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Item Open Access Laboratory tests for trench laid plastic drainage pipe of up to 4 inches diameter(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1968-07) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteA full description of test procedures and equipment is contained in Project Report P/3 of the New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute issued in July 1968. The samples of pipe submitted for test satisfied the requirements of the test procedure in all respects. The detailed results of the testing are given in this report.Item Open Access Safe "T" safety frame for Ford 2000 and 3000 tractors: Strength characteristics(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1967-02) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteStrength tests were made using testing apparatus similar to that used by the National Swedish Testing Institute for Agricultural Machinery and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe, England, to establish whether or not the frame is of adequate strength to prevent excessive deformation in the event of an overturning accident. The deflections of the frame during impact and crushing tests were within satisfactory limits. The frame did not unduly affect accessibility, visibility or maintenance, and no change in the noise level to which the driver was subjected was noticed when the frame was fitted.Item Open Access Fergtrac 35 safety frame for Massey Ferguson 35 and 135 tractors: Strength characteristics(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1967-02) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteStrength tests were made using testing apparatus similar to that used by the National Swedish Testing Institute for Agricultural Machinery and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe, England, to establish whether or not the safety frame is of adequate strength to prevent excessive deformation in the event of an overturning accident. The deflections of this frame during impact and crushing tests were within satisfactory limits. The frame did not unduly affect accessibility, visibility or maintenance, and no change was noticed in the noise level to which the driver was subjected.Item Open Access Fergtrac 35 safety frame for Ferguson 35 tractors: Strength characteristics(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1966-08) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteStrength tests were made using testing apparatus similar to that used by the National Swedish Testing Institute for Agricultural Machinery and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe, England, to establish whether or not the safety frame is of adequate strength to prevent excessive deformation in the event of an overturning accident. The deflections of this frame during impact and crushing tests were within satisfactory limits. The frame did not unduly affect accessibility, visibility or maintenance, and no change was noticed in the noise level to which the driver was subjected.Item Open Access Safe "T" safety frame for Ford 4000 and 500 tractors: Strength characteristics(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1966-09) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteStrength tests were made using testing apparatus similar to that used by the National Swedish Testing Institute for Agricultural Machinery and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe, England, to establish whether or not the frame is of adequate strength to prevent excessive deformation in the event of an overturning accident. The deflections of the frame during impact and crushing tests were within satisfactory limits. The frame did not unduly affect accessibility, visibility or maintenance, and no change in the noise level to which the driver was subjected was noticed when the frame was fitted.Item Open Access Fergtrac safety frame for Ferguson tea-20 tractors: Strength characteristics(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1966-09) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteStrength tests were made using testing apparatus similar to that used by the National Swedish Testing Institute for Agricultural Machinery and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe, England to establish whether or not the safety frame is of adequate strength to prevent excessive deformation in the event of an overturning accident. The deflections of this frame during impact and crushing tests were within satisfactory limits. The frame did not unduly affect accessibility, visibility or maintenance, but noise caused by the vibration of the removable front brace was annoying.Item Open Access Safe "T" safety frame for Fordson major tractors(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1965-10) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteStrength tests were made using testing apparatus similar to that used by the National Swedish Testing Institute for Agricultural Machinery and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering , Silsoe, England to establish whether or not the frame is of adequate strength to prevent excessive deformation in the event of an overturning accident. The deflections of the frame during impact and crushing tests were within satisfactory limits. The frame did not unduly affect accessibility, visibility, or maintenance, and no change in the noise level to which the driver is subjected was noticed when the frame was fitted.Item Open Access Bonser safety frame for David Brown tractors 850, 880, 900, 950 and 990(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1965-08) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteStrength tests were made using testing apparatus similar to that used by the Swedish National Institute for Testing Agricultural Machinery and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe, England, to establish whether the safety frame could be expected to protect a driver during an overturning accident. The deformation of the frame during impact and crushing tests was small enough to indicate that the operator would not be crushed during an overturning accident. The tractor was operated, with and without a frame, pulling a cultivator and a trailer, to determine what effect, if any, the frame had on noise levels. No significant change was detected. The frame did not unduly affect accessibility, visibility or maintenance. However, it was impossible to operate the hand-brake on the tractor tested due to the proximity of one of the frame uprights.Item Open Access Agricultural waste manual(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1984-12) Vanderholm, Dale H.Agricultural waste management is a rapidly changing technology. It is subject to government