From crisp to fuzzy-sets QCA in exploring causal configurations: examples from the New Zealand context

Abstract

This paper outlines illustrative applications in the use of QCA and its fuzzy-set variant in three New Zealand examples that examine the emergence of ethnic business networks, the success of new land-based industries, and the innovation success and failure in the context of the New Zealand. The three studies offer insights into the genesis of the ideas, developments of the designs, and moving from dichotomous crisp set QCA towards fuzzy set scores. The focus of is to present empirically derived Boolean logical functions, prime implicants and contextual casual configurations associated with particular outcomes across multi-level analyses of the business groups and networks, industries and individual businesses.