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Theses submitted by Lincoln University masters students.
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Publication Open Access Impact of managed aquifer recharge on nitrate concentration changes in an alluvial aquifer : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Water Resource Management at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Teixeira, SidineiNitrate leaching poses significant challenges to agricultural environments, endangering water quality, human health, and ecosystems. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a technology aimed at improving water quality in contaminated aquifers by dilution with high quality recharging water. This study investigates the effectiveness of MAR techniques, specifically infiltration basins and streambed channel modifications, in mitigating rising nitrate levels in the alluvial aquifers of the Hekeao/Hinds Plains (HHP), New Zealand. The research addresses four key objectives: identifying water sources contributing to groundwater recharge, evaluating biochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry, comparing nitrate fluxes under different irrigation practices, and assessing MAR's impact on groundwater nitrate concentrations. Using chemical analyses, including isotopic signatures and major ion concentrations, alongside multivariate statistical techniques such as Bayesian mixing models, this study quantifies multiple recharge sources and their impact on nitrate pollution. The findings reveal that land surface recharge contributes 60% of groundwater recharge, with the remainder coming from water race recharge, and river recharge, collectively termed unmanaged aquifer recharge (UMAR). Oxidizing groundwater conditions were found to impede denitrification, significantly influencing groundwater chemistry and limiting natural nitrate attenuation. Areas irrigated with groundwater showed nitrate levels comparable to those irrigated with low-solute water, indicating additional influencing factors beyond irrigation water quality. Even with high-quality water inputs from abundant rain and low-solute irrigation, persistent soil solutes inevitably leach into groundwater. MAR demonstrated significant potential for nitrate dilution as far as 3 km down-gradient from the infiltration basin, with the dilution effect decreasing with distance. In one area, MAR contributed up to 52% of groundwater recharge, effectively decreasing nitrate concentrations from 26.6-30.9 mg NO3/L (start of MAR scheme operation in 2016) to 7-12 mg NO3/L (monitoring 2022). However, in areas without substantial MAR influence, the volume of MAR-influenced water was insufficient to dilute extensive nitrate plumes to below 50 mg NO3/L. This research contributes a transferable methodology for quantifying pollutant inputs in catchments with isotopically similar but chemically diverse sources. It precisely quantifies MAR's role in nitrate dilution, enhancing our understanding of sustainable groundwater management practices. The findings underscore the potential of MAR techniques as viable solutions for mitigating nitrate pollution while highlighting the need for comprehensive management strategies in alluvial aquifers. Given the oxidizing conditions that impede denitrification, effective management practices, including optimized MAR implementation, remain crucial for mitigating nitrate contamination. Keywords: Managed aquifer recharge, unmanaged aquifer recharge, heterogeneous alluvial aquifer, nitrate pollution mitigation, Bayesian mixing model, multivariate statistical techniques, stable water isotope, irrigation, groundwater chemistry, land surface recharge, Hekeao/Hinds Plains.Publication Open Access The implications of climate change for Māori-led tourism businesses in New Zealand/Aotearoa: A case study of Westland Tai Poutini National Park and its proximate destination townships : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Hamilton, AbbyThis study set out to explore through qualitative semi-structured interviews (n= 13) how selected Māori-led tourism businesses are experiencing and adapting to the effects of climate change in Westland Tai Poutini National Park and proximate destination townships. The research sought to explore how Māori-led tourism businesses are preparing for the predicted climate change impacts and how their businesses’ adaptation planning aligns with Māori values. Also explored, in the context of climate change adaptation, were the risks and opportunities for Māori-led tourism businesses in Te Tai Poutini. The results of this research provide a cultural lens, which is rarely considered for climate change adaptation. The findings will inform strategy discussions among tourism operators, managers and the wider tourism sector in relation to climate change adaptation planning.Publication Open Access Earth science field trips in the age of Covid-19: A case study of the SOSC223 virtual field trip : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Hall, LouisaUndergraduate earth science education emphasises the role of field trips in student learning and development. Thus, when the Covid-19 pandemic caused teaching to shift online, many educators developed replacement virtual field trips (VFTs) to deliver the field components of their courses. Such was the case with SOSC223, a second-year geomorphology course at Lincoln University, where the 2021 Covid-19 lockdown saw us replace the scheduled field trips with a VFT to the same locations. In this thesis, I investigate instructor and student experiences developing and learning from the SOSC223 VFT in order to evaluate what may have been lost or gained through the rapid shift from a traditional field trip (TFT) to virtual. I conducted semi-structured interviews with students and staff involved with the VFT and analysed the interview data for themes relating to 1) student and instructors’ perceptions of the VFT, 2) the strengths and weaknesses of the trip, and 3) how the VFT compared to a TFT. Thematic analysis of participants’ interview transcripts revealed different overall attitudes between the students and instructors. Instructors' reflections heavily featured the limitations and frustrations of developing the trip during lockdown. They felt the VFT was an adequate resource given the circumstance yet nevertheless saw potential benefits to VFTs as a whole. Students were apprehensive at the outset of the VFT but appreciated having the computerised replacement to the TFTs. Although most would have preferred attending a TFT, they felt the VFT benefitted their learning given the circumstances. The weaknesses of the VFT included its lack of easy interpersonal interaction, its reliance on technology like fast computers and stable internet, and the resourcing