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Publication Open Access Financing catchment schemes in New Zealand(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1968-08) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteVolume 4 of the Lincoln Papers in Water Resources comprises the papers presented at a Training Course which was organised by the New Zealand Association of Soil Conservators and sponsored by Lincoln College. The course was held at the College on 7 to 9 May 1968, and the theme was ''Financing Catchment Schemes in New Zealand." The volume 4 includes the full text of the following papers : R. D. Dick – Soil Conservation in New Zealand, N. W. Collins - Rivers Control and Drainage in New Zealand, A. F. Greenall - The Present Subsidy System in New Zealand, F. G. Howe - Financing of Soil Conservation and River Control Schemes, G. A. G. Frengley - The Effect of Soil Conservation subsidies on Farm Development and an Example in Practice, Edited by B. Douglass – Conclusions of the Workshop on Systems of Cost Sharing and Finance, A. J. Warrington – Some Aspects of Conservation Farm Planning in the South Island, G. Bradfield - Farm plan, typical (Wairarapa) North Island preparation, B. P. Dwyer - Procedure for Preparation of Subsidy Proposals for River and Drainage Control Schemes, G. S. Aburn - The part Treasury plays in catchment schemes, R. Jensen – Discounting techniques, A. C. Norton - An illustrative example of evaluation procedures, A. G. T. McArthur - Recommendations from research on persuasion for soil conservators, A. G. T. McArthur - Decision and scheduling plans for securing district agreement on soil conservation and river control projects, A. G. T. McArthur - An introduction to network analysis for soil conservators, J. P. C. Watt - Integrated watershed control, D. B. Dallas, Co-ordination of agencies and summary of conference.Publication Open Access Watershed management : proceedings Part 2(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1969-12) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteLincoln Papers in Water Resources Numbers 8 and 9 comprise papers presented at a Symposium on Watershed Management in Water Resources Development. The Symposium was sponsored by the New Zealand Association of Soil Conservators together with Lincoln College and was held at Lincoln College from 20th to 22nd August 1969. The volume 9 includes the full text of the following papers: D. C. Best & W. R. Howie, P. Farley - Flood Routing Methods and Techniques in the Lower Manawatu Scheme, A. J. Sutherland - Sediment Movement in Streams, B. E. Milne – A Note on Siltation in the Mangahao Power Project, G. G. Natusch- Opportunities for Multiple Use of Hydraulic Structures, D. G. Reynolds – Upstream Abstractions of Water as a Factor Limiting Downstream Development, A. J. Gillies – Formulating a Water Policy, D. S. G. Marchbanks – Criteria for Water Allocation, Use and Conservation, A. F. Wright & T. Koutsos – River Drainage and Erosion Control for Kaikoura, G. A. G. Frengley – Economic Principles of Multipurpose Resource Use, W. B. Johnston – Human Behaviour in Resource Use and Management, J. R. Burton – Concluding Remarks.Publication Open Access Watershed management : proceedings Part 1(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1969-12) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteLincoln Papers in Water Resources Numbers 8 and 9 comprise papers presented at a Symposium on Watershed Management in Water Resources Development. The Symposium was sponsored by the New Zealand Association of Soil Conservators together with Lincoln College and was held at Lincoln College from 20th to 22nd August 1969. The volume 8 includes the full text of the following papers: P. E. Packer and W. A. Laycock - Watershed Management in the United States: Concepts and Principles, J. R. Burton - The Sensitivity of Streamflow Characteristics to Changes in Land Use, J. A. Hayward - Land Management for Soil Stability: Second Thoughts about some Erosion Problems in the South Island Hill and High Country, A. C. Archer - The Influence of Aspect upon the Alpine and Subalpine Ecosystems in the Twin Stream Catchment of the eastern Ben Ohau Range, T. N. O’Bryne – The Influcence of Rock Type and Relief on Water Supply in North Island Cretaceous Tertiary Hill Country, C. L. O’Loughlin – The Influnce of Snow on Stream Flow, P. J. Grant – Some Influences of Rainfall on Stream Flow and Land Management, J. Y. Morris – Forest Influences, J. G. Hughes – Is Pastoral Farming Compatible with Watershed Management?, A. F. Mark and Jennifer Rowley - Hydrological Effects in the First Two Years Following Modification of Snow Tussock Grassland, M. E. Yates and F. Scarf – The Effect of Modifying Cover Type by Man and Animals on Some Flow Characteristics in Some New Zealand Experimental Basins, I. R. Falconer – The Role of Small Structures for the Use and Control of Water.Publication Open Access The measurement of soil loss from fractional acre plots(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1968-09) Hayward, John A.The use of runoff plots in "Observational" and "Experimental" studies is reviewed and discussed. The basic requirements for a sound experimental design in each type of study are described. It is noted that most studies have been inadequately designed. The principal shortcomings have been the absence of replication and randomisation of treatments, and the inherit assumption that bias is unimportant. The paper identifies several possible sources of bias which must be accounted for before plot data can be extrapolated to field conditions. The equipment most commonly used in plot studies is briefly reviewed. It is suggested that the plot method is probably a fairly crude one, and the use of precision equipment may only give precise measurement of inaccurate values.Publication Open Access Hydrologic characteristics of catchments / Lag time for natural catchments(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1968-07) Boughton, Walter C.; Askew, A. J.Hydrological characteristics of catchments : The systematic description and classification of catchment characteristics has