FINANCIAL 
BUDGET 
MANUAL 
199 1 
Lincoln 
University 
FINANCIAL 
BUDGET MANUAL 
1991 
EDITORS: P.H.Fleming B.Agr.Sc. 
E.S.Burtt M.Agr.Sc.(Hons) 
Farm Management Department, 
Lincoln University, 
Canterbury, 
New Zealand. 
ISBN 0-86476-044-2 
ISSN 0113-1397 
ii 
PREFACE 
The "Financial Budget Manual 1991" is an invaluable reference book for farmers and 
growers, consultants and students. It contains a wealth of up to date information on 
farm (and orchard) costs and prices, the profitability of different enterprises, income 
taxation, and estate and gift duties. 
The data contained in the manual is that ruling on or about January/February 1991. 
Prices do not remain stationary so the Manual should be used as a guide only. 
Inflation, market movements and exchange rate changes, are just a few of the factors 
which can rapidly alter costs and prices. The availability of discounts for bulk 
purchases, and deferred payment arrangements, may also affect final costs for 
budgeting purposes. 
Information quoted has been provided by traders in centres throughout New Zealand, 
but some variation may occur between alteruative suppliers in other areas. Trade 
names have been used for clarity and convenience; no preferential endorsement by the 
University is intended, nor is any criticism implied of any product which does not 
appear in the Manual. 
All prices are quoted exclusive of GST. 
Please note that each of the five sections is paged individually, for example, page 
A- 40 refers to the 40th page of the first section; B-120 refers to the 120th page of the 
second section. 
We would like to thank all individuals, organisations and commercial firms who have 
provided information for our use. Without their co-operation, the production of the 
Financial Manual is not feasible. We wish to express our appreciation to Gary Walton 
and Stuart Whitney for their efforts in gathering and collating information, and 
preparation of the manuscript. 
While every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this publication is 
accurate, Lincoln University cannot accept responsiblity for any errors or omissions or 
for any loss or damage resulting from the reliance on or the use of the 
information,forecasts or opinions there in. 
The inclusion of advertisements in the text does not necessarily imply the University's 
endorsement of those advertised products/services. 
Any suggestions for the improvement of the Manual would be welcomed. 
For readers' information, Lincoln's Farm Management Department also produces a 
companion volume - the "Farm Technical Manual". It is a versatile reference book 
which brings into one place all manner of essential technical information required by 
farmers and others involved in the farming industry. The 1991 edition of the 
Technical Manual is now available for sale, and enquiries should be addressed to 
"Manual Sales", Farm Management Department, P.O.Box 84, Lincoln University, 
Canterbury. 
P.H.Fleming, E.S. Burtt 
EDITORS 
iii 
iv 
CONTENTS 
SECTION 1? FARM REVENUE 
Page 
1.1 Market Prices ....................................................................................................... A- 3 
1.1.1 M.A.F. Agricultural Market Index ......................................................... A- 3 
1.1.2 'Real' Prices Received for Fann Produce .............................................. A- 5 
1.1.3 Impact of Exchange Rate on Product Prices and Fann Revenue........... A - 6 
1.1.4 Government Assistance to Pastoral Farmers ......................................... A- 7 
1.2 Sheep ..................................................................................................................... A- 8 
1.2.1 Lamb Schedule (Export) ........................................................................ A- 8 
1.2.2 Lamb Price Trends ................................................................................. A- 9 
1.2.3 Lamb Pelt Price Trends.......................................................... ................ A-II 
1.2.4 Live Export Lambs ................................................................................ A- 11 
1.2.5 Contract Lamb Prices ............................................................................. A- 12 
1.2.6 Beta Lamb Price ..................................................................................... A- 14 
1.2.7 Mutton Schedule (Export) ...................................................................... A- 15 
1.2.8 Mutton Price Trends (Export) ................................................................ A- 16 
1.2.9 Sheep Prices - Prime Stock (Local Sales)......... ..................................... A - 17 
1.2.10 Sheep Prices - Store and Breeding Stock ............................................... A- 18 
1.3 Wool. ..................................................................................................................... A- 21 
1.3.1 Wool Board's Minimum Price Scheme ................................................. A- 21 
1.3.2 Highest and Lowest Market Prices of W 001.................. ........................ A - 22 
1.3.3 Wool Price Trends ....................................... ., ........................................ A- 24 
1.3.4 Wool Price Ratios .................................................................................. A- 25 
1.4 Cattle ..................................................................................................................... A- 26 
1.4.1 Beef Schedule (Export) .......................................................................... A- 26 
1.4.2 Beef Price World Trends ........................................................................ A- 28 
1.4.3 N.Z. Beef Price Trends (Export) ............................................................ A- 28 
1.4.4 Weaner Dairy/Bull Beef Contracts ........................................................ A- 29 
1.4.5 Cattle Prices - Prime Stock (Local Sales) .............................................. A- 31 
1.4.6 Store and Breeding Cattle Prices ........................................................... A- 32 
1.5 Dairy Produce ..................................................................................................... A- 36 
1.5.1 Milkfat Price Trends ................. , ............................................................ A- 36 
1.5.2 Penalties for Poor Quality Milk.. ........................................................... A- 37 
1.5.3 Wholernilk for Town Supply ................................................................. A- 38 
1.5.4 Dairy Cattle Sales .................................................................................. A- 39 
1.5.5 Bobby Calves ......................................................................................... A- 40 
1.5.6 Cow Beef.. .......................... ., ................................................................. A- 40 
v 
Section Page 
1.6 Deer Production ................................................................................................... A- 41 
1.6.1 Venison Schedule (Export) ................................................................... A- 41 
1.6.2 Venison Price Trends ............................................................................. A- 42 
1.6.3 Velvet ................................................................................................... A- 43 
1.6.4 1989/90 Season Velvet Price Ranges .................................................... A- 44 
1.6.5 Pool PIices for A Grade Velvet. ............................................................. A- 44 
1.6.6 Deer - Live Sales .................................................................................... A- 45 
1.7 Goat Production ................................................................................................... A- 46 
1.7.1 Introduction .................................... ...................................................... A - 46 
1.7.2 Chevon (Goat Meat) Prices .................................................................... A- 46 
1.7.3 Goat Milk ............................................................................................... A- 46 
1.7.4 Goat Fibre .............................................................................................. A- 47 
1.7.5 Goat Fibre Price Trends ......................................................................... A- 49 
1.7.6 Goat Livestock Sales .............................................................................. A- 49 
