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Dissertations at Lincoln University may be submitted as part of a course of study towards a Masters degree by examination, a Bachelors degree with Honours, a Postgraduate Diploma or a Graduate Diploma. Dissertations are extended research essays and do not have equivalent standing to theses.
Students wishing to submit dissertations should see the Depositing theses and dissertations guide.
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Publication Open Access Quantification of vernalisation for six forage brassica crops : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Jamie, CallumThe vernalisation response of six forage brassica crops was studied. The experiment examined phyllochron, days and thermal time to bud, and the thermal time between bud and flower over 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks of duration of vernalisation treatments of 4°C, 8.1°C, 12°C and 18°C. There was a range of phyllochron values for each crop, where lower vernalisation temperatures and longer durations of exposure resulted in a shorter phyllochron. For ‘Mainstar’ rape, the range was 35.2 to 88.4°Cd/leaf. For ‘Hawkestone’ swede, the range was 55.8 to 137°Cd/leaf. For ‘Firefly’ kale, the range was 75.2 to 178°Cd/leaf. For ‘Endurance’ radish, the range was 48.3 to 133°Cd/leaf. For ‘Hunter’ leafy turnip, the range was 22.0 to 80.8°Cd/leaf. For ‘CC Pallaton’ raphanobrassica, the range was 116 to 149°Cd/leaf. Rape, swede and kale had an obligate vernalisation requirement. A minimum of six weeks at 4°C was required for all plants to develop buds in rape and swede, while kale required the same treatment for any amount of plants to develop buds. Radish, leafy turnip and raphanobrassica indicated a facultative vernalisation response. Buds formed in all radish plants, and in some leafy turnip and raphanobrassica plants, without vernalisation. Three weeks at 4°C were required for all leafy turnip plants to develop buds, while no vernalisation treatment resulted in all raphanobrassica plants with buds. The thermal time to bud decreased with longer durations of colder vernalisation treatments. However, the effect diminished as thermal time approached a crop-specific minimum threshold for bud development. The 18°C temperature treatment did not reduce the thermal time to bud, so it could be beyond the range of inductive temperatures for vernalisation. The thermal time between bud and flower was consistent among durations within the same temperature treatment in kale (303°Cd), leafy turnip (163°Cd), and raphanobrassica (275°Cd). Variation was observed in rape, swede and radish and was likely attributable to the location of temperature measurements and the frequency of data collection. There is an indication that if vernalisation and photoperiod requirements are saturated, raphanobrassica may not have an overlap in flowering time with rape or leafy turnip and could be planted without isolation.Publication Open Access Establishing social licence to operate solar farms in Aotearoa New Zealand: An analysis of community perceptions in Canterbury : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Sutherland, PortiaAotearoa New Zealand (ANZ) has experienced a proliferation in the number of proposed and consented solar farms in rural areas across the country, positioning grid-connected solar electricity generation as a core component in the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. In combination with enabling market and socio-political conditions, community acceptance is a critical component for the successful implementation of solar farm developments (Pascaris et al., 2021). International research and literature show that acceptance of solar farms is influenced by numerous factors and varies between different communities and groups of people; however, attitudes and perceptions towards solar farms in ANZ and how these vary by different factors is unknown. Therefore, this research aims to provide a comprehensive picture of community attitudes and perceptions towards solar farms using Canterbury as a case study area and identify opportunities and challenges for establishing social licence to operate for solar farms in ANZ. A quantitative survey questionnaire was developed and shared with groups across Canterbury with a particular focus on rural communities. Of the 447 participants that completed the survey questionnaire, the majority were positive towards solar farms at national, regional and local levels, with 61 percent of respondents expressing ‘positive’ or ‘very positive’ attitudes towards solar farms in their local community. Attitudes varied by participants’ level of knowledge, local land use and district of residence. Socioeconomic and environmental mitigation measures, mixed land use approaches and site selection were identified as factors that may influence acceptance, and the importance of public involvement in the planning process for solar farms was revealed. Overall, the findings from this research highlight the importance of understanding variations in community perceptions and early community engagement and public involvement for effective strategic planning of solar farms, which have several implications for policy and planning in ANZ.Publication Open Access Environmental policy and planning communication in rural Aotearoa New Zealand focusing on Te Tai Tokerau Northland : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Tobin, KayaThe communication of policy and planning documents to rural communities is explored through a case study of Te Tai Tokerau Northland. Based on document analysis, surveys and interviews, this research explores how rural communities receive and interpret these documents and if there is a lack of effective communication with rural communities. The research also touches on trust as well as how this is influenced by communication around and of policy and planning.Publication Open Access Revitalising public spaces through collaboration and citizen