regulation and sensitive to population growth patterns, community attitudes and land use changes. It is influenced by variables such as soil type, topography, climate, crop and livestock production practices. The trend towards larger and more concentrated livestock operations has accentuated the problems of waste management. This has necessitated better management methods, not only to hold down labour requirements and cost, but also to minimise detrimental effects on the environment.Item Open Access Guide to subsurface land drainage(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1988-05) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteThe NZAEI Guide to Subsurface Land Drainage is intended to be a readily available source of design information for farm advisors, contractors, farmers, and others involved in agricultural and horticultural drainage. The emphasis is on subsurface drainage because this is an area where the available information is often difficult to locate and can be confusing. The technical standards required in subsurface work are higher than for surface drainage, and mistakes are not only costly but also not easily rectified. This guide is not a comprehensive treatise on subsurface drainage, and for this kind of information on New Zealand conditions the reader is referred to Hudson, Hopewell, Bowler and Cross (1962), and Bowler (1980). It is presumed that the need for drainage has been established and that a suitably skilled drainage contractor is available. The information presented herein is an attempt to link these two. Drainage is by no means an exact science. Wherever possible, the physical reasons for particular recommendations are given so that the designer can make a judgement on the consequences of departing from the guidelines. In some drainage situations, local experience and practice may appear to conflict with methods presented in this guide. In such cases, proven successful practice must be allowed to reign with due regard for the physical reasons behind the apparent anomaly.Item Open Access Application performance of travelling irrigators(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1985-07) John, Peter H.; Lees, David M.; English, Grant M.The primary aims of this work were two-fold. Firstly, to evaluate the application performance of a cross-section of travelling irrigators available within New Zealand. The performance characteristics investigated were uniformity of application depth and the extent to which surface redistribution of applied water occurred due to mismatch between application rates and soil infiltration rate. The second main aim was to propose design techniques and guidelines which will help designers and farmers choose the most suitable machine(s) for specific situations. To this end, the application performance of eleven large travelling irrigators was measured using a sophisticated monitoring system designed and built by NZAEI.Item Open Access The design of horticultural structures(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1985-08) Pinnell, G. C.; Robinson, M. D.; Lawn, G. D.The basic methods and skills used to design horticultural structures are identical to those used to design large buildings or bridges. However, to produce a design that is acceptable to the client, the design approach needs to be significantly different. This paper offers guidance by discussing aspects of design philosophy and consequences of failure. It also reports or refers to research that is particularly relevant to the design of horticultural structures. To this end, the authors recommend the references listed. This is not a comprehensive and stand-alone document. It does however, signpost the directions, and reports on research not previously published. Our experience of horticultural structures has been in the design of artificial shelter, crop supports and horizontal canopies, which are described below.Item Open Access A simulation model of hill & high country pastoral systems for evaluation of irrigation investment(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1985-12) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteThe first objective of this study was to develop a simulation model that would allow economic evaluation of alternative farm irrigation schemes in the hill and high country. The model would use estimates of irrigation water supply from a water harvesting model (Borrie and Heiler, 1984) to provide a management and economic evaluation of each engineering option. A second objective was to develop a model framework into which sophisticated submodels could be incorporated if and when they became available. The submodels developed for this study were kept simple and incorporated only sufficient detail to investigate irrigation in the Hakataramea Valley.Item Open Access Contour handbook : A guide to land contouring using the computer program "Contour"(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1982) Harrington, Graham JamesThe aim of this handbook is to give a practical surveyor sufficient information to perform a contour survey using the computer programme called CONTOUR. This program is designed to produce contours of irregularly spaced stadia field readings. The programme is currently implemented at Lincoln College. A programme listing (FORTRAN) is available from the author.Item Open Access Overhead targeted frost protection(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1985-02) John, Peter H.This report describes a preliminary investigation into the use of mini-sprinklers attached to overhead laterals for frost protection of fruit trees. The principle aims of this work were to measure the protection efficiency of this technique under New Zealand conditions and to assess its potential advantages and disadvantages when compared with conventional impact-drive sprinkler networks. The ultimate aim is to produce a system which targets water at the trees to be protected, thus virtually eliminating application to inter-row and headland areas. Twenty-nine temperature sensors, in the form of artificial buds, were attached to a tree situated beneath an experimental sprinkler system. The response of these sensors to water application during frosts over the winter and spring of 1984 is described. It is concluded that an overhead targeted system should provide levels of protection comparable with conventional impact-drive networks, while allowing savings in water use of 25 to 45 %. Power requirements would be 60 to 80% less than for a conventional system, with pumps and motors being compatible with those required tor micro-irrigation. Capital costs would be similar or less than those of a conventional system, depending on the need for water storage and the growing method employed. The