1.8 Pig Production ..................................................................................................... A- 50 
1.8.1 Pork Prices ............................................................................................. A- 50 
1.8.2 Pig Sales (Local Market) ....................................................................... A- 51 
1.9 Crops .................................................................................................................... A- 52 
1.9.1 Wheat.. ................................................................................................... A- 52 
1.9.2 Barley ................................................................................................... A- 55 
1.9.3 Oats ....................................................................................................... A- 58 
1.9.4 Peas ....................................................................................................... A- 58 
1.9.5 Maize ...................................................................................................... A- 59 
1.9.6 Ryecorn .................................................................................................. A- 60 
1.9.7 Lentils .................................................................................................... A- 60 
1.9.8 Triticale .................................................................................................. A- 60 
1.9.9 Oilseed Rape .......................................................................................... A- 60 
1.10 Small Seeds ........................................................................................................... A- 61 
1.10.1 Pasture grasses ....................................................................................... A- 61 
1.10.2 Turf Species ........................................................................................... A- 61 
1.10.3 Legumes ................................................................................................. A- 62 
1.10.4 Brassicas ................................................................................................ A- 62 
1.11 Fruit Production ................................................................................................. A- 63 
1.11.1 Fruit Prices - Domestic Market.............................................................. A- 63 
1.11.2 Apples (Export) ...................................................................................... A- 64 
1.11.3 Pears (Expon) ........................................................................................ A- 67 
1.11.4 Kiwifruit (Expon) .................................................................................. A- 69 
1.11.5 Stone Fruit.. ............................................................................................ A-71 
1.11.6 Berryfruit. ................................. : ............................................................. A-72 
1.11.7 Citrus ...................................................................................................... A- 73 
1.11.8 Grapes..... ........................ ................................................................. ...... A - 73 
vi 
S~tion Page 
1.12 Vegetable Production ........................................................................................... A-74 
1.12.1 Vegetable Prices (Auction) .................................................................... A-74 
1.12.2 Vegetable Prices (Process) ............. " ...................................................... A- 75 
1.123 Squash .................................................................................................... A- 78 
1.13 Cut Flowers ........................................................................................................... A-79 
1.14 Sundry Income ......................................................................................... " ........ A- 80 
1.14.1 Catchment CommissionlNational Water and Soil Conservation 
Authority Grants ................................................................................... A- 80 
1.14.2 Refunds of Taxes on Fuels ....................... ............................................. A - 80 
SECTION 2 - FARM EXPENDITURE 
Page 
2.1 Farm Input Prices................................................................................................ B- 3 
2.1.1 Farm Input Price Movements................................................ ................. B- 3 
2.1.2 Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuations on Farm Input Prices ................ B- 3 
2.1.3 Price Discounts............. ......................................................................... B- 3 
2.1.4 Rate of Inflation in New Zealand 1891 to 1989 ..................................... B- 4 
2.2 Wages 
2.2.1 
2.2.2 
2.2.3 
2.2.4 
2.2.5 
................................................................................................................ B- 7 
Dairy Farm Wages (Farms and Stations) ............................................. B- 7 
Sheep, Beef and Cropping Farm Wages (Farms & Stations) ................ B- 9 
Shearers and Shedhands \Vages ............................................................. B- 10 
Market Garden Workers ........................................................................ B- 12 
Drawings ................................................................................................ B- 13 
2.3 Animal Expenses ................................................................................................. B- 14 
2.3.1 Animal Health ........................................................................................ B- 14 
2.3.2 Breeding Expenses and Livestock Purchases ............ " .......................... B- 21 
2.3.3 Herd Testing Charges ............................................................................ B- 23 
2.3.4 Dairy Shed Expenses ............................................................................. B- 24 
2.3.5 Feed and Nutrition ................................................................................ B- 26 
2.3.6 Shearing and Shearing Shed Expenses ................................................ B- 31 
2.3.7 Stock Management. ................................................................................ B- 35 
2.4 Cropping Expenses (Including Pasture Establishment) ................................... B- 40 
2.4.1 Cultivation Costs for Arable Farms....................................................... B- 40 
2.4.2 Pollination.............................................................................................. B- 40 
2.4.3 Seed C.-ertification Charges 1990/91... ................................................... B- 40 
2.4.4 Sacks, Boxes and Packaging ................................................................. B- 42 
2.4.5 Weighing Charges .................................................................................. B- 43 
2.4.6 Grain Drying and Storage Charges ........................................................ B- 43 
2.4.7 Consolidated Dressing and Store Handling Charges ............................. B- 44 
2.4.8 Cool Storage ........................................................................................... B- 45 
2.4.9 Seed Testing Fees .................................................................................. B- 45 
vii 
Section Page 
2.5 Contracting ........................................................................................................ B- 47 
2.6 
2.7 
2.8 
2.5.1 Hay Making ........................................................................................... B- 47 
2.5.2 Cultivation ............................................................................................ B- 47 
2.5.3 Dipping .................................................................................................. B? 48 
2.5.4 Miscellaneous Contracting .................................................................... B- 48 
2.5.5 Silage ...................................................................................................... B- 48 
2.5.6 Windrowing ........................................................................................... B? 48 
2.5.7 Heading .................................................................................................. 13- 48 
Electricity ............................................................................................................. . 
