Biologically dead or wildlife sanctuary? Understanding local attitudes towards New Zealand’s largest brackish lake to promote tourism and conservation

Abstract

Miscommunication of scientific facts can affect societal attitudes towards lake and wetland use and conservation. In 2005, New Zealand media misrepresented a judge’s statement during a court case, leading to the prevailing discourse that Te Waihora / Lake Ellesmere (TWLE)—New Zealand’s largest brackish lake—was “biologically dead”. The 20-square kilometre lake is in hypertrophic state due to severe nitrogen and phosphorus loading from farms in the catchment. Yet, it still supports high levels of bird, fish, and wetland vegetation biodiversity. It also has very high cultural significance for Ngāi Tahu, the indigenous Māori tribe of the South Island. Residents and visitors use the lake for fishing, gamebird hunting, water sports, cycling, bird watching, camping, and education, among other activities. Furthermore, TWLE is within an hour’s drive from Christchurch International Airport, a major point of arrival for tourists visiting the South Island. Declining environmental quality and negative media discourse affect the lake’s potential to attract domestic and international tourists. In response to these contradictions, we surveyed residents of 740 dwellings located within 20 kilometres from TWLE to analyse their attitudes towards the TWLE environmental quality, wildlife, community, culture, activities, products, and businesses; and to understand their own perceptions about conservation efforts related to TWLE. Statistical analysis shows divergent attitudes and perceptions between groups residing close to and far from the lake. Results can be used to inform strategies that promote culturally and environmentally friendly recreation activities and garner support for policies to reduce pollution, restore TWLE’s water quality, improve wildlife habitat, and promote domestic and international tourism.