requirements to integrate multimedia and scaffold the content of the trip. Despite these challenges, the flexibility and repeatability of the VFT benefitted all participants, and the trip demonstrated clear potential for well-designed interactive multimedia to facilitate students' visual connection to place and ability to visualise complex processes. The SOSC223 VFT differed from TFTs in the logistical constraints and affordances of each and how the mode of delivery impacted students' social and physical immersion within the learning experience. Through conducting this research, it became clear that VFTs can add value to course design when thoroughly resourced and thoughtfully integrated. Whether they are used to augment or replace TFTs or incorporated into a course as standalone activities, VFTs should be designed in a way that builds on their flexibility and repeatability, minimises the impact of their lack of sociality, and builds visual connection through well-resourced, well-integrated multimedia.Publication Embargo Effect of hemp protein hydrolysates on physicochemical properties and digestibility of starch : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Wu, GaoshengStarch is the main constituent of the human diet and is included in foods either in the gelatinized or retrograded form. This carbohydrate, produced by plants, contains amylose and amylopectin chains. Depending on the plant source, the proportion of these two glycan chains can vary within the granule, which influences the physicochemical behavior of starch in foods, impacting the textural and nutritional properties of the final food product. Over the past decades, researchers have investigated the impact of the presence and/or complexation of various biomolecules (proteins and polyphenols) with starch on its physical, chemical, and nutritional properties. There is limited research on the development of hemp protein and its hydrolysates in combination with various starch molecules, which could be a promising strategy for enhancing the nutritional and health benefits of foods. Exploring the interaction between hemp protein and different starches could lead to novel functional food ingredients with improved nutritional profiles, offering potential for increased health benefits. Firstly, this study compared the functional and nutritional properties of hemp protein hydrolysates (HPH) prepared with 0.5% Bacillus licheniformis (1 minute) and 2% pepsin protease (60 minutes). Hemp protein hydrolyzed by bacterial protease (HPHB) showed enhanced emulsifying capacity of 47.83 mL/g, compared to 45.83 mL/g for hemp protein hydrolyzed by pepsin (HPHP). On the other hand, HPHP exhibited superior oil absorption capacity of 5.46 g/g, compared to 5.18 g/g for HPHB, as well as higher foaming capacity at 31.2%, relative to 28% for HPHB. The amino acid composition, which affects the overall amino acid profile, was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), a precise technique for separating and quantifying individual amino acids. Secondly, when the effects of HPH on the textural, particle size distribution, structural, and rheological properties of normal corn starch (NCS), waxy corn starch (WCS), and high amylose corn starch (HACS), alongside their impact on antioxidant activity and starch digestibility were examined, this study showed the addition of the HPH to the starch significantly modified the textural properties of starch gels, particularly enhancing elasticity and hardness in WCS and NCS and increasing adhesiveness in NCS and HACS. Notable effects were observed with 20% HPHP on WCS elasticity (0.09 N.s), 10% HPHB on WCS hardness (0.57 N), and 20% HPHB on WCS adhesiveness (-0.15 N) (p<0.05). Particle size distribution indicated substantial granule size increases, especially in HACS (e.g., Dx90 increased from 39.19 μm to 771 μm). FT-IR analysis revealed shifts in absorption peaks, suggesting altered hydrogen bonding interactions without new functional groups. Rheological properties varied, with increased storage (G') and loss (G") moduli in NCS-HPH mixtures and general decreases in WCS-HPH and HACS-HPH. Additionally, a significant reduction in rapidly digestible starch (RDS) was observed with 20% HPHP in HACS, while resistant starch (RS) increased by about 10% with 10% HPHB in WCS (p<0.05). Among the starches, 20% HPHP exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with 232.36 μmol TE/g for HACS, 231.60 μmol TE/g for WCS and 210.42 μmol TE/g for NCS, respectively (p<0.05).Publication Open Access Evaluation of food grade products for attractancy to potato tomato psyllid adults infected with or without Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Braidwood, Kate AliceTomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae)) (TPP) is an insect, introduced to New Zealand in 2006, which causes significant damage to potato crops on the Canterbury plains of New Zealand. In this study three key aspects of integrated pest management, namely: trapping, biological control and identification of food grade attractants for utilization in a lure, were investigated. In addition, DNA integrity of TPP extracted off yellow sticky cards placed in vivo in potato paddocks was examined. A novel study of 75 food grade products were evaluated for attractancy to TPP adults. Choice testing using a Y-tube olfactometer found that a total of 16 products had attraction at ≥50% for “cold” TPP (i.e. insects with no infection of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CaLso)). Those attractants included: fatty acids (palm oil + lecithin granules; and macadamia nut oil + lecithin granules); glycerin flakes + lecithin granules; polysaccharides (xanthan gum, micro agar and iota carrageenan, primellose, fermented gelatin type B); disaccharide (trehalose) monosaccharide (xylose); amino acids (glutamine, methionine and valine) an alcohol (96% ethanol) and an acid (phosphoric acid). All of these products were subsequently evaluated for attractancy to “hot” TPP adults (i.e. insects confirmed positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to CaLso). All the amino acids were marginally more attractive to “hot” TPP adults than “cold” ones: methionine (70% vs. 55% respectively), valine (65% vs 60%) and glutamine (55% vs. 50%). Similarly, primellose was also more attractive (60% vs 50% respectively). Xanthan gum, micro agar, trehalose and glycerin flakes + lecithin remained attractive (at 50%), whereas 96% ethanol (45%), iota carrageenan (40%), macadamia nut oil + lecithin granules (40%), phosphoric acid (35%), and palm oil + lecithin granules (25%) were all significantly less attractive than to cold TPP (P<0.01). Two insect traps were compared throughout the 2022/2023 season, the commonly used yellow sticky card and a novel 3-D printed yellow