2.6.1 Farm Electricity Costs ........................................................................... . 
2.6.2 Regional Charges .................................................................................. . 
2.6.3 Cost of Power Installation .................................................................... .. 
Fertiliser and Lime ............................................................................................ . 
2.7.1 FertiliscL. ............................................................................................. .. 
2.7.2 Lime ..................................................................................................... .. 
2.7.3 Spreading/Application Costs ................................................................ . 
2.7.4 Soil, Water, Plant and Feedstuff Testing .............................................. . 
Freight and Cartage .......................................................................................... .. 
2.8.1 Road Transport Rates .......................................................................... .. 
2.8.2 Railway Transport Rates .................................................................... .. 
2.8.3 Air Freight Rates ................................................................................. .. 
B? 50 
B-50 
B-50 
B- 51 
B- 52 
B-52 
B- 59 
B- 60 
B? 61 
B-64 
B- 64 
B- 6; 
B-66 
2.9 Seeds and Plants ............................................................................ " ..................... B- 68 
2.9.1 Sceds ...................................................................................................... B- 68 
2.9.2 Seed Coating .......................................................................................... B-71 
2.9.3 Plants ............... , ......... " ........................................................................... B-71 
2.9.4 Planting/Propagating Material ............................................................... B- 72 
2.10 Weed, Pest and Disease Control ....................................................................... B- 74 
2.10.1 
2.10.2 
2.10.3 
2.10.4 
2.10.5 
2.10.6 
2.10.7 
2.10.8 
2.10.9 
2.10.10 
2.10.11 
2.10.l2 
\Vew fuid Pest Control"" Budget FigUJ.""'es ................................................ B- 74 
Weed, Pest and Disease Control ~ General ............................................ B-74 
Herbicides ........................................ , .................................................. B- 74 
Insecticides .......................................................... .................................. B- 78 
Fungicides ........................................................................................... B- 79 
Wetting, Spreading and Marking Agents ............................................... B- 81 
Penetrants ............................................................................................... B- 81 
Growth Regulants.................................................................................. B- 81 
Oil Sprays.................................................. ............................................. B- 82 
Soil Fumigants ....................................................................................... B- 82 
Root Forming Hormones.............. ......................................................... B- 82 
Spraying Costs Aerial and Ground ........................................................ B- 82 
viii 
Section Page 
2.11 Selling, Handling, Processing Charges and Levies .......................................... B- 83 
2.11.1 Yard Fees .............................................................................................. B- 83 
2.11.2 Commission on Stock sold through a Stock and Station Agent. ........... B- 83 
2.11.3 Wool Charges ........................................................................................ B- 83 
2.11.4 Velvet Charges ....................................................................................... B- 84 
2.11.5 Killing and Inspection Charges.............................................................. B- 84 
2.11.6 Livestock Levies .................................................................................... B- 85 
2.11.7 HerbageSeedLevy ................................................................................ B-?86 
2.11.8 Wheat and Maize Growers Levy ........................................................... B- 87 
2.11.9 Potato Levy ............................................................................................ B-87 
2.11.10 Horticultural Levies ............................................................................... B- 87 
2.12 Repairs and Maintenance .................................................................................... B- 89 
2.12.1 Total Repairs and Maintenance per Fann.............................................. B- 89 
2.12.2 Repairs and Maintenance - Fann Improvements and Plant................... B- 89 
2.12.3 Repairs and Maintenance - Vehicles and Mobile Plant. ........................ B- 89 
2.13 Vehicle Expenses ................................................................................................. B- 90 
2.13.1 Total Vehicle Running Expenses ........................................................... B- 90 
2.13.2 Tractor Running Costs ........................................................................... B- 90 
2.13.3 Fuel, Oil and Grease ............................................................................ B- 92 
2.13.4 Tyres and Tuhes ..................................................................................... B- 93 
2.13.5 Licencing/Road Charges ........................................................................ B- 93 
2.13.6 Combine Harvester Running Costs........................................................ B- 94 
2.14 Professional Fees .................................................................................................. B- 96 
2.14.1 Accountancy Fees .................................................................................. B- 96 
2.14.2 Fann Consultancy Charges .................................................................... B- 96 
2.14.3 Legal Fees.............................................................................................. B- 97 
2.14.4 Real Estate Charges ............................................................................... B- 98 
2.14.5 Valuation Charges ................................................................................ B- 98 