empowerment : An exploration of Tactical Urbanism’s role in Aotearoa New Zealand : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Balmer, NathanUrban centres face many complex challenges including rapid urbanisation, car dependency, and climate change, which are increasingly difficult to address through standard planning mechanisms. Bureaucratic and prescriptive systems have restricted the effectiveness of urban interventions, often escalating project risk to the point where the costs outweigh the potential benefits. Consequently, many urban spaces have become low quality and fail to respond to the needs of their communities. Tactical Urbanism (TU) offers a flexible, community-focused alternative incorporating lower-cost, iterative placemaking through experimentation and adaptation. By prioritising community participation, TU facilitates a more responsive and engaging process that can address specific issues, while supporting broader strategic directives. This concept has gained traction worldwide, with numerous successful implementations, including in Aotearoa NZ. The field has evolved towards a more institutionalised planning strategy, highlighted through local examples. This research utilises a mixed-methods approach to explore how TU can best be utilised in Aotearoa NZ, by investigating case studies and local professional experiences, to develop recommendations for future practice. Notable local examples include Waka Kotahi’s ‘Innovating Streets for People’ and the ongoing ‘Streets for People’ initiatives, which have evolved over time, though an optimal approach befitting of Aotearoa New Zealand’s unique context has yet to be established. This research uses a mixed-methods approach to explore how TU can best be utilised in Aotearoa NZ, by investigating international case studies, and local professional perspectives, and identifying key success factors for future interventions. The findings highlight that while past case studies provide useful foundations, the success of these projects depends on the integration of the core principles of TU, namely, community-focused strategies that are responsive to local contexts. Key recommendations include: (1) Catering to context, (2) Relationship building, and (3) Intervening with intent. Together, these strategies offer a framework to enhance the effectiveness of TU, to optimise its implementation in Aotearoa NZ.Publication Open Access “I tried to keep quiet but my ancestors wouldn’t let me": Rakatahi Māori and local government planning and decision-making in Aotearoa : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning at Te Whare Wānaka o Aoraki Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2025) Docking, AliceThe call from Māori for greater autonomy in planning and decision-making has become increasingly evident at a national level, calling out the Government for their role in inequality and Māori marginalisation (Maipi-Clarke, 2023). Rakatahi Māori (Māori Youth) make up a large portion of this group, equating to 46.5% of all Māori in Aotearoa (Te Whata, 2023). Through their lived experiences, this research investigates the role of Rakatahi Māori in Local Government planning and decision-making in Aotearoa, focusing on Waitaha. Specifically, this research determines the pathways for their participation in Local Government, the extent to which Local Government institutions give effect to the opinions and values of Rakatahi Māori, and the perceived barriers and limitations to Rakatahi Māori participation in planning and decision-making. The research is conceptualised through te Rakaia Awa, where each section follows the flow of the Awa as it travels across Kā Pākihi Whakatekateka a Waitaha, ki uta ki tai. Conversational interviews were informed by te Tapatoru, a qualitative model of whanaukataka to support Rakatahi Māori wellbeing within policy and practice. The research considers the lived experience of five Rakatahi Mana Whenua and two Rakatahi Mātāwaka. Whilst the findings from these kōrero expressed varying levels of discontent with their experience in Local Government, a core theme emerged recognising that Rakatahi Māori hold aspirations for what these spaces could be. Weaving together the findings, in the context of the literature, the research presents three key insights. The first insight is flexible approaches are required to support Rakatahi Māori, recognising the role of whānau and whanaukataka. The second insight moves beyond a structural shift and raises the need for improved cultural safety. It recognises that this is an iterative process centring the focus onto the experience of the Rakatahi. The final insight is the recognition of the expectations set upon Rakatahi Mana Whenua verses Rakatahi Mātāwaka and considers the challenge of being asked to navigate conflicting responsibilities. The insights indicate that Youth representative spaces are not functioning as they could. They signal a tension between the Local Government institutional structure and the realisation of the aspirations of Rakatahi Māori. Therefore, this research suggests that the aspirations of Rakatahi Māori provide a guide to reconceptualising what the future of Rakatahi Māori representative spaces could look like. The research recognises that Rakatahi Māori representation may need to vary away from the expectations of the contemporary adult context and asks, who will take responsibility for ensuring that the aspirations of Rakatahi Māori are heard and upheld?Publication Restricted Optimising texture-modified foods for dysphagia: An instrumental assessment for the effects of hydrocolloids and particle size in a chickpea model : A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Food innovation(Lincoln University, 2025) Dhaval PatelThis study investigated the rheological and textural properties of a chickpea-based model system for dysphagia management. Chickpeas (cooked) were selected for their nutritional profile and soft texture, processed into distinct particle sizes (150 µm–2.36 mm), and combined