-19 pandemic. Eligibility criteria The study included only peer-reviewed literature identified as ‘article’, ‘book chapter’, ‘review’ covering the period from January 2020 to December 2022. Inclusion criteria required that articles have an abstract, authorship attribution and are written in English. Data extraction and synthesis A minimum of two authors independently extracted and coded for every level and final outputs were compared for consistency. Results A total of 213 articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed in this study. Lead authorship affiliations were from 50 countries with 70% of the outputs from developed economies including USA (20.2%), UK (18.3%) and Australia (7.5%). The most common purpose of the articles was the presentation of research findings the authors considered of relevance to policy (60.1%), followed by work that examined the impact of policy (28.6%) or highlighted or supported a policy need (22.5%), while some papers had multiple stated purposes. The most common challenges in policymaking identified by the authors of the reviewed papers were process failures and poor evidence utilisation during policymaking. Conclusions The evidence map identified the need for an interdisciplinary policy approach involving relevant stakeholders and driven by quality research as a progressive step towards prevention of future public health crises/pandemics.Item Open Access Does non-native diversity mirror Earth's biodiversity?(Wiley, 2024-01) Briski, E; Kotronaki, SG; Cuthbert, RN; Bortolus, A; Campbell, ML; Dick, JTA; Fofonoff, P; Galil, BS; Hewitt, Chad; Lockwood, JL; MacIsaac, HJ; Ricciardi, A; Ruiz, G; Schwindt, E; Sommer, U; Zhan, A; Carlton, JTAim: Human activities have introduced numerous non-native species (NNS) worldwide. Understanding and predicting large-scale NNS establishment patterns remain fundamental scientific challenges. Here, we evaluate if NNS composition represents a proportional subset of the total species pool available to invade (i.e. total global biodiversity), or, conversely, certain taxa are disproportionately pre-disposed to establish in non-native areas. Location: Global. Time period: Present day. Major taxa studied: Global diversity. Methods: We compiled one of the most comprehensive global databases of NNS (36,822 established species) to determine if NNS diversity is a representative proportional subset of global biodiversity. Results: Our study revealed that, while NNS diversity mirrors global biodiversity to a certain extent, due to significant deviance from the null model it is not always a representative proportional subset of global biodiversity. The strength of global biodiversity as a predictor depended on the taxonomic scale, with successive lower taxonomic levels less predictive than the one above it. Consequently, on average, 58%, 42% and 28% of variability in NNS numbers were explained by global biodiversity for phylum, class and family respectively. Moreover, global biodiversity was a similarly strong explanatory variable for NNS diversity among regions, but not habitats (i.e. terrestrial, freshwater and marine), where it better predicted NNS diversity for terrestrial than for freshwater and marine habitats. Freshwater and marine habitats were also greatly understudied relative to invasions in the terrestrial habitats. Over-represented NNS relative to global biodiversity tended to be those intentionally introduced and/or ‘hitchhikers’ associated with deliberate introductions. Finally, randomness is likely an important factor in the establishment success of NNS. Main conclusions: Besides global biodiversity, other important explanatory variables for large-scale patterns of NNS diversity likely include propagule and colonization pressures, environmental similarity between native and non-native regions, biased selection of intentionally introduced species and disparate research efforts of habitats and taxa.Item Open Access Vineyard management systems influence arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi recruitment by grapevine rootstocks in New Zealand(Oxford University Press, 2024-08) Moukarzel, Romy; Eirian Jones, E; Panda, P; Larrouy, J; Ramana, JV; Guerin-Laguette, A; Ridgway, HJAims: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can perform significant functions within sustainable agricultural ecosystems, including vineyards. Increased AMF diversity can be beneficial in promoting plant growth and increasing resilience to environmental changes. To effectively utilize AMF communities and their benefits in vineyard ecosystems, a better understanding of how management systems influence AMF community composition is needed. Moreover, it is unknown whether AMF communities in organically managed vineyards are distinct from those in conventionally managed vineyards. Methods and Results: In this study, vineyards were surveyed across the Marlborough region, New Zealand to identify the AMF communities colonizing the