2.14.6 Land Transfer Fees ................................................................................ E- 98 
2.15 Administration Expenses .................................................................................... B- 99 
2.15.1 Telephone and Toll Charges .................................................................. B- 99 
2.15.2 Postage ................................................................................................... B- 99 
2.15.3 Courier Charges ..................................................................................... E-lOO 
2.15.4 Subscriptions .......................................................................................... B-lOO 
2.15.5 Travelling ............................................................................................... B-10l 
2.15.6 Bank Fees and Stock Company Charges .............................................. B-lOl 
2.16 Standing Charges ................................................................................................. B-102 
2.16.1 Insurances .............................................................................................. B-I02 
2.16.2 Accident Compensation Commission Levy........................................... B-104 
2.16.3 Rates ....................................................................................................... B-I04 
2.16.4 Rent. ....................................................................................................... B-I05 
ix 
Sedion Page 
2.17 Financial Charges ................................................................................................ B-I07 
2.17.1 Cost of Finance..................................................................... ........ ......... B-I07 
2.17.2 Interest and Bank Charges .................................................. " ................. B-I10 
2.17.3 Cost of Servicing Table Mongages ....................................................... B-120 
2.18 Water Suppl.y, Irrigation and Drainage ........................................................... B-121 
2.18.1 W?ater Supply Costs ............................................................................... B-121 
2.18.2 Stock Water Supply Charges ................................................................. B-121 
2.18.3 Concrete Water Troughs ........................................................................ 3-122 
2.18.4 Tanks ...................................................................................................... B-122 
2.18.5 Well Drilling .......................................................................................... B-124 
2.18.6 Well Liners ............................................................................................. B-124 
2.18.7 Pumps and Windmills ............................................................................ B-124 
2.18.8 P.V.C.Pipe and Fittings .......................................................................... B-127 
2.18.9 Irrigator Models and Equipment.. .......................................................... B-128 
2.18.10 Irrigation Charges - Canterbury............................................................. B-130 
2.18.11 Border Dyke Irrigation ............. : ............................................................. B-131 
2.18.12 Drainage and Subsoiling Costs .............................................................. B-132 
2.18.13 Septic Tanks ........................................................................................... B-133 
2.19 Fencing Costs ........................................................................................................ B-134 
2.19.1 Guide to Fencing Costs .......................................................................... B-134 
2.19.2 Wire ..................................................................................................... B-136 
2.19.3 Posts/Strainers!Droppers!Battens/Stays..................... ...................... ...... B-137 
2.19.4 Gates ...................................................................................................... B-138 
2.19.5 Wire Netting .......................................................................................... B-140 
2.19.6 Fencing Tools and Equipment................................ ............................... B-141 
2.19.7 Cattle Stops ............................................................................................ B-143 
2.19.8 Electric Fence Energisers ....................................................................... B-143 
2.19.9 Insulators ................................................................................................ B-143 
2.19.10 Electric Fence Reels and Wire................................ ............................... B-I44 
2.19.11 Electric Fence Standards ........................................................................ B-l44 
2.19.12 Electric Fence Cable .................. " ......................................................... B-145 
2.19.13 Electric Fencing Accessories ................................................................. B-145 
2.19.14 Staples .................................................................................................... B-145 
2.20 Fann Machinery and Equipment Costs ............................................................ B-146 
2.20.1 Average Prices for Farm Vehicles ......................................................... B-146 
2.20.2 Tractors ................................................................................................ B-146 
2.20.3 Farm Bikes and Bike Trailers ................................................................ B-148 
2.20.4 
2.20.5 
2.20.6 
2.20.7 
2.20.8 
2.20.9 
2.20.10 
Average Prices for Farm Equipment............................................... ....... B-149 
Mowers and Toppers .............................................................................. B-149 
Hay Making Equipment ......................................................................... B-15J 
Spray Equipment ................................................................................... B-153 
Tractor Trays ........................................................................................... B-155 
Trailers................................................................. ..... .............. ............... B-155 
Silage Wagons/Forage Harvesters ......................................................... B-155 