never been adequately treated in any hydrological text. This paper summarises available measures for the quantitative description of catchments and points to aspects of catchment mensuration where deficiencies occur. Measures and definitions of catchment characteristics which have appeared in hydrological literature are described in 5 groups, these being topographical characteristics, vegetation, soils, climatic characteristics, and human effects. The characteristics of a catchment such as the unit hydrograph which are contained in the streamflow record are noted, and areal and temporal variations in characteristics are briefly discussed. Abstract for second paper, Lag time in natural catchments : The development of a relationship for the variable lag of ungauged catchments. Pluviograph and runoff records for an experimental catchment were studied in detail. A procedure was developed for the computation of the lag to direct runoff and the weighted mean discharge for any number of floods. This procedure was written into the form of a computer programme and the records of five catchments were analysed with the use of a digital computers. The relationships effect of other factors was studied. Finally the form of the relationships and the parameters defining them were related to the characteristics of the catchment areas.Publication Open Access Water Resources Symposium, 40th ANZAAS Congress, proceedings - Part 2(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1968-04) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteVolumes 1 and 2 of the Lincoln Papers in Water Resources comprise the papers presented at a Symposium on Water Resources Development which was arranged by the Engineering Section of the 40th ANZAAS Congress and organised by Lincoln College Staff. The volume 2 includes the full text of the following papers: D. T. Howell – Theory and Practice in Water Resource System Design, H. James – The Tongariro Power Project, W. R. Lobb – Irrigation Development in the New Zealand Environment, R. Jensen – Economic Evaluation of Water Resources Development, D. G. McGill – Legislation for Water Resources Development, J. R. Burton – Education for Water Resources Development in Australia and New Zealand.Publication Open Access The use of fractional acre plots to predict soil loss from a mountain catchment(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1969-06) Hayward, John A.In 1941 the Government passed the Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Act which set up Catchment Boards and Commissions to (inter alia) conserve soil resources and prevent damage by erosion. In view of the accepted extent and severity of erosion, and in the intensity of former debates, it is a matter of some surprise that there were, and still are, no measurements relating to the stability of soils on steep slopes. While this lack of data has been a handicap in the past it will without doubt become a greater barrier to progress in the future. In recent years a few investigations have been made of materials and techniques for the revegetation of high altitude eroded lands. (O’connor and Lambrechtsen, 1967; Nordmeyer, pers comm; Dunbar, 1967.) However, before the results from studies such as these can be used in action programmes it will be necessary to know the benefits of such work in terms of reduced soil loss or surface water runoff. It was therefore decided to set up a study which, it was hoped, would determine the extent of soil movement within one mountain catchment, and assess the influence of plant cover and type on soil stability. To carry out such a study, a number of possible techniques were considered, but the fractional acre runoff plot method appeared to have a number of advantages which could not be overlooked. The most important were that the technique had been used under diverse conditions in the United States for nearly 50 years with apparent success. In addition the plots were inexpensive, easy to install, and could provide information in relatively short time periods. Elsewhere the author has reviewed the use of runoff plots in erosion research (Hayward, 1967b) and critically discussed some of the major deficiencies of experimental design common to most studies (Hayward 1969). This study attempted to rectify the major deficiencies of design, and use the plots to sample the erosion behaviour of the subareas of a small mountain catchment. It was hoped that the erosion behaviour of the sub-areas and the catchment could be predicted from the behaviour of this sample.Publication Open Access The application of management techniques to water resources development and management(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1973-04) van’t Woudt, BesselManagement techniques cover a range of subjects that represent old wine in a new bag, but wine that has been redistilled by the application of electronics, computers and new thinking on goals to be achieved. Only those techniques have been discussed that have already found application, in 1971, in the work of the United States Bureau of Reclamation or are under consideration for application. (1) Tele-measurement of rainfall and streamflow can be used in remote areas, for economizing on manpower, or for up-to-the-minute information as may be, needed for flood control, for instance. (2) Computer processing of information can be useful for reasons given under (1) and, in addition, may be necessitated for the handling of many data. The computer programme can be geared to provide various analyses and, where applicable, operational instructions. These instructions can be transmitted and be carried out manually or automatically via the computer. (3) Network analysis has been applied to the construction of water works for showing inputs and the timing of activities for reaching given goals. For novel and non-routine activities it is commonly not possible to assess minimum, mean and maximum time requirements for activities in order to arrive at completion of a project by a given date. Such data as to time requirements are needed for formal network analysis. However, for these types of activities, network-type diagrams can still be