work also identified bud temperatures during the period prior to ice formation as being potentially limiting when using conventional or targeted sprinkler methods for frost protection on crops exhibiting critical temperatures near 0C. System specifications are discussed and the further work required in order to confirm the viability of overhead targeted frost protection systems and to provide the information necessary for their design is outlined. The need to investigate the potential of the targeted technique for the protection of crops other than stonefruit, particularly kiwifruit, is expressed.Item Open Access An investigation into the effectiveness of some odour control treatments in stored pig manure(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1980-12) Smith, K.; Drysdale, A.; Saville, D.A study was conducted comparing four methods of treating livestock waste. Two commercial formulations were included. These were Alamask M-X, a masking agent designed for odour control, and Actizyme, a digestive product intended for odour control and solids liquefaction. The other two methods were treatment by aeration and treatment with finely divided iron, which was thought to have an application in controlling hydrogen sulphide emission from piggery wastes in enclosed environment housing. Effluent was collected from six Canterbury piggeries and stored in 150 litre plastic drums. Treatments were applied to the effluent shortly after collection and the effects on odour level and solids liquefaction were observed over a 6 week period. Odour level was assessed by means of a panel consisting of Lincoln College students and solids liquefaction by a relative viscosity technique. The results showed that aeration, and initially Alamask M-X were the most effective treatments. Actizyme and finely divided iron were disappointing. The results also indicated that the odour panel technique used was capable of detecting real treatment effects and that there appeared to be no problem of odour fatigue during the assessments. There was no evidence that Actizyrne had a significant effect on the viscosity of the effluent.Item Open Access The maximum line wire/batten spacing and minimum height of a plain wire [fence] for the control of sheep(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1979) Warren, G. A.; Humphries, K. R.Throughout New Zealand there is a considerable divergence of opinion among farmers about the strucural requirements of a farm fence to control sheep and cattle. For example, in some areas of the North Island, fences consisting of 250 posts and 2000 battens to the kilometre and with five plain and two barbed wires, are commonplace, while in other parts of the country, fences containing far less material are being used to restrain the same type of stock. The question arises: what are the minimum structural requirements of a farm fence to restrain stock? If the rate of increase in fence material costs over the last three years is maintained, the cost of basic materials (posts, wire, battens) for a kilometre of the type of fencing given above will be well over $3000 by 1982. Of course much has been done by research to make lighter weight, cheaper, but none the less structurally adequate, fencing materials and systems available to the farmer. Lower cost, 2.5 mm, high tensile galvanised wire has been shown to be structurally superior to dearer 4.0 mm mild steel galvanised wire in a fence . Nevertheless, the single most expensive item of material in the fence mentioned in the first paragraph would be the 2000 battens - and these could well cost the farmer upwards of $1500 in 1982. Consequently, in an effort to determine if the number of battens and line wires in our fences could be reduced, the NZAEI undertook a series of trials aimed at answering the question: "For the control of sheep, what is the maximum line wire and batten spacing possible in a fence? Trials were also carried out to determine how high sheep could jump because any reduction in the height of fences could also lead to cost savings. And an attempt was made to wean lambs against the fences found capable of controlling adult sheep.Item Open Access Water consumption of sheep and cattle in New Zealand(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1980-04) Harrington, G. J.This is the final report which overviews the investigations into the free water consumption of cattle and sheep, the principal livestock animals in New Zealand. The report considers the daily and hourly free water consumption as it affects the engineering design of stock water storage and reticulation.Item Open Access Wind machines and frost protection in New Zealand(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1981-06) Carran, P. S.Wind machines have been widely used as a frost protection method for the last 30 years, particularly in the Western U.S. Although there were some early attempts to investigate this method for New Zealand conditions it is only recently that the system has gained popularity. Under frost conditions the air temperature above an orchard may of ten be warmer than the air closer to the ground, and it is this ''inverted" temperature profile which allows a wind machine to work. The formation of this inversion profile is described and the way in which a wind machine modifies it to provide frost protection is discussed. A review of the performance of typical wind machines is given followed by a summary of the temperature profile measurements which have been made in the various fruit growing areas in New Zealand. It is concluded that, although wind machines probably have a place in frost protection in parts of New Zealand their use should be considered with care and a full appreciation of the risks involved.Item Open Access Sprinkler performance for frost protection systems(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, 1983-01) Carran, P. S.Frost protection using overhead sprinkler systems has become increasingly important in New Zealand horticulture since the mid-1970's. The reasons for this change and the problems created by the rapidity with which it occurred have been examined. The design requirements of sprinkler frost protection systems are considered. A performance parameter which is based on the percentage of the area receiving less than the minimum application rate necessary to achieve protection is introduced. Sprinkler performance can be measured by still-air distribution pattern tests and the resulting information can be used with computer programmes to predict system performance. The way in which these tasks have been done is described before presenting the results of many such analyses. This information should be of considerable benefit to designers of frost protection systems in New Zealand.