with Xanthan gum (XG) or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC at concentrations (0.36–2%). Rheological measurements focused on yield stress, shear viscosity, and oscillatory frequency sweep tests, while hardness was assessed by texture profile analysis. Results revealed XG imparted significantly higher yield stress (73.55 vs. 18.79 Pa for CMC) and consistency coefficients (p < 0.0001), attributed to its rigid molecular structure, while CMC exhibited greater hardness (Force = 157.07 gram) in high-particle-size systems. Particle size critically influenced texture, with larger particles (2.00 – 2.36 mm) enhancing yield stress (64.56 Pa), consistency, and elastic modulus (G') due to increased structural rigidity. Oscillatory tests confirmed elastic dominance (G' > G'') across all samples, essential for bolus integrity. Particle size exerted a notable effect: larger particles increased yield stress and viscosity, likely by creating a more rigid, cohesive matrix. Texture analysis demonstrated that low-viscosity CMC formulations with coarse particles unexpectedly increased hardness, highlighting the interplay between gum type, gum concentration, and particle size in tailoring food consistency. The findings underscore the potential of modulating particle size and hydrocolloid selection to design dysphagia-friendly foods. Researchers and food developers can achieve specific textural targets—such as yield stress levels conducive to bolus formation—aligned with International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) recommendations. Although the focus was on 100 s⁻¹ shear conditions relevant to swallowing, further investigations should explore the full shear rate range encountered during oral processing and validate outcomes with direct IDDSI tests and Sensory and clinical assessments. Overall, this work provides a framework for developing nutrient-dense, texture-modified foods through synergistic control of particle size and hydrocolloid functionality, potentially improving both the safety and sensory acceptability of dysphagia diets.Publication Embargo Exploring the synergistic effects of Grape seed tannin and psyllium husk fiber on the nutritional profile of starch : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Food Innovation at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2025) Kalia, AnkitaStarch is super versatile complex carbohydrate and a vital macronutrient providing energy to human body by breaking down into sugars. Starch structure and physicochemical properties vary from one source to another due to its interaction in food matrix. Interaction of starch with bioactive compounds such as tannins and fibre alter its textural and physicochemical properties by enhancing the overall nutritional profile. These interactions lead to production of functional foods having low glycaemic index. This study aimed to develop starch-fibre and starch-fibre-tannin complexes using corn starch (5%), grape seed tannins (0.5% by starch weight) and psyllium husk fibre (5% and 10%). The gels were prepared using Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). Various analyses were conducted to capture the effect of fibre alone and fibre-tannin complex on starch properties. RVA studies showed an increase in the pasting viscosity of starch upon complexation with both fibres alone and the fibre-tannin complex. Starch-iodine binding studies were further conducted to unravel the mechanism of interaction between starch-fibre and starch-fibre-tannin with varied fibre concentrations. Decline in absorbance near 500-540 nm and 540-660 nm was observed in fibre only complex signifying that starch amylose helix was not available for iodine binding. Particle size distribution also showed variation in particle sizes of starch-fibre and starch-fibre-tannin complex in contrast to the control corn starch. Starch textural properties, including firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, and index of viscosity, were significantly affected by the addition of fibre alone and the fibre-tannin complex. Addition of fibre at both 5% and 10 % concentrations increased the firmness and consistency in all treatments compared to corn starch sample. The 5% fibre-tannin complex exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, indicating that tannins had greater ability to reduce Fe3+ ions in the presence of 5% fibre compared to 10% fibre concentrations, both before and after incubation in the FRAP assay. A similar trend was observed in the ABTS assay. Therefore, highlighting the contribution of fibre-tannin complexes in improving the antioxidant ability of starch-based foods. A significant decrease in RDS content and an increase SDS and RS content was observed in all samples compared to control starch during in-vitro starch digestibility, which could be a contributing factor in improving overall nutritional properties of starchy foods.Publication Open Access Assessing support for cat bylaws in Aotearoa New Zealand : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Blackstock, NatalieCompanion, stray, and feral cats have a significant impact on Aotearoa New Zealand’s (NZ) biodiversity. Legislation such as the Wildlife Act 1953, the Conservation Act 1987, and the Biosecurity Act 1993 help mitigate the effects of feral and stray cats. However, addressing the challenges posed by companion cats is a complex issue for decision-makers due to the bonds between these cats and their owners. The current strategy to address the impacts of companion cats is the creation of bylaws by local councils. Bylaw clauses such as microchipping, registration, desexing and containment have animal welfare benefits for cats and cat owners, as desexing reduces the risk of reproductive diseases and unwanted behaviours, and microchipping and registration help return lost cats to their owners. However, as cat management is a highly emotive issue, it has been considered difficult to gain public acceptance for cat-related bylaws. Using a mixed methods