cup-trap, which was also designed to enable housing of an attractant lure. At low population numbers of TPP seen on the Canterbury plains (mostly only 1 or 0 per trap during 2022/23 potato growing season), both trap types were only partially successful in catching TPP. The highest number of TPP caught in late February/early March 2023 was 8 on a sticky card and 3 in a cup-trap. Inclusion of valine, trehalose and palm oil alone or in combination with each other in late summer did not improve efficiency of the cup-traps. To determine DNA integrity of TPP, an in vitro study of insects harvested from colonies raised in an acrylic sheet-covered greenhouse found that DNA of a single insect, captured off potato plant into a plastic vial, regardless of age, could be successfully amplified using PCR. In vivo studies found that at least 3 young, light-coloured, TPP adults must be combined in a pooled sample to successfully amplify their DNA. Pooled samples of 5 young TPP adults were placed on yellow sticky cards in vivo in a paddock in autumn. DNA of each pooled sample was then analysed using PCR on days 1 to 7, 10 and 14 in the field. DNA integrity was maintained up to 6 days under field conditions. This research successfully identified 13 potential products which show potential for use as an attractant lure, although performance in the field against low density populations was not strong. Field use of cone-shaped traps was the first in New Zealand, allowing the inclusion of a lure. In addition, TPP DNA extracted off yellow sticky cards over 1-14 days in the field, found reducing ability to detect TPP over time using PCR, leading to the recommendation that extraction was best done within 7 days, ideally 5 or more TPP as a pooled sample should be used for PCR extractions.Publication Open Access How can landscape architecture create living environments that promote access to public transport, housing, and green spaces : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Landscape Architecture at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Koch, DominicThis study seeks to understand how to address thematic social justice issues through spatial design using landscape architecture. More specifically, whether, how and to what extent different city municipalities address resident accessibility issues relating to Social (or Affordable housing), Green Space and Public Transport through design? To understand how these thematic issues are addressed through design, city design guidelines will be critically analysed specific to these themes. The city design guidelines of Wellington, Christchurch and Amsterdam will be used for this study. Findings will inform models of proposed land use types and extent in Tauranga City to create equitable outcomes for all its residents.Publication Open Access Estimating diet of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) using molecular analysis of faeces and colon content : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Walker, MaryanneNew Zealand has a unique ecosystem that evolved without the presence of mammalian predators. Since human colonisation, several species of mammalian predators have been introduced, including the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). The hedgehog, in its native range, mainly feeds on invertebrates, with minor dietary components of bird eggs and lizards. I used molecular methods to analyse the diet of hedgehog in New Zealand. Molecular methods have an important advantage over the traditional visual analysis of faeces and stomach contents as they allow for better identification of soft-bodied remnants of prey items. I successfully used species-specific primers to detect a known species (mealworms, Tenebrio molitor) in hedgehog faeces after a controlled feeding trial. Next, I trialled a simple visualisation method to compare the quality of DNA extracted from hedgehog stomach and colon contents. Unfortunately, the visualisation method trialled did not determine any differences in the DNA quality of the two sample sources and further trials are required. I created a local reference database of invertebrates collected from pitfall trapping at Kaitorete Spit. Barcode sequences developed for the local reference library were uploaded to BOLD systems to contribute to the growing global database of sequences. This local reference database successfully enhanced the taxonomic rank assignment of amplicon sequence variations produced during metabarcoding. I used high throughput sequencing on faecal and colon samples. Several taxa from the phyla Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Nematoda, and Rotifera were identified and reported at the genus and family (for Arthropoda) taxonomic level. There was a considerable level of taxon heterogeneity in the prey items not between samples. High abundances of Arthropoda were identified in colon samples, while faecal samples had higher abundances of all other phyla. The results from this study are consistent with earlier morphological studies of hedgehog diets in New Zealand and Europe but add greater detail. The dietary results from this study are important and applicable in both New Zealand and worldwide. For New Zealand, this study contributes to understanding the ecological impacts that hedgehogs have in New Zealand while providing justification for ongoing monitoring plans that control hedgehogs to prevent detrimental impacts. Worldwide, these methods can be used, especially in the hedgehog’s natural habitat, to understand their natural diet to assist with conservation where this species is endangered. Future studies should expand the area studied to explore dietary variation across a spatial scale and where other endangered species are at risk from hedgehog predation.Publication Restricted Bait preferences in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and non-target species in rabbit-prone areas of New Zealand’s South Island : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Meban, AnnaRabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are an introduced pest species that plagues New Zealand’s dryland and semi-arid environments. They are particularly abundant in areas of the South Island, including the Mackenzie Basin and Central Otago region. The current best practice for rabbit control is aerial distribution of carrot and cereal baits laced with pindone or 1080. Carrot tends to be the most preferred bait type; however, it poses issues in terms of its quick deterioration in field settings, as well as being costly and time-consuming to produce. With pest control in New Zealand focusing on eliminating predator-free species, there are large gaps in knowledge surrounding the development of more effective rabbit control tools, as well as the monitoring of non-target species