roots of different rootstocks grafted with Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir in both conventional and organic systems. The AMF communities were identified based on spores isolated from trap cultures established with the collected grapevine roots, and by next-generation sequencing technologies (Illumina MiSeq). The identified AMF species/genera belonged to Glomeraceae, Entrophosporaceae, and Diversisporaceae. The results revealed a significant difference in AMF community composition between rootstocks and in their interaction with management systems. Conclusions: These outcomes indicated that vineyard management systems influence AMF recruitment by rootstocks and some rootstocks may therefore be more suited to organic systems due to the AMF communities they support. This could provide an increased benefit to organic systems by supporting higher biodiversity.Item Restricted A stringent failure: Regulators do not use available tools to protect aquatic ecosystems from clearcut forestry impacts in New Zealand(Elsevier BV, 2024-11) Urlich, Stephen; Hanifiyani, Mawardah NurEffective regulation of land-use activities in steepland areas is crucial to protect downstream ecologies and human life as intense rainfall disturbances become more frequent globally. In Aotearoa New Zealand extensive synchronous clear-cutting of Pinus radiata monocultures on steep convergent landforms, and associated earthworks, causes ongoing accelerated erosion, excessive sedimentation, and debris-laden landslides after adverse weather events. This study examines the implementation of national forestry regulations established in 2018, which also enable regional councils to create more stringent rules to protect aquatic ecosystems. All sixteen councils were surveyed in 2021 and 2022 for stringency in planning provisions; and four regions seriously affected by Cyclone Gabrielle in 2023 were resurveyed in 2024. The cyclone caused loss of human life and calamitous damage to housing, infrastructure, and productive land uses from floods exacerbated by clearcut logging debris. All councils had administratively adopted the national regulations into their existing freshwater and coastal resource management plans. Twelve councils retained existing rules that conflicted with the regulations, but these rules do not protect all regionally significant aquatic ecosystems nor minimise landslide risks. No council, except Gisborne, had instigated the expensive and lengthy statutory resource management plan change process, nor taken a ‘strategic and principled’ approach to develop more stringent regulations, such as tougher restrictions on clear-cutting, earthworks, and replanting on steep erosion-prone convergent landforms to protect aquatic ecosystems and vulnerable communities. The government did tighten the management of logging debris after the cyclone, but the national regulations remain ineffective in addressing clear-cut practices maladaptive to intense rainfall and continue to permit replanting on convergent landforms. The regulations need urgent amendment to require councils to develop and implement a strategic and principled approach to stringency to better protect aquatic ecosystems, human life, economic livelihoods, and public infrastructure. Water quality monitoring is also currently inadequate, as no council systematically monitors the effects of forestry activities on sedimentation rates, which inhibits the ability to compare across and between regions. Foresters are not required to monitor water quality, which also stymies assessments of compliance and policy effectiveness. Councils regularly monitor rivers, lakes, and estuaries, but rarely the effects of individual land uses. This means that sediment or other contaminants cannot be parsed to different land use activities, undermining attempts to set catchment limits. It can also take decades at current monitoring levels to defensibly show any water quality improvements after changes to land use regulations. The current environmental limits approach of setting individual water quality attribute targets is highly unlikely to drive changes to maladaptive and ecologically degrading land uses. A new environmental management approach is needed that prohibits or effectively constrains hazardous and adverse activities.Item Open Access Protecting and restoring freshwater biodiversity across urban areas in Aotearoa New Zealand: Citizens’ reporting of pollution in stormwater drains and waterways(Elsevier BV, 2024-02) McLeod, LJ; Hine, DW; Milfont, TL; Dorner, Zachary; Tassell-Matamua, NA; Maris, RDC; Kitson, JC; Stahlmann-Brown, PUrbanization poses numerous challenges to freshwater biodiversity. This paper describes two studies with the joint aim of demonstrating the benefits of applying a systematic behaviour change framework and providing the foundational knowledge to inform future behavior change work to protect and restore urban freshwater biodiversity. In Study 1 we used