x 
Section Page 
2.20.11 Grain and Other Feedout Equipment ..................................................... B-IS7 
2.20.12 Fertiliser and Manure Spreaders and Topdl'essers ................................ B-IS7 
2.20.13 Trucks and Utilities (Light Commercia!s) ............................................. B-159 
2.20.14 Cultivation and Planting Implements .................................................... B-l60 
2.20.15 Combine HarvesterIHeaders .................................................................. B-166 
2.20.16 Lifters, Diggers and Harvesters ............................................................. B-167 
2.20.17 Windrowers ............................................................................................ B-167 
2.20.18 Maize Choppers ..................................................................................... B-167 
2.20.19 Farm Bulldozers .................................................................................... B-167 
2.20.20 Lift Trucks (Fork Lifts) .......................................................................... B-168 
2.20.21 Other Farm/Orchard Equipment ............................................................ B-168 
2.20.22 Safety 2-luipment ................................................................................... B-17! 
2.20.23 Protection (Crop )............................................................................ ....... B-172 
2.21 Buildings ............................................................................................................... B-173 
2.21.1 Builciing Pennit Charges ........................................................................ B-173 
221.2 Bridges .................................................................................................. B-174 
2.21.3 Dairy Sheds ............................................................................................ B-174 
2.21.4 Deer Complex Building Costs .............................................................. B-175 
2.21.5 Fertiliser Bins ........................................................................................ B-175 
2.21.6 Garages .................................................................................................. B-175 
2.21.7 Grain Silos ............................................................................................ B-176 
2.21.8 Greenhouses and Growing Tunnels ...................................................... B-176 
2.21.9 Haybarns/Irnplement Sheds .................................................................. B-179 
2.21.10 Houses .................................................................................................... B-180 
2.21.11 GardenSheds/Pumphouses .................................................................... B-181 
2.21.12 KilliIlg Sheds ......................................................................................... B-I81 
2.21.13 Piggeries (Circular Arch) ....................................................................... B-182 
2.21.14 Shelters (stock) ...................................................................................... B-182 
2.21.15 Silage Pits ............................................................................................. B-182 
2.21.16 Woolshed/Covered yards ...................................................................... B-182 
2.21.17 yards ...................................................................................................... B-183 
2.21.18 Dog MotelS" ........................................................................................... B-183 
2.21.19 Building Materials ................................................................................. B-183 
2.22 Shelter and Farm Forestry Costs ....................................................................... B-184 
2.22.1 Shelter Plants ....................................................................................... B-184 
2.22.2 Tree Planting Equipment.. ..................................................................... B-186 
2.22.3 ShelteriWindbreak and Shade Cloth ...................................................... B-186 
2.22.4 Farm Forestry Labour Costs ................................................................ B-187 
2.23 Computers .......................................................................................................... B-188 
2.23.1 Farmers Requirements ......................................................................... B-188 
2.23.2 Guides for Purchasing a Farm Micro-Computer .................................... B-189 
2.23.3 General Guidelines ............................................................................... B-189 
2.23.4 Hardware Prices .................................................................................... B-190 
2.23.5 Software Prices ..................................................................................... B-190 
2.23.6 The Kellogg Farm Management Unit .................................................. B-192 
xi 
SECTION 3 
LIVESTOCK, CROPPING and HORTICULTURAL GROSS MARGINS 
(ENTERPRISE ANALYSIS) 
Page 
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ C- 3 
3.2 Livestock Gross Margins ................................................................................... c- 5 
3.2.1 Sheep - Breeding ewe flock ................................................................ C- 5 
3.2.2 Sheep - '2 year' flock ............................................................................ C- 8 
3.2.3 Sheep - Merino Ewe ............................................................................... C- 10 
3.2.4 Beef.. ...................................................................................................... C- 12 
3.2.5 Dairy ...................................................................................................... C- 14 
3.2.6 Deer ........................................................................................................ C- 16 
3.2.7 Deer - Breeding Herd ............................................................................. C- 18 
3.2.8 Past and Present Livestock Gross Margins: A Comparison .................. C- 20 
3.3 Crop Gross Margins ............................................................................................ C- 21 
3.3.1 Wheat. ... ~ ................................................................................................ C- 21 
3.3.2 Barley ..................................................................................................... C- 23 
3.3.3 White Clover .......................................................................................... c- 24 
3,3.4 Vining Peas ............................................................................................ C- 25 
3.3.5 Past and Present Cropping Gross Margins: A Comparison ................... c- 26 
3.4 Export Fruit Gross Margins ............................................................................... C- 27 
3.4.1 Expon Apples ........................................................................................ C- 27 
3.4.2 Expon Kiwifruit. .................................................................................... C- 28 
3.5 Citrus Fruit Gross Margins ................................................................................ C- 29 
SECTION 4 - INCOME TAXATION 
Page 
4.1 Introduction ..................................... ................................................................... D- 3 
4.1.1 Tax Legislation...................................................................................... D- 3 
4.1.2 Changes since last year.......................................................................... D- 3 
4.2 The Income Tax System ...................................................................................... D- 5 
4.2.1 Overview .............................................................................................. D- 5 
4.2.2 P.A.Y.E. (Pay As you Earn) Tax on Personal Income ........................... D- 5 
4.2.3 Resident Withholding Tax ..................................................................... D- 6 
4.2.4 Provisional Tax System ......................................................................... D- 7 
4.2.5 Returns of Income ................................................................................ D- 10 
4.2.6 Assessment of tax .................................................................................. D- 12 
4.2.7 Penalties ................................................................................................. D- 13 
xii 
Section Page 
4.3 Calculating Taxable Income - Overview ............................................................ D- 14 
4.4 Calculating Taxable Income - Individuals ......................................................... D- 14 
4.4.1 Overview .............................................................................................. D- 14 
4.4.2 Assessable Income ............................................................................... D- 15 
4.4.3 Exempt Income ...................................................................................... D- 16 
4.4.4 Deduction for Employees. .............................. ......................... .......... .... D- 17 
4.4.5 Personal Tax Rebates ........................................................................... D- 17 