approach, this study analysed public submissions from five NZ councils to gain deeper insight into community attitudes and interactions towards cats and cat bylaws. Ten themes were identified through qualitative analysis: nuisance, human and livestock health concerns, toxoplasmosis risk to wildlife, conservation/environmental concerns, benefits of cats, cost concerns, stray and feral cat management, containment/curfews, bylaw support, and anti-regulation sentiments. These themes demonstrate the issues surrounding cat management, and how the public feels about bylaw requirements. Quantitative statistical analysis was used to determine the significant statistical similarities and differences among the councils. Overall, all regions studied showed majority support for cat bylaws, indicating that nationwide cat management legislation may be supported by the NZ public. However, the distinct regional concerns identified in the submissions suggest that the implementation of national legislation would require local authorities to collaborate closely with communities to address these issues. Furthermore, this study supports the need to redefine the legal definitions of stray cats to better address the complexity of human-cat interactions and enable better management of these cats. Additionally, the findings demonstrate that cat containment remains a contentious issue for the NZ public, although there was a small, vocal group in all regions that advocated for mandatory containment measures. Further research into public attitudes towards cat containment is needed to assess the level of support for such measures, both regionally and nationally. Ultimately, successful cat management in NZ requires a careful balance between national standards and local adaptation, focused on encouraging and supporting responsible cat ownership to address the environmental and social impacts of cats.Publication Embargo Optimising the flavour and aroma of gin using mixture design and single botanical distillation : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Food Innovation at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Shibata, KeiyuThis dissertation investigates the optimisation of gin production through single botanical distillation and the Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology, focusing on blending ratios of botanicals to enhance consumer preference. The single botanical distillation allows for the individual distillation of botanicals at their optimal cutting points, enabling precise flavour and aroma expression. This contrasts with traditional one-shot distillation, where all botanicals are distilled simultaneously, often leading to over- or under-expression of flavours. Using a mixture design within the DoE framework, the research identifies optimal blending ratios for five botanicals: juniper berries, kawakawa, horopito, mānuka, and tarata. Sensory analysis with Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) and a 9-point hedonic scale revealed that "smooth" was a critical factor for consumer preference, while attributes like "nutty" and "chemical" were less favoured. Additionally, Preference mapping highlighted "juniper," "floral," and "citrus" as key drivers of liking. Mixture design analysis found that Botanical 1 and Botanical 2 positively influenced liking scores in higher proportions, while Botanical 3 and Botanical 4 showed negative trends at higher concentrations, and Botanical 5 contributed positively when used moderately. The predicted optimal formulation was identified as Botanical 1-5 with specific percentages, yielding a liking score of 6.04 on a 9-point scale. However, further refinement and larger-scale evaluations are recommended to achieve higher scores. This research underscores the potential of single botanical distillation and DoE in crafting gins that align with consumer preferences, emphasising the importance of "smooth" and balanced botanical proportions. The findings offer valuable insights for craft distilleries aiming to innovate and optimize gin formulations, paving the way for future research in flavour and aroma optimisation and consumer-driven product development.Publication Restricted Submissions, social media, and news reports: Public engagement for three Christchurch cycleway projects : A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning(Lincoln University, 2024) Bisley, BronwenCycleways generate lively discussion, with responses to new proposals ranging from passionate opposition to support. How does this commentary influence the realisation of cycleways? What can these Christchurch cycleway projects tell us about public engagement processes? There are many platforms today to express an opinion: formal consultation processes, social media, even the local news. With a multi-case study approach, this research focuses on three cycleway projects in Christchurch. Qualitative research methods are used to identify key themes across the cases, including the challenges and limits of public engagement, and common concerns regarding cycleway infrastructure. This work highlights the evolving nature of public engagement and has implications for public consultation best practice.Publication Embargo Understanding the uptake of climate change adaptation research for policy making in Aotearoa, New Zealand : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Halliday, AngelaThe interplay between science, policy and decision making has long been an area of interest to researchers, however, there is limited exploration of this dynamic in the context of climate change adaptation research uptake in Aotearoa, New Zealand (NZ). This study aims to advance climate change adaptation efforts by investigating this crucial intersection of research and policy, offering insights into the factors that influence the uptake of climate change adaptation research into policy making. In-depth, semi-structured interviews (n=23) with policy practitioners and individuals in related roles and organisations, were used to elicit information about the barriers and enablers of research uptake. Results of the interviews were coded thematically and analysed using a general inductive approach to find emerging themes. The findings led to the formation of four key propositions: 1) Relationships are instrumental for research to influence policy making. 