a mixed-methods research design, involving 14 key informant interviews followed by an online survey targeting 17 freshwater biodiversity experts and another targeting a representative sample of 550 urban residents, to identify and prioritize the most promising resident behaviors to target to reduce stormwater pollution and improve natural waterway habitats in urban areas. Study 2 focused on the top-ranked short-term behavior identified in Study 1, citizen reporting of pollution in stormwater drains and waterways. We surveyed a representative sample of 1901 urban residents across Aoteraoa New Zealand to identify four main determinants influencing this behavior: awareness and uncertainty about reporting, lack of opportunity to report, social motivation and personal motivation to report, and five potential target audiences: ‘Supportive’, ‘Unaware but receptive’, ‘Motivated but lack support’, ‘Reluctant’, and ‘Not my problem’. We make recommendations for the most appropriate intervention designs to target each of these audience segments to promote the reporting of stormwater pollution in urban areas. This knowledge will allow for a more coordinated and effective approach for addressing the ‘human element’ that lies at the heart of many urban freshwater management problems.Item Open Access Report and recommendation of the review panel: Severe Weather Emergency Recovery (Hawke's Bay Rural Recovery Works) Order 2024(Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2024-09-25) Clifford, Denis; Coates, Natalie; Devine, Rachel; Rennie, HamishThe draft Order to be made under the Severe Weather Event Recovery Legislation Act 2023 proposes to reclassify certain activities (defined as ‘rural recovery works’) which would otherwise require a resource consent, as permitted activities under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) if the landowner meets the notification requirements and complies with the permitted activity standards. This report provides an analysis of the draft Order and whether it is necessary or desirable.Publication Open Access Mountains of East Asia and the Pacific(Lincoln University. Centre for Mountain Studies, 1996) Ralston, Mary; Hughey, Kenneth F. D.; O'Connor, KevinMountains of East Asia and the Pacific is the proceedings of the East Asia Pacific Mountain Association symposium, held at Lincoln University in May 1993. The symposium was organised by Lincoln University, the International Mountain Society and the East West Centre, Honolulu, with the cooperation and support of the United Nations University, the World Conservation Union. the New Zealand Department of Conservation and the High Country Committee of New Zealand Federated Farmers. Papers were presented on a wide range of mountain issues; from the cultural attachment people have to mountains, to issues of sustainable resource use in mountain areas and to the consequences of physical phenomena in mountainous regions. We have grouped the papers according to the common theme they illustrate. In the three years since the symposium, progress has been made in many areas of mountain research, the management of mountainous areas and in the promotion of the concept of sustainability in mountain environments. In the epilogue, the editors have attempted to discern the common threads in the papers presented at the symposium, considered the progress made since 1993 and discussed what may be the key themes of the future. The East Asia Pacific Mountain Association (EAPMA) was launched in 1993. With the Earth Summit in 1992 came Agenda 21, with Chapter 13 specifically dealing with mountains. A subsequent series of global and regional meetings has resulted in establishment of global, regional and sub-regional mountain networks. Many of the envisaged functions of EAPMA are now provided for by the Asia Pacific Mountain Network (APMN) based at ICIMOD (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development) in Nepal. The Centre for Mountain Studies (CMS) at Lincoln University will coordinate activities as the Australasian/Pacific subregional focal point. With this development, the editors note with pleasure that the activities of EAPMA are subsumed by the APMN, Australasian/Pacific subregion, and the continued operation of the CMS. We hope that readers will enjoy these proceedings and that Mountains of East Asia and the Pacific will continue to promote debate on mountain issues.Item Open Access Being an expert witness under the Resource Management Act 1991(Lincoln University, 2002) Skelton, PeterThe interdisciplinary nature of environmental law is one of the factors that has prompted me to offer this course. My purpose has been to reach those working in the various areas of resource management recognising that there will be many different disciplines involved. My objective is to enhance the skills needed by these professionals to work in the legal environment. This is not a course for lawyers and it would be wrong for participants