4.4.6 Tax Credits ............................................................................................. D- 18 
4.4.7 Tax Surcharge (on National Superannuation) ........................................ D- 21 
4.5 Calculating Taxable Income - Companies ....................................................... D- 22 
4.5.1 Imputation System ................................................................................. D- 22 
4.5.2 Bonus Issues ........................................................................................... D- 24 
4.5.3 Losses ..................................................................................................... D- 24 
4.5.4 Payments to Associated Persons........ .................................................... D- 24 
4.6 Calculating Taxable Income - Partnerships ...................................................... D- 25 
4.6.1 Overview .............................................................................................. D- 25 
4.6.2 Family Partnerships ............................................................................... D- 25 
4.7 Calculating Taxable Income - Trusts ....................................................... ........ D- 26 
4.7.1 Classification of Trusts ............... ............ .......................................... .... D- 26 
4.7.2 Liability for Income Tax. (Qualifying Trusts) ........................................ D- 26 
4.7.3 Classification of Income .................. ........................................... ..... ..... D- 27 
4.8 Calculating Taxable Income - Farmers ....................................... .... ... .............. D- 28 
4.8.1 Farm Income ........................................................................................ D- 28 
4.8.2 Farm Expenses ....................................................................................... D- 29 
4.8.3 Valuation of Trading Stock .................................................................. D- 31 
4.8.4 Depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 35 
4.8.5 Expenditure on Land Improvement(Development Expenditure) ........... D- 36 
4.8.6 Limitation of Tax Losses from Farming or Landowning ...................... Do 39 
4.8.7 Timber Sales and Farm Forestry ........................................................... D- 39 
4.8.8 Farm Income Equalisation Scheme ...................................................... D- 40 
4.9 Calculating Taxable Income - Horticulture .................................................... D- 42 
4.10 Calculating Taxable Income - Fishing Industry .............................................. D- 44 
4.10.1 Spreading of Repair Costs on Fishing Boats ......................................... D- 44 
4.10.2 Development Expenditure - Fish Farming ............................................ D- 44 
4.10.3 Income Equalisation Scheme ............................................................... D- 45 
4.11 Export Incentives................................................................................................. D- 46 
4.12 Dispositions of Matrimonial Property ............................................................. D- 46 
xiii 
Seetion Page 
4.13 Fringe Benefits Tax .............................................................................................. D- 47 
4.13.1 General Provisions ................................................................................ D- 47 
4.13.2 Definition of "Fringe Benefit" ............................................................... D- 47 
4.13.3 Calculation of Fringe Benefit Tax ........................................................ D- 49 
4.13.4 Value of Fringe Benefit ........................................................................ D- 49 
4.14 Goods and Services Tax (GST) ........................................................................... D- 51 
4.14.1 Overview .............................................................................................. D- 51 
4.14.2 Returns and Payment of GST .............................................................. D- 52 
4.14.3 Calculating Output and Input Tax ................ ............................ ............. D- 52 
4.14.4 Recording GST ...................................................................................... D- 54 
4.14.5 Tax Invoices ........................................................................................... D- 55 
4.14.6 Auction Sales ......................................................................................... D- 56 
4.15 Taxation Appendices ........................................................................................... D- 57 
4.15.1 Tax Payment Dates .............................................................................. D-57 
4.15.2 Tax Rates ............................................................................................... D?? 58 
4.15.3 Expenditure on Land Improvement ...................................................... D- 59 
4.15.4 Values for Specified Livestock. ............................................................. D- 62 
4.15.5 Livestock Taxation Examples ................................................................ D- 71 
4.15.6 Summary of Livestock Taxation Changes in 1987 ................................ D- 73 
4.15.7 Accrual Rates for Expenditure ............................................................... D-76 
4.15.8 Accident Compensation Levy ................................................................ D- 78 
4.15.9 Schedule Rates of Depreciation ............................................................. D-79 
SECTION 5? ESTATE AND GIFT DUTY 
Page 
5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ E- 3 
5.2 Estate Duty ........................................................................................................... E- 3 
5.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... E- 3 
5.2.2 Property Liable to Estate Duty .............................................................. E- 3 
5.2.3 Forgiveness of Debt.. ............................................................................. E- 5 
;:;:~ ~~:r:~~:~~b~?:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .. ::::::::: .. : .. : .. : .... : ... ~~ ...... : .. ~~ .. ::::~: .. :::::::::::::::::: ~~ ; 
5.2.6 Matrimonial Home Allowance ............................................................ E- 6 
5.2.7 Charitable Allowance ........................................................................... E- 6 
5.2.8 Valuation of Estate ................................................................................. E- 6 
5.2.9 Valuation of Successions ...................................................................... E- 6 
5.2.10 Calculation of Estate Duty .................................................................... E- 8 
5 .2.11 Reliefs.................................................................................................... E- 8 
5.2.12 Assessment and Collection .................................................................... E- 8 
5.2.13 Example of Estate Duty Assessment .................................................... E- 9 
xiv 
Section Page 
5.3 Gift Duty ............................................................................................................... E- 13 
5.3.1 Definitions ............................................................................................ E- 13 
5.3.2 Valuation of Gift .................................................................................. E- 13 
5.3.3 Exemptions from Gift Duty ................................................................... E- 14 
5.3.4 Disposition of Matrimonial Property ................................................... E- 14 
5.3.5 Calculation of Gift Duty ....................................................................... E- 15 
5.3.6 Aggregation of Gifts ............................................................................ E- 16 
5.3.7 Assessment and Collection .................................................................... E- 16 
5.3.8 Example of Gift Duty Assessment ........................................................ E- 17 
5.4 Appendices ........................................................................................................... E- 18 
5.4.1 Rates of Estate Duty ............................................................................... E- 18 
5.4.2 Rates of Gift Duty .................................................................................. E- 18 
5.4.3 Tables for Valuation of Pensions etc ..................................................... E- 19 
SECTION 6 ? INDEX 
xv 
SECTION 1 
FARM REVENUE 

1.1 MARKET PRICES 
1.1.1 M.A.F. Agricultural Market Index 
Base 1000 in 1980 
This index represents trends in market prices measured against a base of 1000, being 
the average market price for each product group in 1980. 
Product 1980 Average Index at Future 
Group (Base) for 1989/90 November (November 
season 1990 1991) 
Dairy 1000 2866 1950 (680)* 2300 
Wool 1000 1740 1497 (500) 1456 
Lamb
l 
1000 2071 2186 (763) 2113 
Lamb skins 1000 2321 2079 (735) 1970 
Mutton 1000 1564 1470 (511) 1312 
Live sheep 1000 1311 1413 (493) 1246 
Bull beef 1000 1725 1684 (585) 1599 
Venison 1000 1995 2158 (721) 2135 
Kiwifruit 1000 1241 745 (238) 780 
Apples 1000 2754 2754 (971) 2700 
Wheat 1000 1628 1231 (419) 1149 
Barley 1000 1454 1305 (444) 1199 
* (Figures in brackets indicate "real" prices i.e. adjusted for inflation since 1980). 