2) Climate change adaptation policy is hampered by interpretations of uncertainty. 3) Election and policy cycles, competing timeframes and priorities impact research uptake. 4) Research prioritisation and funding influences its impact on policy. Recommendations from this research emphasise the importance of strengthening collaboration between researchers and policymakers by building trust and fostering mutual understanding as well as establishing feedback loops between individuals in the two fields. Additionally, there is a need to support knowledge translators to ensure that research addresses critical issues while remaining independent of political influences. Ultimately this research supports the promotion of mission-driven research that tackles the complex challenge of adapting to a changing climate with a focus on transparency and trust between policymakers and researchers.Publication Open Access Empathising with landscape in Aotearoa New Zealand; Exploring walking methods to connect with landscape in a bicultural landscape architecture context : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Landscape Architecture at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Ormsby, BenjaminLandscape planning and assessment in Aotearoa New Zealand is an essential part of managing changes in the landscape. Te Tangi a Te Manu (Lister et al., 2022) was created to guide landscape assessment and reflects the bicultural conception of landscape in Aotearoa New Zealand, incorporating te ao Māori concepts of whakapapa, kōrero tuku iho, and hīkoi. However, the guidelines do not provide a method to translate these concepts into practice. Focussing on the hīkoi (walking) dimension, this research tested the application of ‘walking methods’ in landscape assessment. The research sought to answer the question of how can walking methods contribute to empathising with landscape when using Design Thinking. The application of Design Thinking informed by kaupapa Māori design principles integrates Māori and non-Māori values and knowledge to create a more inclusive methodology for landscape assessment. The research explored how walking methods can use the assessment of mauri as part of empathising with landscape, and support a deeper understanding and connection to whenua for the landscape architecture profession. Integrating Māori values and tikanga, including te ao Māori concepts like mauri, into landscape assessment requires guidance for non-Māori to protect the integrity of mātauranga Māori. This supports a culturally responsive practice that aligns with Māori values and community expectations around landscape management. The walking method was developed using two pilot walks in Porirua, New Zealand and then tested in Ōtautahi Christchurch, New Zealand. Physical and perceptual data was recorded, along with assessment of mauri. The research then considered how this data could be presented spatially for use in subsequent steps of landscape assessment or design. By incorporating walking methods, landscape architects can empathise with the landscape, deepening their understanding of the connection between people and place, and facilitating the creation of embodied knowledge. The walking methods expand landscape architecture practice through new knowledge creation methods, contributing to a more inclusive practice of landscape architecture within bicultural Aotearoa New Zealand. Empathising in this way, has the potential to promote a more whenua-led approach. Further testing of the walking method with diverse groups could refine key elements of bicultural landscape assessment, including how mauri can be assessed by non-Māori participants, and how to incorporate other tikanga. The research highlights the potential for further exploration of how Māori and Western knowledge systems can inform and enrich bicultural landscape architecture in Aotearoa New Zealand.Publication Open Access Evolving digital technologies and their impact on hand drawing and the use of indigenous plants in landscape architecture design projects : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Landscape Architecture at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Dawes, VictoriaThis research explores the relationship between evolving digital tools and the use of Indigenous plants in landscape architecture design projects in New Zealand. Rapid advancements in digital imaging technologies over the past two decades have changed the ways that we see and experience the world. For landscape architects, technological advancements have shifted design processes. There is concern that through this shift a decline in hand-drawing has impacted the connections made between designer, place and materials. This study investigates how image-creation tools in undergraduate design projects relate to the variety and use of plants in the same projects with a focus on the use of Indigenous plants. Projects spanning 20 years of student work from the Lincoln University Living Heritage archive were analysed. The recorded data highlights trends of increased image and Indigenous plant use as digital technologies have evolved. Digitally produced images were the largest contributor to the overall rise in image use. The findings suggest that while digital tools offer efficiency and expanded possibilities for designers, if used in isolation they could contribute to a disconnection between designers and their physical connection with sites, sense of place and unique environments that support local biodiversity. For landscape architecture education and professional practice, these insights emphasise the need to maintain a balance between; the efficiencies offered through advancing digital