present in rabbit settings. I conducted bait palatability trials, testing several novel and current baits to determine preferences in both rabbits and non-target species. An initial trial was run at Mt. Grand Station (Lake Hawea) in August 2023, testing four different bait types (fresh carrot, carrot jam, carrot oil mayonnaise (mayo) and RS5 non-toxic cereal pellets). Bait types were rotated through covered and uncovered bait stations. A further trial was run at Lilybank Station (Lake Tekapo) in October 2023, testing four bait types (fresh carrot, carrot jam, and two new cereal pellets A & B (formulated by Kiwicare), without using the covered bait stations. Interactions with all bait types were low. The bait types most interacted with by rabbits were fresh carrot and carrot jam. Visits were much more abundant than interactions. Rabbits visited carrot the most at Mt. Grand and cereal pellets B at Lilybank. Despite little consumption of bait types, they were still successful at luring individual rabbits to a site. Many non-target species were present in these rabbit environments. At Mt. Grand, blackbirds were the species that had the most interactions overall, mostly with carrot jam. At Lilybank, possums were the non-target that showed the most interactions, with the preferred bait type also being carrot jam. There was some neophobia toward covered bait stations, with visits at Mt. Grand decreasing as time went on, and interaction levels staying consistently low until the bait was placed outside the covered bait stations. At Lilybank (where covered bait stations were not used), there was a small increase in both visits and interactions over time. Activity data suggested that rabbits are most active around the sunset period and during the night. Further testing of novel bait without covered bait stations is required to better understand bait preferences without the effects of neophobia. The results produced by this study suggest that carrot jam or a bait type with high carrot content, should be successful at initiating pest rabbit interactions. However, further development and refinement is required to mitigate the risk associated with non-target species.Publication Open Access Our electric futures: understanding the role of hydrogen in providing dispatchable demand to the New Zealand grid : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Harrison, AmyAs the electricity sector globally turns toward renewables, renewable sources of dispatchable electricity generation and demand (also known as interruptible load) become increasingly important. Without dispatchable generation and/or demand, balancing of electricity supply and demand across a range of time scales cannot take place, undermining grid reliability, particularly with ever increasing demand for electricity through both population growth and electrification for decarbonisation. Hydrogen production by electrolysis from renewable energy has been proposed as a renewable source of dispatchable energy across all time scales. This thesis considers the use of large-scale hydrogen production for grid balancing in New Zealand as a case study. The proposed departure of Rio Tinto from New Zealand (and subsequent closure of the Tiwai aluminium smelter) would make available the smelter demand capacity (630 MW) to the grid. This thesis takes a what-if approach to determining the value of replacing the smelter with variable hydrogen production for grid balancing and downstream decarbonization. The historical electricity demand profile of the Tiwai smelter between 2010 and 2019 (which represents near complete utilisation of Manapouri output) is modelled to produce hydrogen under a range of optimisation scenarios (volume (base case), cost, renewability, load shifting). In each case, the hydrogen production volumes, cost of hydrogen production and grid renewability was evaluated. Optimising for volume, cost and load shifting provided 150-260 t/d of hydrogen production, enough to meet several potential sources of hydrogen demand in New Zealand, including transport, industrial process heat, and chemical production. However, the cost and load shifting scenarios experienced significant production volatility, limiting their usefulness for industrial demand. Optimising for electricity renewability produced negligible amounts of hydrogen (5.7 t/d). The cost of hydrogen produced under two scenarios (volume – 8.23 NZD/kg; cost – 7.97 NZD/kg) is on par with previous reports of hydrogen use for grid balancing in New Zealand. Load shifting is slightly more expensive (11.16 NZD/kg) while the renewability scenario was found to be prohibitive cost wise (90 NZD/kg). None of the scenarios could achieve 100% renewable energy at any point across a daily (hourly average) or annual profile (daily average). The renewability and load shifting scenarios achieved an average of 90 and 82% renewables. Cost and volumes scenarios did not significantly change the average renewability share from the historic average of 78% over the period studied. Given the trade-offs between these scenarios, the load shifting scenario appears to be optimal for the grid, providing improved renewability and critical dispatchable energy at a moderately competitive price.Publication Open Access Investigate feasibility of utilising a neural-networked set of inertial measurement units to compensate for variations in motion of a commercial radio-controlled vehicle in a dryland agricultural context : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2023) Davidson, BrettImage stabilisation is desired for efficient identification of objects in the path of a self-driving vehicle. The gyroscope and accelerometer of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) can be used to derive the movement of a vehicle, which can then be used by a rotation matrix to compensate for this movement, but a gyroscope has inherent “drift” errors, and while the accelerometer of an IMU is more accurate, it has a slower response time, which reduces the detection rate. Various methods have been proposed to compensate for these sensor limitations. Kalman filters are often used in industry to fuse gyroscope and accelerometer data to reduce the effects of drift, noise, and other gaussian-based errors but these are computationally intensive for the sort of lightweight processor that a radio-controlled car could be expected to power. A complementary filter such as Madgwick’s is a simpler and less processor-intensive solution with claims that the method is just as accurate. Both of these approaches are applied on a single IMU. Averaging multiple IMUs has been investigated and offers slight improvements. Well-trained neural networks also offer IMU compensation but are computationally and time expensive to train to generate a model however the