Bioavailability of metals and arsenic on brownfield land: Remediation or natural attenuation for risk minimization?

Abstract

Soil concentrations of metals and arsenic (As) elevated above background level have raised considerable concern in restoration projects, particularly in the context of potential risks to human health. Certainly, there is no shortage of available regulatory documentation and guidance. Routes of transfer of pollutants from soil to receptor are the most critical part of risk assessment, but the extent to which bioavailability of metals and As is considered is variable.