technologies, and the sensitivities developed through hands-on design skills like drawing to support cultural and ecological sustainability in landscape architecture.Publication Embargo A retrospective analysis of climate impacts on Pinot noir wine quality – A New Zealand case study : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Wine and Viticulture(Lincoln University, 2024) Taylor, Peter KevinThe quality of Pinot noir is intricately linked to climatic conditions experienced in season, and in particular the influence of temperature within phenological stages. Many studies have modelled the impact of climatic parameters, including temperature, on wine quality with wine score often used as proxy. However, these approaches are limited to regional spatial resolution, with a single climate dataset applied to all vineyards. The aim of this research was to model the relationship between temperature-base climatic indicators to phenological stages and phases, creating a set of ecoclimatic indicators,and assessing Pinot noir quality at the single-vineyard scale against these indices. Utilising modelled temperature-related climate parameters, derived through thin-plate spline interpolation, for individually mapped vineyards in New Zealand, a climate record was constructed for Pinot noir vineyards for the vintages 2015 to 2022. This climate record was used to simulate phenological timing of flowering, veraison, and time to target sugar concentration as a proxy of ‘ripening’(defined as 210g/L), then to determine the influence of frosts, incidence of hot days and stress days (maximum temperature >25oC and >30oC respectively), and diurnal temperature range on Pinot noir quality using scores (100point scale) using individual linear, then multiple linear regression models. Both an increasing incidence of hot days and increasing diurnal temperature ranges were positively and significantly related to Pinot noir quality between both flowering and veraison and veraison to ripening. Conversely, the relationship between frosts and Pinot noir quality was convoluted by covariance with a regional effect leading to an inability to determine its influence on wine quality. This research has provided a novel platform for assessing at a very high spatial resolution the impacts of ecoclimatic indicators on the quality of Pinot noir. Potential applications of this research include modelling how future climate scenarios may impact wine quality, simulating potential impacts and phenological timing under climate change scenarios, and applications in training neural network models to predict potential quality based on weather data inputs.Publication Open Access Young people and future generations in environmental policy and planning in Aotearoa New Zealand : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Planning(Lincoln University, 2024) Nelson, Angela ElizabethThis dissertation examines how young people and future generations are taken into account in environmental policy and planning in Aotearoa New Zealand. Decisions made today will profoundly impact the lives of present young people and future generations, for instance with irreversible biodiversity loss and climate change. This raises questions of how young people and future generations are taken into account, or given voice, within environmental governance. In this context, this research sought to examine how young people and future generations are included or represented in environmental policy and planning in Aotearoa, including identification of the institutions and mechanisms for intergenerational environmental justice. To do this, it draws on documentary analysis of 40 key pieces of environmental legislation, including the Environment Act 1986, Resource Management Act 1991, Climate Change Response Act 2002, and Local Government Act 2002, as well as national policy statements and a sampling of case law. Document analysis was supplemented with six in-depth key informant interviews to explore the strengths, challenges, and possibilities of existing practices for intergenerational environmental justice in Aotearoa. This dissertation argues that the current system for environmental policy and planning in Aotearoa New Zealand is not sufficient to achieve intergenerational environmental justice. The research reveals an inconsistent and narrow framing of intergenerational environmental justice in key environmental legislation and policy and suggests that young people and future generations are not effectively engaged in decision-making. The analysis suggests: (1) the importance of clarifying key definitions and goals of intergenerational environmental justice and sustainable development; (2) establishing mechanisms for representation of future generations and strengthening legislation to demonstrably take them into account; and (3) explicitly recognising young people in environmental legislation, as well as improving practices to meaningfully engage with them in environmental decision-making. It also recognises the need for wider societal shifts to facilitate meaningful and enduring change.Publication Open Access An exploratory study on factors that affect adoption of digital interoperability standards at the Ministry for Primary Industries: an architect’s perspective : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Anand, RiteshThe purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that affect the adoption of interoperability standards at the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) from an architect’s perspective. A case study approach was taken and semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve architects at MPI. In addition, the common electronic databases were searched for relevant literature in relation to the purpose of study. The architects interviewed at MPI varied in seniority, and the report places them in three groups: junior, intermediate and senior staff. Following qualitative data analysis through coding, categorising and pooling of the categories or elements