to believe that by undertaking this course they will be in a position either to offer legal advice or to act as advocates. The general intent of the course is to familiarise participants with several different areas in the legal environment including key legal topics and to hone the skills necessary for the preparation and presentation of expert evidence. I have had extensive experience as a Judge of the Environment Court adjudicating on a variety of proceedings under the Resource Management Act 1991 which provides the context for this course. Drawing on this experience, four topics have been chosen which it is anticipated will cover useful material and provide food for thought for those engaged on a daily basis in the practice of the many facets of resource management.Item Open Access Heterogeneous productivity stabilizes public good contributions under certainty, uncertainty and ambiguity(Elsevier, 2024-06) Dorner, Zachary; Tucker, S; Hassan, GMTypically, a linear public goods game with a voluntary contribution mechanism (VCM) sees declining contributions over repeated one-shot periods of play. However, contributions under uncertainty or ambiguity over heterogeneous productivity on individual contributions have yet to be investigated. We compare contributions under homogenous productivity of 0.6; and certain, uncertain (for future periods only and all periods) or ambiguous heterogeneity in productivity, which can be either a high (0.9) or a low (0.3) type. Certain heterogeneity unexpectedly stabilizes contributions over homogenous, led by high productivity types. Uncertain or ambiguous heterogeneity in productivity weakly lowers contributions, but they remain stable. Thus, in a novel finding that is replicated across our treatments, heterogeneous productivity appears to support stable contributions over time, even when productivity is unknown at time of contribution. This finding suggests uncertain and heterogeneous productivity are an important characteristic of public goods that needs to be considered when modelling them in the field, and reinforces the role of productivity itself in driving voluntary public good contributions.Item Open Access How behavioural and experimental economics can contribute to agricultural policy with an application to agri-emissions pricing(Taylor & Francis New Zealand Association of Economists Incorporated, 2023) Dorner, ZacharyIn this paper, I discuss the role that behavioural and experimental economics can play in improving agricultural policymaking. I do so by considering the development of an agri-emissions pricing policy in NZ. International literature shows that profit, as well as a range of other factors such as social norms and identity, drive farmer behaviour. This is particularly true for adoption of sustainable technologies and practices. A better understanding of farmer behaviour provides potential for: (1) an increased understanding of the uncertainty around policy modelling; (2) an increase in the accuracy of policy modelling, particularly when emission prices are low; (3) potential for new policy tools. Experimental economics provides a powerful methodology to build behavioural understanding and test policy tools. I argue that a behavioural economics perspective can contribute to agricultural policy, but add a note of caution that the gains to modelling accuracy and improved policy design are not guaranteed.Item Open Access Farm-level cost-effectiveness analysis of in-paddock feeding of methane inhibitors in pasture-based dairy(New Zealand Grasslands Association, 2024-05-28) Marmont, B; Silva-Villacorta, D; Dorner, Zachary; Eastwood, C; Minnēe, E; Neal, MVarious approaches have been proposed to reduce methane emissions from ruminant livestock systems. While methane-inhibiting feed-additives are not yet commercially available in New Zealand, it has been reported that they can reduce enteric methane emissions by 30-90% when fed to ruminant livestock regularly and precisely in total mixed ration systems. This study aims to determine the primary economic performance drivers of using In-Paddock Smart-Feeders (IPSF) for delivering methane inhibitors in pasture-based dairy to understand the conditions in which they are viable. A farm-level financial model is developed, drawing on the Economic Farm Survey produced by DairyNZ. Both a scenario and sensitivity analysis are conducted on the cost-effectiveness of the approach for methane mitigation. The main finding is that the largest cost associated with the approach is the cost of additional supplement, which would acts as a carrier for the methane inhibitor. Therefore, the quantity of additional supplement used prior to adoption is a key determinant of viability. There is a large range in breakeven methane prices depending on the value of assumptions used. More certainty in these assumptions is required to fully understand the potential use of IPSFs to deliver methane-inhibiting feed-additives in-paddock.