1. Exclusive of skin 
Products for season ending: 
March - Kiwifruit 
June - Dairy. wool. venison, barley, wheat and live sheep 
September - Bull beef, lamb. mutton, lamb skins and apples 
Interpretation: Example - Lamb 
The index shows that market prices for lamb in November 1990 (2186) were up by 
around 6% on the average for the 1989/90 season (2071). After adjusting for 
inflation, however, the 'real' price, indexed at 763, is still well below that of 1980, 
indexed at 1000. Broadly similar prices are forecast for November 1991. 
Assumptions: 
* Index calculated from a basket of products, markets and currencies, against the 
1980 base of 1000. 
Index measures export market prices in $NZ at FOB (except wool, being auction 
price), 
Exchange rates expected in November 1991: $NZ 1 = SUS 0.60, Yen 80, ?0.33. 
A-3 
Notes on Markets: 
Bull Beef- Prices now are expected to weaken slightly by November 1991 owing to 
some decline in U.S. beef prices principally as a result of increased 
competition from competing meats. 
Mutton - Competition from increased Australian mutton production is expected to 
place significar.t downward pressure on N.Z. prices during the 1990/91 
season. 
Apples -
Wheat -
Dairy-
A buoyant market in our main market, the E.C., is likely to continue into 
1991 owing to a modest sized European crop. Prices are forecast to hold 
up. 
A good Northern Hemisphere harvest and continued subsidised exports 
from major producers is likely to result in a continuing decline in prices 
in 1991. 
Increased E.C. export subsidies have reduced prices for all dairy 
products. Butter prices are worst afffected owing to payment difficulties 
in key markets such as U.S.S.R. and lack of sales elsewhere. 
Source: M.A.F. 
A-4 
1.1.2 'Real' Prices Received for Farm Produce 1981 ? 1989 
Product price is shown as an index.The base year for the index is 1976, with the index 
for all products set at 1000 for that year. The figures are adjusted for inflation, that is, 
they are 'real'. 
(1988/89 indices are estimates) 
1500 
1300 
1100 
Price 
900 
, 
, 
, 
Index 
700 
, 
500 
300 
100 
1976 1981?82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 
Lamb AVGrage PrIce 
+ Beef Average PrIce 
Year 
+ Wool Average Price 
I 
Note: Lamb and Beef figures are related to the average price per kg inclusive of all 
supplementary payments. Wool figures are related to the average auction 
price for all qualities. 
Sources: N.Z. Meat Producers Board; Department of Statistics; Ministry of 
Agriculture and Fisheries; NZ. Wool Board. 
A-5 
1.1.3 Impact of Exchange Rate on Product Prices and Farm Revenue 
For pastoral farming, exchange rates can have a dominant effect on prices at the farm 
gate. The exchange rate is influenced by four main factors. These are the 
Government's fiscal policy (its spending behaviour), its monetary policy (how much 
money the Reserve Bank permits to circulate within the economy at any given time), 
the interest rate level (the cost of borrowing money on the domestic money market) 
and the inflation rate. 
Table 1 below shows the estimated movement in farmgate prices for a 10% movement 
in trade weighted exchange rates for lamb, mutton, beef and wool. In general the 
greater the processing and handling charges between the farm gate and f.o.b. * as a 
proportion of the f.o.b. price the greater the impact of exchange rate movements in 
farm gate prices. Wool, where the proportion of the value added between farm and 
ship is low relative to other pastoral products, shows the least leveraged effect of 
exchange rate movements. Mutton at the other extreme shows the highest leveraged 
effect. 
In times of currency volatility, low added value products minimise exposure to 
appreciation of the currency, but minimise potential gains to producers from a 
currency depreciation. 
* fo.b. - Free on Board (ship or aeroplane) 
The table also shows the effect of a structural 10% move in all exchange rates on 
gross farm revenue that would be in effect for a season. 
Table 1: Effect of a 10% Movement in Trade Weighted Exchange Rates. 
Appreciation Depreciation 
Lamb -17% +21% 
Mutton -29% +36% 
Beef -11%? +13% 
Wool -10% +12% 
Gross Farm Revenue -11% +13% 
Note: - The farm revenue figures assume the appreciation or depreciation is effective 
for the whole season. Fluctuations of lesser duration will have lesser effects. 
- Farm Expenditure items have a low imported content of around 15%. The 
first-round effect from a 10% currency depreciation would be to lift input 
prices by 1.5%. This rate of increase is low relative to the 13% boost in gross 
farm revenue shown above. 
Source: Mr R. Davison, Director, N.l. Meat and Wool Boards' Economic SeNice. 
A-6 
1.1.4 Government Assistance to Pastoral Farms 
New Zealand's nominal rate of assistance (measured as the total value of subsidies 
divided by total agricultural output) fell to 3% in 1990, a fall of approximately 20% 
over 7 years (see Figure 1). 
Figure 2 shows the level of subsidy received by farmers in a number of different 
countries (in 1989). 
Figure 1: Assistance to N.Z.'s Pastoral Agriculture 
(Assistance as a % of Net Output) 
25%,------------------------------------------------, 
20% 
15% 
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 
Figure 2: International Levels of Farm Protection 
(Percentage of Farm Income Received as a Subsidy in 1989) 
.. HI
80 
80%~ 
::t 
50% ~ .. 
60 
40% 
40 
30% 
20% 
20 
10% 
Japan E.C. u.s. Australia 
N.Z. 
Source: Rural Sector Commentary; The National Bank of N.z. Ltd., December 1990 
A-7 
1.2 SHEEP 
1.2.1 Lamb Schedule {Export) 
Meat which is destined for export is graded by the New Zealand Meat Producers' 
Board. The various grades are paid for according to Works' schedules which are set 
every week during the killing season. 