into themes, six factors were uncovered that affect the adoption of the digital interoperability standards at MPI. These factors included having right mechanisms, good engagement, appropriate organisational settings and its capability, adequate governance and monitoring processes, the availability and nature of standards, and other external factors. Moreover, there are also insights in this report that provide details on the level of awareness, involvement and the role of the staff, using RACI. The paper has a section on the importance of the process to adopt and implement interoperability standards, and another section that describes the strategies used at MPI to overcome the barriers in relation to the adoption and implementation of interoperability standards. The findings from this study raised the awareness and understanding of the factors that facilitate or impede the adoption or implementation of interoperability standards at MPI or at similar public sector agencies in New Zealand. Further future research on this topic will help uncover and confirm relevance of these factors in wider New Zealand public service.Publication Open Access Nitrogen dynamics of autumn wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) sown on two dates in Canterbury, New Zealand : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Agriculture Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Moody, GeorgiaWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major global crop. It contributes to ~ 20% of global protein intake and is also grown for animal feed. In 2023, 40500 ha of wheat were harvested in New Zealand. It is important to understand the factors that affect crop production to maximize yield. However, the effects of nitrogen (N) on vegetative and early reproductive growth of wheat in high yielding environments is relatively uncharacterized. This experiment quantified light interception, biomass accumulation and partitioning of ‘Kerrin’ autumn feed wheat grown at 0%, 50%, 100% and 150% of the N dose required for a grain yield of 18t/ha in Canterbury, New Zealand. There were two independent experiments, one sown on 20th March 2024 (SD1), and the other sown on 16th April 2024 (SD2). Light interception and ground cover were recorded weekly and biomass harvests occurred every three weeks or at the key Zadok’s stages of 25, 30 and 32, whichever occurred first. Total biomass production for SD1 differed among treatments in the second to last harvest at Z30 stem elongation. The 0% treatment produced 487 kg DM/ha less than the 50, 100 and 150% treatments. The 0% treatment accumulated biomass the slowest at 3.56 kg DM/°Cd. The 100% and 150% treatments showed the highest rate of accumulation at 4.41 kg DM/°Cd whilst the 50% treatment was similar to both the 0% and 100 and 150% treatments. Leaf area index (LAI) for SD1 differed among treatments at the final three harvests. The 150% treatment had the highest LAI of 4.18 at final harvest. 50% and 100% treatments were intermediary with an LAI of 3.97 whilst the 0% treatment had an LAI of 3.5. LAI accumulated at 5.22E⁻⁰³ LAI/°Cd in the 50, 100 and 150% treatments which was faster than the rate of LAI accumulation of 3.87E⁻⁰³ LAI/°Cd in the 0% treatment. SLA differed among treatments at the second to last harvest. 150 and 50% had the highest SLA at 214 cm²/g which was higher than the 0% and 100% treatments at 196 cm²/g. In SD1, the 50% and 150% treatments intercepted a total of 330 MJ PAR/mV at the final harvest. This was higher than the 304 MJ PAR/m² intercepted by the 0% N treatment. The 100% treatments intercepted 324 MJ PAR/m² which was similar to the other treatments. In SD2, there were no differences among treatments for total biomass at each harvest, leaf, stem and dead material at the final harvest or rate of biomass accumulation. The 150% and 0% treatments had a lower proportion of leaf (68%) and higher proportion of dead material (7%) at the final harvest when compared to the 50% and 100% treatments. There were no differences in final LAI, rate of LAI accumulation, SLA, total light interception, or radiation use efficiency (RUE) among treatments in SD2. Differences in biomass accumulation in SD1 were attributed to greater light interception driven by increases in LAI. In SD2, the demand for N was not present during early crop growth which explained no differences among treatments.Publication Open Access Coopworth hogget and lamb liveweight gain on regenerative and conventional dryland pastures : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Agricultural Science (Honours) at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Holt, BreannaRegenerative systems have been proposed as a potential greenhouse gas mitigation strategy for New Zealand agricultural systems. They focus on a holistic approach which encompasses, plant, animal, soil and community health. Regenerative agriculture principles claim to naturally increase carbon storage, soil fertility and biodiversity while producing the equivalent harvestable product of conventional systems. This dissertation reports on the liveweight gain of Coopworth hoggets and lambs grazing conventional and regenerative dryland pastures under high (20 mg/kg) and low (10 mg/kg) Olsen P giving four treatment groups: high conventional (HC), low conventional (LC), high regenerative (HR) and low regenerative (LR). The research period was within the establishment phase of the ongoing regenerative agriculture dryland experiment at Lincoln University. Four 2-ha farmlets, of 20 paddocks each, were established between 10 December 2021 and 16 March 2023. Grazing management and pasture species were the main attributes under investigation. Animals under regenerative management grazed multi-species forages (>8 species), under high intensity, short duration, with high residual, rotational grazing. Whereas, conventional grazing management was rotational, with duration and rotation length based on pasture cover. Differences in animal liveweight gain (LWG), were explained