application of previously-trained models is less intensive and is becoming common as processor power improves. There have been no investigations of using a neural network on multiple IMUs as of this time. This project investigates if using a neural network of multiple IMUs reduces errors and enhances performance compared to a single IMU. The Kalman filter is used as baseline control data and three neural network models (MLP, NARXNET and RBF) are compared against each other and a Madgwick complementary filter to investigate if using a neural network of multiple IMUs reduces errors and enhances performance compared to a single IMU in the context of establishing Euler angles of roll and pitch movement to stabilise a video feed of a consumer-level camera on a moving commercial off-the-shelf radio control vehicle. It is demonstrated that there is no statistically significant advantage in using multiple IMUs if these are kept in the same horizontal plane, that a minimum of a three-layer MATLAB NARXNET filter provides the equivalent accuracy of a Kalman filter with similar processing times, and that the Madgwick IECF6 complimentary filter, the radial basis factor neural network and multi-level perceptron neural network models are not fit for this purpose.Publication Open Access The wellbeing experience within a New Zealand township. New Zealand Treasury’s Living Standards Framework in a hyper-local context : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2023) Troy, HelenThe New Zealand Treasury published ‘Te Tai Waiora’, its first wellbeing report in November 2022. The report presents data on how wellbeing has changed, how wellbeing is distributed and the sustainability of wellbeing in Aotearoa New Zealand. The data collected are analysed using the Living Standards Framework, which provides New Zealand Treasury with a systematic approach to offer policy advice and identify the implications of policy, based on a range of evidence gathered over time. This research tests the Treasury’s Living Standards Framework at a hyper-local scale (focusing on matters within a small community or specific geographic location), to understand the extent to which a central government approach to measuring wellbeing is appropriate at a local scale. This study found that indicators that provide data for analysis require context and are most relevant when applied ‘at scale’ to identify the wellbeing experience of individuals and communities. Using a mixed methods approach, the data from the quantitative research showed individuals are significantly more satisfied with various aspects of wellbeing at a local scale than at a national scale. These aspects include the natural environment, safety, housing affordability and political voice. In the qualitative data, it was found that, through a series of processes an individual generates their own wellbeing depending upon capabilities, financial security, locality and employment mobility opportunities. Individuals improved their wellbeing by making deliberate choices within the context of those capabilities. Home ownership was associated with employment mobility and individuals made trade-offs between dimensions of wellbeing as a function of personal value. Both research methods revealed that ‘local matters.’ The findings from this study will contribute to the growing literature on wellbeing. This thesis demonstrates that measuring the wellbeing experience of a small community in a specific geographic location can result in significant differences in wellbeing experiences between the national and local scale. Therefore, adopting an ‘at scale’ approach is more appropriate for policy development if central government is concerned with the wellbeing of all New Zealanders, irrespective of their locality.Publication Embargo Evaluating the in vitro efficacy of Abamectin and Fluopyram, alongside hot water treatments against Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera rostochiensis : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2023) McDonald, MarissaPlant germplasm importation into Aotearoa/New Zealand poses a risk of introducing unwanted organisms. Current biosecurity measures for plant nematodes on imported nursery stock are under review. This study aimed to investigate alternative chemicals that could replace fenamiphos, the current border treatment. Abamectin and fluopyram were chosen for assays based on their demonstrated nematocidal activity and availablity. Hot water submersion was also tested as a non- chemical alternative. Pratylenchus sp. were extracted from field samples and identified using morphology and molecular methods. Cultures of Meloidogyne incognita and extraction of Globodera rostochiensis cysts were successful, but Pratylenchus sp. cultures could not be established. Preliminary experiments tested the field rates of abamectin (0.009 g/L a.i) and fluopyram (0.3 g/L a.i.) individually and in combination, along with two fenamiphos concentrations (2 g/L and 40 g/L). Abamectin and fluopyram resulted in paralysis rates of ≥ 66.7% in M. incognita J2s, while fenamiphos exhibited no significant differences from the negative control. All treatments produced reversible effects on J2 immobility, indicating a nematistatic effect. Hot water experiments at 44°C for 3 hours caused complete and irreversible paralysis in M. incognita J2s. Further experiments using varying concentrations of abamectin and fluopyram on M. incognita J2s, indicating the highest paralysis rate with abamectin (0.09 g/L a.i.) was 75.2%, while concentrations of fluopyram ≥ 0.6 g/L resulted in 100% paralysis. All combined concentrations of abamectin and fluopyram resulted in 100% paralysis, as did hot water treatments for 1 and 2 hours at 44 and 50°C. In preliminary experiments, no chemical treatments achieved complete mortality in G. rostochiensis juveniles, and no significant differences were observed in the proportion of immobile juveniles compared to the negative control. Hot water treatments at 44°C for 3 hours, in combination with abamectin, fluopyram, abamectin and fluopyram together, and 40 g/L fenamiphos, completely immobilized G. rostochiensis juveniles 48 hours after treatment. Retrospective analysis found the G. rostochiensis experiment results inconclusive due to assessing viability based on movement rather than more precise methods. A preliminary trial using Meldola blue stain revealed that live G. rostochiensis juveniles remained unstained, while dead juveniles stained when exposed to 0.05% Meldola blue for 3, 5, and 7 days. This method was incorporated into further G. rostochiensis experiments. Further chemical experiments on cysts showed no differences compared to the negative control of RO water based on the proportions of juveniles stained with Meldola blue. Hot water treatments at 44°C and 50°C for 1 and 2 hours caused a lower percentage of deceased juveniles compared with the negative control of 24°C. Further experimentation using in planta bioassays are recommended to assess how the chemicals affects nematodes contained within plant tissues as well as plant viability. Expanding the research to encompass a broader range of nematode species is also recommended. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of abamectin, fluopyram and hot water submersion which provided the complete mortality required in biosecurity situations as alternatives to fenamiphos for biosecurity measures in Aotearoa/New Zealand.Publication Embargo New Zealand wine exports to China: Barriers and potential mitigation strategies : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Commerce and Management at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) Yu, HaoWith the gradual expansion of Asian wine consumption in the past decade, China has become Asia’s largest and most significant wine consumption market. As a result, China has become one of the most significant target markets for New Zealand wine exports to Asia. In terms of purchasing power, China is a large potential market. However, Chinese wine consumption has declined recently, and New Zealand's wine market share in China has stagnated. Because of a different drinking culture, government policies, and COVID-19, exports of New Zealand wine to China have encountered various barriers, especially during the pandemic, that eventually prevented New Zealand wine exporters from exploring the Chinese market. This study reviews the global wine industry, the New Zealand wine industry, and the Chinese wine market recently. The literature review focuses on Chinese wine consumers’ preferences, export strategies, and a framework for export barriers. The study uses in-depth interviews with New Zealand wine exporters and Chinese wine importers to investigate New Zealand wine exporters’ backgrounds, export processes, entering the Chinese market mode, export strategies, and various barriers encountered in exporting to China. According to the findings, potential strategies are proposed to mitigate the barriers encountered by New Zealand wine exporters. The primary data were obtained from semi-structured interviews of 12 wine exporters in New Zealand between June and August 2023. These exporters are also local wine producers and export their products. The interviewees are leaders directly engaged in wine exporting or understand the relevant export business currently working as New Zealand wine exporters. Secondary data come from literature studies and published reports by research institutions. Three Chinese wine importers in Shanghai were also interviewed to understand the barriers to New Zealand exporters from a different perspective. The results show that indirect exports are more suitable for entering the Chinese market. Successful exporting is related to rich exporting experience and adequate financial and human resources. The recent barriers New Zealand wine exporters face include exogenous, procedural, resource, and knowledge and experience barriers. Exporters can actively enhance export knowledge and accumulate experience to mitigate the impact of export barriers on enterprises. The results provide new evidence of the success of New Zealand wine exporters in exploring the Chinese market. The results also give policymakers insights on exporting to China, increasing their export experience, and mitigating and eliminating the main export barriers to speed up internationalisation.Publication Embargo Identification and characterisation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from spontaneous fermentation of organic Pinot noir wines : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2024) McKendrey, Jayanta WhitleyThis study characterised Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations from the spontaneous fermentation of organic Pinot noir wines produce in Waipara, Aotearoa New Zealand, using a DNA-based Interdelta typing method to evaluate their strain diversity and population dynamics. One hundred and sixty-one S. cerevisiae isolates from key fermentation stages were differentiated by interdelta typing into 106 different genotypes (profiles), of which 24 were observed more than once. One interdelta genotype was observed among each of the fermentation stages studied. The S. cerevisiae population showed a high level of strain diversity with evident dominant groupings of strains during and between fermentation stages. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain diversity increased towards the end of fermentation accompanied with late-stage dominance by the species. Spontaneous fermentation of organically produced wine may harbour a genetically diverse population of S. cerevisiae strains but appears to be dominated by few genotypes. The influence of each genotype on the organoleptic properties of the eventual product is unknown at this point. However, the use of interdelta typing to identify strains of special relevance with commercial potential is supported.Publication Open Access Newly-claimed seascapes: Options and potential applications : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science in Environmental Management at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2023) White, Faye RoseWorldwide, communities and natural ecosystems are challenged by rising seas. Understandably, much of the response has focused on hazard mitigation to protect human populations, investment and infrastructure. As communities are forced to retreat from coastal areas and as inundation occurs, our coastal margins will change. I term these newly inundated areas “newly-claimed seascapes” (NCSs). The available options for NCSs are currently unclear. For some places, where the social, political and environmental conditions permit, there may be opportunities to repurpose them. For example, for sheltered coastal areas, shallow estuaries and harbours, they could be repurposed for aquaculture, fisheries, wetlands, and/or blue carbon. To aid policy and community preparation, this research used a global systematic literature review to identify options for NSCs. Thirty-nine potential options were identified and categorised to aid policy reform and coastal adaptation. Using Aotearoa/New Zealand as a case study to explore whether repurposing is feasible under current legislative frameworks, I undertook a content analysis of applicable legislation and policy. Finally, to determine the current state of play for local planning in this context, I interviewed a representative of regional councils currently reviewing their regional coastal plans to ascertain whether they are considering repurposing NCSs. Whilst repurposing is implicitly enabled under the