useful which, like in formal network analysis, show inputs, activities and interrelationships in a time sequence. These diagrams can form the basis for timing analyses when, subsequently, more information on timing becomes available. Several examples of the latter type of presentation are submitted. (4) Long-term streamflow records can be analysed for probability of exceedance of a given flow on the basis of which reservoir operation and water-use plans can be drawn up for expectations of probable minimum and maximum flows and for reasonable (mean) flow. This is illustrated for the Granby reservoir in Colorado. (5) For important projects the analysis can be extended beyond that discussed under (4) by considering reservoir operation for each flow possibility. This is illustrated for the projected Pa Mong reservoir on the Mekong river on the basis of 40 years of reconstituted flow. (6) Studies of the optimization of water resources projects, for minimum cost or maximum benefits, have recently been started, commonly involving the use of dynamic programming, For simple farm problems to which linear relationships apply, linear programming can be used. An example has been given of the graphical solution of such a problem. (7) Physical simulation modelling has been widely used in the past. Lately, mathematical simulation modelling has been attempted without recourse to physical models. In spite of results from the latter technique, Current aquifer management in Israel remains based on field measurements of the water levels in aquifers in response to withdrawals and recharge. (8) An annex is attached listing computer programmes available in the Bureau of Reclamation that have a bearing on operation and maintenance of water resources projects. Other programmes on other aspects of water resources project development and management are available.Publication Open Access Water resource development for expanded irrigated agriculture on the Canterbury Plains(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1973-04) Huber, D. G.Assuming the ultimate for intensive irrigated agriculture on all suitable land of the Canterbury Plains, estimated water requirements are compared with water resources in rivers and groundwater. Preliminary conclusions are that sufficient water exists for the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources with or without artificial storage but that further studies are imperative before an optimum plan can be formulated. Thirty studies are suggested and discussed. The parties should decide on cooperative effort, priorities and sharing of results.Publication Open Access Water Resources Symposium, 40th ANZAAS Congress, proceedings - Part 1(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1968-04) New Zealand Agricultural Engineering InstituteVolumes 1 and 2 of the Lincoln Papers in Water Resources comprise the papers presented at a Symposium on Water Resources Development which was arranged by the Engineering Section of the 40th ANZAAS Congress and organised by Lincoln College Staff. The volume 1 includes the full text of the following papers: D. N. Body - Hydrometeorological Contribution to the Development and Control of Water Resources, C. J. Wiesner - Estimation the Probable Maximum Precipitation in Remote Areas, J. D. Coulter - On Rainfall Variations in New Zealand, Dr. K. F. O’Conner - The Role of Agricultural Land Use in Affecting Water Quality, J. T. Holloway - Watershed Management - Problems and Possibilities, Walter S. Boughton - Evaluation of Changes in the Land-use Regime.Publication Open Access Contour plans by computer(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1969-02) Boughton, Walter C.A method of plotting and contouring grid surveys using a digital computer is described. Contour positions in each square element of a grid survey are determined by linear interpolation between the sides of the square. The resultant shape of ground surface is curvilinear, equivalent to a relaxation net between the sides which connect the four corner levels. Application of the method to surveys for flood irrigation design and other purposes is described, and a copy of the computer programme is given in the Appendix.Publication Open Access The groundwater resources of the Canterbury plains(Lincoln College. New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute., 1974-05) Mandel, S.The N. Z. A. E. I. has a particular responsibility in undertaking research and development in the agricultural engineering aspects of water supply, irrigation and drainage, and into the development of water resources for agriculture on a national basis. Throughout the past decade both the Institute and the Agricultural Engineering Department at Lincoln College have made a series of contributions towards the solution of New Zealand problems in soil and water engineering. These problems are becoming progressively more urgent as the pressures of both agricultural and non-agricultural use on this strictly limited resource intensify. The current state of knowledge regarding the overall water resource has been evaluated by Dr Huber in his report "Water Resource Development for Expanded Irrigated Agriculture on the Canterbury Plains", which was published as Paper No. 11 in the current series. In the latter Dr Huber has identified some thirty specific research needs which together would provide the further information necessary for optimum water resource development. A key part of this programme is the assessment of the potential role of groundwater in future irrigation projects on the Canterbury Plains. The current report, which is based upon analysis of the available data together with field investigations, interpreted in the light of his extensive experience, confirms that groundwater has an important part to play in the future development of the Canterbury Plains. The three aims of this report are: (a) to evaluate the available information on groundwater; (b) to identify unsolved problems of practical importance; (c) to suggest lines of investigation that should be pursued for an efficient "optimal" utilization of groundwater for expanded irrigation in the Canterbury Plains.