by the pasture production and quality for each of the two Coopworth flocks (ewe hoggets and then ewe lambs) which grazed between 11 September 2022 and 3 August 2023. The first ewe hogget flock grazed between 11 September 2022 and 3 March 2023. These animals were replaced with new season ewe lambs from 3 March to 3 August 2023. Conventional treatments produced the greatest LWG. The Coopworth hoggets and lambs grazed on conventional pastures accumulated 42 to 60 (hoggets) kg LWG/ha and 15 to 28 (lambs) kg LWG/ha more than those on RA treatments. This difference was attributed to greater crude protein content (20% CA, compared with 15% RA) and lower neutral detergent fibre (40% CA, compared with 46% RA) due to increased legume in the lucerne-based conventional diet. This meant animals met their daily intake requirements sooner which enabled increased total intake, due to increased rate of rumination. Pasture production and quality were affected by water stress in this summer dry rainfed environment. Pastures were shown to be water stressed from 13 November 2022, when 157 mm actual soil moisture deficit was reached, until March 2023. During autumn and winter 2023 pasture grew based only on rainfall. Soil water had not recharged until July 2023. There was no effect on pasture quality or legume production during the experimental period due to Olsen P treatments, however, further research over time is required to confirm these results.Publication Open Access Designing urban green spaces that enable mindfulness and nature connectedness : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Landscape Architecture at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Saxman, Hanna-MariThis research brings together the interconnectedness of mindfulness and subjective connection with nature, their benefits to human wellbeing, and the design of urban green spaces. As populations are increasingly concentrating in cities, residents can experience more stress and become estranged from nature. The considerable amount of research on the benefits of mindfulness and nature connections is pointing a way to an opportunity for Landscape architects to positively affect human wellbeing through design. To empathise with a diverse group of visitors, this study considers the ephemerality of experiences and understanding the spaces first-hand using the Persona method, case studies and sensory mapping in four green spaces in Christchurch over two seasons. The results showed that public urban green spaces can be designed to simultaneously support and enable mindful activities and nature connectiveness, and that indeed features enabling one often also enable the other. The study revealed the importance of locating these spaces within public transport services and commute routes to create opportunities for accessing them. Utilising empathy was found to be an effective way to understand the user experiences and a valid method for the landscape architecture profession to understand the current settings as well as test design ideas on paper or at a site. Sensory maps were found to be a useful tool for post occupancy evaluations, site inventory, and site analysis to ensure senses are accounted for in design, and that the experience of people with different abilities are considered throughout the process.Publication Open Access The role of landscape architecture at public open-air rock art sites - case studies in Canterbury, Aotearoa New Zealand : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Landscape Architecture at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Smart, GwenRock art is a valuable and vulnerable taonga | treasure both in Aotearoa New Zealand and internationally. The theory and practice of landscape architecture and rock art conservation and management hold many of the same values and concerns. However, very little research addresses the specific overlap between these fields. From the literature, it is difficult to gain an idea of the reality of the situation: what role do landscape architects have in the conservation and management of open-air rock art sites? This dissertation aims to explore the overlap between these fields from a landscape architectural perspective and to begin to bridge this gap in the literature. While the international context of rock art conservation and management informs this project, its focus is on a specific subject and geographic area: publicly accessible open-air Māori rock art sites of Waitaha | Canterbury in Aotearoa New Zealand. This allows for a detailed and context specific investigation. A novel, holistic, hybrid methodology was developed and applied. This included a specialist interview with Amanda Symon, Trustee of the Ngāi Tahu Māori Rock Art Trust, a multiple case study protocol, including the development and application of a case study framework, and the hybrid, critical discussion of the resultant findings. The research demonstrates that landscape architects have had a limited role at public, open-air rock art sites in Waitaha | Canterbury, but that there are many avenues by which landscape architecture may be able to make a contribution to the conservation and management of such sites, as part of a transdisciplinary, tangata whenua led team. These may include responding to the unique risks and opportunities these sites present, finding visitor management solutions, potential involvement in landscape assessment for planning or legislative purposes, facilitating transdisciplinary research or development, and the possibility of mutually beneficial educational and research relationships between rock art conservation and management and landscape architecture institutions. This dissertation has a specific regional focus on Waitaha| Canterbury’s historical, cultural, and environmental context. This research, however, is nested within the global context, and many of the topics addressed, methods discussed, questions raised, and further research opportunities proposed could be adapted to be more broadly applicable.