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    Liquefaction features produced by the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and preliminary assessment of Paleoliquefaction features

    Villamor, P.; Almond, Peter C.; Tuttle, M. P.; Giona-Bucci, M.; Langridge, R. M.; Clark, K.; Ries, W.; Bastin, S. H.; Eger, A.; Vandergoes, M.; Quigley, M. C.; Barker, P.; Martin, F.; Howarth, J.
    Abstract
    Liquefaction features and the geologic environment in which they formed were carefully studied at two sites near Lincoln in southwest Christchurch. We undertook geomorphic mapping, excavated trenches, and obtained hand cores in areas with surficial evidence for liquefaction and areas where no surficial evidence for liquefaction was present at two sites (Hardwick and Marchand). The liquefaction features identified include (1) sand blows (singular and aligned along linear fissures), (2) blisters or injections of subhorizontal dikes into the topsoil, (3) dikes related to the blows and blisters, and (4) a collapse structure. The spatial distribution of these surface liquefaction features correlates strongly with the ridges of scroll bars in meander settings. In addition, we discovered paleoliquefaction features, including several dikes and a sand blow, in excavations at the sites of modern liquefaction. The paleoliquefaction event at the Hardwick site is dated at A.D. 908-1336, and the one at the Marchand site is dated at A.D. 1017-1840 (95% confidence intervals of probability density functions obtained by Bayesian analysis). If both events are the same, given proximity of the sites, the time of the event is A.D. 1019-1337. If they are not, the one at the Marchand site could have been much younger. Taking into account a preliminary liquefaction-triggering threshold of equivalent peak ground acceleration for an Mw 7.5 event (PGA7:5) of 0:07g, existing magnitude-bounded relations for paleoliquefaction, and the timing of the paleoearthquakes and the potential PGA7:5 estimated for regional faults, we propose that the Porters Pass fault, Alpine fault, or the subduction zone faults are the most likely sources that could have triggered liquefaction at the study sites. There are other nearby regional faults that may have been the source, but there is no paleoseismic data with which to make the temporal link.... [Show full abstract]
    Keywords
    liquefaction; Canterbury earthquakes; New Zealand; Geochemistry & Geophysics
    Fields of Research
    0404 Geophysics; 0905 Civil Engineering
    Date
    2016-08
    Type
    Journal Article
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    • Department of Soil and Physical Sciences [411]
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    Villamor_et.al_Paleliq_BSSA2016.pdf
    DOI
    https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150223
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    © 2016, Seismological Society of America. All rights reserverd.
    Citation
    Villamor, Almond, Tuttle, Giona‐Bucci, Langridge, Clark, . . . Howarth. (2016). Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 106(4), 1747-1771.
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