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    Reference concentrations of cholecalciferol in animals: A basis for establishing non-target exposure

    Fairweather, A. A. C.; Eason, Charles; Elder, P. A.; Eason, C. M. F.; Arthur, D.
    Abstract
    Cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) is widely used as a vertebrate pesticide in New Zealand. However, cholecalciferol also occurs naturally in animals. Therefore, when trying to determine whether a non-target animal has been exposed to cholecalciferol baits, knowledge of the baseline cholecalciferol concentrations in the animal's plasma and tissue is required. We analysed cattle, sheep, pig, deer, dog and cat plasma and liver samples for the vitamin D₃ metabolite 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD), a sensitive biomarker for cholecalciferol. Based on these data and a literature search we present 25-OHD reference ranges. We also examined the literature for 25-OHD concentrations in poisoned animals and compared these to the reference ranges. Where plasma and liver samples have 25-OHD concentrations at least four times higher than our reference ranges it is likely that the animal has been exposed to cholecalciferol baits. 25-OHD concentrations 10 times higher than the reference range indicate ingestion of abnormally high amounts of cholecalciferol. © 2013 The Royal Society of New Zealand.... [Show full abstract]
    Keywords
    biomarker; cholecalciferol; non-target risk; reference concentrations; vertebrate pesticide; Ecology
    Fields of Research
    070205 Animal Protection (Pests and Pathogens); 0602 Ecology
    Date
    2013
    Type
    Journal Article
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    DOI
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2013.772527
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    © 2013 The Royal Society of New Zealand
    Citation
    Fairweather, A.A.C., Eason, C.T., Elder, P.A., Eason, C.M.F., & Arthur, D. (2013). Reference concentrations of cholecalciferol in animals: A basis for establishing non-target exposure. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 40(4), 280-289. doi:10.1080/03014223.2013.772527
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