current legislation, it is not explicitly directed. As a result, the interviewed regional councils were not preparing to repurpose NCSs at the time of this research. Given that the time to find solutions for coastal areas is becoming increasingly constrained, I argue that the PARA (protect, accommodate, retreat, avoid) management framework currently being promoted as best practice in responding to sea-level rise could be extended to PARAR to include the term Repurpose. Repurposing could help to broaden perspectives on sea-level rise from a sense of fear and loss to positive solutions and opportunities.Publication Open Access Artificial neural network approaches for modelling complex biological network – Mammalian cell cycle : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2023) Sorthiya, KomalAn important process in the growth of any biological organism is its ability to proliferate, a tightly controlled process in which a cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. This happens within a dynamic environment, where a cell responds to various internal and external signals through a well-ordered sequence of events called the cell cycle. Underlying these events is a complex and elegantly orchestrated web of interactions that function as an integrated system with various sub-systems that specialise in various tasks. Two such important tasks include cell cycle initiation in response to proliferative signals and the interaction of numerous elements for the completion of the cell cycle. This results in a highly complex system. Any malfunctioning during cell cycle division can cause diseases like Cancer. For gaining insights into biological reactions and their effects, cellular modelling approaches have contributed immensely. A few gaps are recognised in the field after reviewing the literature on mammalian cell cycle modelling. Most models are based on mathematical formulation representing the dynamic behaviour of the cell cycle which includes varied equations ranging from a few to tens of equations. They produce accurate systems dynamics, but the models are complex to solve and require the knowledge of many parameters. On the other hand, Discrete Models are simpler and use a qualitative approach but have numerous limitations to represent the continuous dynamics of the Mammalian Cell cycle. Therefore, there is a need for a modelling approach that is simplified but comprehensively represents the system. Mainly, the representation of a complex system in a robust way is a crucial demand. Our research mainly aims to introduce Artificial Neural Network approaches that mimic the mammalian cell cycle in an intuitive way. The goal is to explore the updated biological knowledge and develop ANN-based mathematical models to check their capabilities for mimicking cell signalling mechanisms.Publication Embargo The role of information in land-use decision-making : The perspective of farmers in New Zealand : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2023) Blake, AimeeAgri-food systems are facing increasing pressure to transition toward more sustainable alternatives, which are information-intensive and may require different forms of knowledge. Therefore, optimal and sustainable land-use decision-making requires effective information provision. However, digital technologies and the information age have changed the ways in which farmers interact with information. This necessitates different approaches and raises questions regarding how and why farmers gather information and whom they trust. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the role of information in land-use decision-making from the perspective of farmers in New Zealand. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews with commercial pastoral farmers and a focus group with emerging young farmers were conducted. The results evidence that information is important for decision-making and that gathering processes are personal and contextual. The farmer participants sourced information from a variety of sources across digital and physical formats. Traditional institutions (i.e., industry groups) were recognised; however, digital and informal sources (i.e., the internet and interpersonal networks) were the most utilised. The farmer participants engaged as researchers and information curators online and within networks, to share learnings in communities of practice. The young farmer participants particularly interacted digitally, following farmer influencers and utilising artificial intelligence (AI). Audio formats were acknowledged as useful, and information about consumers was important, signalling market orientation. Combining formal and informal elements, the farmer participants valued how catchment groups are community-led and outcomes-focused. Additionally, knowledge brokering through intermediaries at the catchment level assisted with information exchanges. The most trusted sources of information were other high-achieving farmers and interpersonal networks; however, there were mixed experiences with peers. Validation of information occurred through a triangulation and cross-referencing process. Attempts to determine what is trustworthy were challenging due to misinformation and information overload, which hindered effective decision-making. Farmers largely felt that strategic land-use information was challenging to source, especially in relation to regional contexts. Overall, the results signal the need to combine the best of informal and formal sources and that farmers should be recognised as co-creators of information. This research contributes to the literature on information and farmer decision-making in the information age. Potential actions that emerge from the findings include improving digital literacy, hybrid approaches to information provision, adopting listening rather than telling approaches, and supporting intermediaries. These insights could be of interest to inform effective approaches to information provision. Future research into digital literacy, the perspectives of information providers, and the influence of evolving sources (i.e., AI) would be useful. Additionally, the implications of misinformation and information disorders on trust and decision-making should be considered. It is concluded that as technologies evolve, an ongoing conceptualisation of information and farmer habits will be required.Publication Open Access How can the design of wineries support wellbeing? A study of wineries in Waipara, Aotearoa New Zealand : A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Landscape Architecture at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2023) Goh, Jiang Han JeremyWine and food share important connections to the landscape, and these connections are increasingly being recognised as important to wellbeing. Farmers’ markets and locally focused food menus, alongside the heightened awareness of the value of being in landscape settings, exemplify the significance of opportunities to enjoy the fruits of the earth within the landscape that produced them. However, while there is an established understanding of the connections between nature and wellbeing, and a growing number of studies of gastronomical aspects of the food-landscape relationship, there is little research on how wineries might also offer wellbeing benefits. Locating and identifying patterns of how wineries are designed can offer insight into the place-specific experiences that are encouraged within wineries, the activities provided and how future wineries may be designed to support wellbeing. The goal of this research is to determine how wineries as places - including their location, design, and activities - support wellbeing. A two-phase process was used to identify potential winery cases across Aotearoa New Zealand, followed by a detailed selection based on their landscape, spatial settings, and location. Then from the samples identified, wineries with similar activities were selected and compared based on their landscape and spatial settings. Using a Mash-Up approach, categories and qualities were extracted from parallel studies of institutions known to support wellbeing such as hospitals, schools, and universities. The categories of Vegetation and Nature; Social; Environmental Control; Inclusivity; Spatial; and Multi-Sensory were identified from the parallel studies. Two additional categories were identified at the case study sites, they are: Animals and Time. Field work involved on-site inventorying at the four sites, using the categories derived from the parallel studies. Lastly, a normative critique of the case study sites was conducted that identified a wide range of landscape elements that echo those from the parallel studies, and indicate that wineries - like schools, hospitals, and universities - have a role to play in supporting wellbeing. This research identifies valuable insights into how wineries offer restorative environments and this in turn can inform other settings, such as those from the parallel studies.Publication Open Access Impact of mobile payment adoption on household expenditures and subjective well-being : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce and Management at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2023) He, QuanIn recent years, mobile payment has gradually become increasingly popular worldwide. Especially in China, mobile payments are ubiquitous and gradually replacing traditional cash payments. This thesis estimates the effects of mobile payment adoption on household expenditures and subjective well-being. It considersfour categories of household expenditures (clothes, durable goods, consumer goods, and cultural and leisure activities) and four indicators (life satisfaction, contentment, income satisfaction, and depression) of subjective well-being. This thesis uses the Augmented Inverse Probability Weighting estimator to analyse the 2017 Chinese General Social Survey data while accounting for the selection bias inherent in mobile payment adoption. The empirical results show that people’s decisions to adopt mobile payments are positively associated with their educational level, car ownership, social interaction, Internet penetration rate, and residential location. Mobile payment adoption significantly increases household expenditures on consumer goods and cultural and leisure activities but not on clothes and durable goods. Moreover, mobile payment adoption significantly decreases contentment while increasing depression. This thesis also finds that mobile payment adoption significantly decreases urban people’s contentment but significantly increases urban people’s depression. Disaggregated analyses show that mobile payment adoption increases spending on consumer goods but decreases contentment for urban households; increases spending on consumer goods and depression for rural households; increases spending on consumer goods; decreases contentment and income satisfaction for male respondents; and increases spending on clothing, cultural, and leisure activities, and depression for female respondents. Therefore, the government should create products and services to extend the benefits of mobile payments to all segments of Chinese society. At the same time, it should help consumers avoid the debt incurredthrough educational programs and advertising.Publication Open Access Clean energy use and subjective and objective health outcomes in rural China : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce and Management at Lincoln University(Lincoln University, 2023) Zhu, HuanyuOne of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy for all. This thesis analyses the impact of clean energy use on rural residents' subjective health outcomes (self-reported health status, health change, and discomfort) and objective health outcomes (the incidence of bronchitis, asthma, and medical expenditure and fitness expenditure). Using an Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment (IPWRA) estimator and the 2018 China Family Panel Studies data, this thesis addresses the selection bias associated with clean energy use and estimates unbiased treatment effects. The empirical results show that farmers using clean energy (liquid gas, natural gas, methane, solar energy, or electricity) as the primary cooking fuel report improved health, a lower probability of physical discomfort, and higher fitness expenditures than non-users. Clean energy use does not significantly affect self-reported health, the likelihood of having bronchitis and asthma, or medical spending. The estimates of the propensity score matching model verify the robustness of the results estimated by the IPWRA estimator. The disaggregated analyses reveal that male clean energy users were more likely to report improved health conditions, whereas female clean energy users were less likely to report discomfort during the reference year. Besides, households in income tertile 1 were more likely to report improved health, whereas their counterparts in income tertile 2 were less likely to feel uncomfortable. Households in income Tertile 3 were associated with a high level of fitness expenditure. The results of the theses also show that farmers’ decisions to use clean energy are positively associated with their educational level, household income, whether they rent farmland, and their happiness levels but are negatively related to their age, family size, whether they own real estate, and the ratio of elders in their household. The findings of this thesis emphasise the importance of promoting rural energy transition to improve social health outcomes.