Below is an example of net prices offered for export lambs for the week beginning 
December 3, 1990. This type of information is usually available each week in various 
newspapers and farming journals. 
AFFCo. Richmond Fortex PPCS/CFM Alliance 
(Hawkes B., (Canty) (Canty, South 
East Coast) Otago) (Southland) 
Weight Grade $ $ $ $ $ 
8.0 A 4.96 8.13 15.06 17.28 19.48 
9.0 A 5.31 9.13 17.30 19.56 20.96 
9.5 YL 17.18 15.10 18.70 19.75 23.02 
9.5 PL 17.84 17.95 18.70 19.75 22.54 
11.0 YL 18.92 16.68 22.11 23.02 25.00 
11.0 PL 19.69 19.96 22.11 23.02 24.45 
13.0 YL 21.24 18.78 27.56 27.38 29.09 
13.0 PL 22.15 22.68 27.56 27.38 28.44 
13.5 YM 26.41 26.92 30.35 31.49 33.03 
13.5 PM 26.81 27.19 30.08 30.95 32.33 
15.0 YM 28.66 29.23 34.04 34.99 36.62 
15.0 PM 29.11 29.53 33.74 34.39 35.72 
15.0 TM 18.16 20.08 24.59 21.19 13.43 
15.0 FM 16.96 14.53 25.34 12.19 8,48 
15.0 eM 18.46 14.88 8.09 15.19 11.03 
17.0 YM/FP2 31.66 32.31 40.15 39.65 41.40 
17.0 PM 32.17 32.65 40.15 38.97 40.38 
17.5 YX/FP2 36.78 36.58 41.41 41.09 42.34 
17.5 PX 36.78 36.58 41.41 40.04 41.35 
19.0 YX 39.41 39.19 45.21 44.48 45.77 
19.0 PX 39,41 39.19 45.21 43.34 44.82 
19.0 TIl 23.64 25.70 45.21 29.13 18.21 
19.0 FH 22.69 19.62 30.01 17.73 11.49 
21.0 YX 42.91 42.67 50.90 48.00 50.49 
21.0 PX 42.91 42.67 50.90 47.74 49.44 
21.5 YX 43.78 43.54 52.18 50.13 46.46 
21.5 PH 42.92 44,40 52.18 50.56 43.88 
23.0 YX 46,41 46.15 58.02 53.52 49.04 
25.0 YX 49.91 49.63 61.14 58.04 52,48 
25.0 TIl 29.16 31.88 61.14 38.79 22.23 
25.0 FH 27.91 23.88 40.39 23.79 13.98 
27.0 YX 53,41 53.11 66.26 62.56 55.92 
27.0 PH 52.33 54.19 66.26 63.10 52.68 
Pelt 1.0kg woolly 3,47 3,45 5.50 5,40 5.99 
A verage Premium 4.00 3.70 0.00 3.00 4.00 
A-8 
Note: 1. The net lamb values shown above in dollars are calculated after deducting 
all killing charges and levies. Farm to works transport is not included. 
The premiums stated have been added in. 
2. The value of the wool pull/pelt is included and is shown for each company. 
Currently the net per head lamb values are based on a lkg woolly pelt. By 
about the end of February the basis is changed to O.5kg shorn and by the 
end of May to lkg shorn. 
Source: "The Nol. Farmer", December 5 1990 
Farmer Cooperatives 
The Farmer Co-operatives that operate in some areas offer an alternative to private 
meat companies. As an example Mid-Western Rural co-operative company (King 
Country) claimed Iamb prices obtained for farmer members were up to $5.50 better 
than for identical stock sold elsewhere. 
Source: Nol. Meat Producer, March 1990. 
1.2.2 Lamb Price Trends (see also Sections 1.1.1 and 1.1.2) 
(i) Table of average prices paid for 14.3 kg lamb; and lamb "all grades 
average": 
1986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 
14.3 kg lamb ($/hd)- $23.72 
This price comprises: 
Baremeat schedule (c/kg)- 83.5Oc 
Pelt and wool ($/hd)- $11.79 
Lamb "all grades average"-
Figures may not add due to rounding 
E = Estimate(as at Apri11990) 
$18.42 
59.4Oc 
$9.81 
$16.34 
Prices are at works, for year ended 30 September. 
$24.83 
llO.5Oc 
$8.90 
$19.78 
Source: M.A.F., N.Z. Meat Producer's Board, N.Z. Meat and Wool Board's 
Economic Service. 
A-9 
(E) 
$32.00 
160.00c 
$9.00 
$28.00 
(ii) Graph of Actual and Inflation Adjusted Lamb Prices 1980 to 1990 
(PM Lamb Price? September year) 
$5Ihd 
~hdIL~L-~~ __ i--L __ L--L~ __ ~_J 
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 
I ~ Actual Price Rae -+- I"flat Adj Price ) 
Source: N.z.Meat and Wool Board's Economic SeNiee; MAF. (April 1990) 
(m) Graph of the Average Net Export Price Paid for Lambs Weighing 13.5 kg 
and 21 kg with a 1kg Woolly Pelt (January 1988 to December 1990). 
$60/hd I 
$50/hd ~ .. . 
$40/hd _ .. . 
$30~d 
$20~d 
$10/hd r-?? 
$O~d~L!~!~!-L! L!~!~J-L~LL~-L~~LL~LL~-L~J-LL~ 
1988 1989 1990 
- 13_5 kg lamb -21kgla~ 
Source: "N.Z Fanner" Issues January 1988 to December 1990 
A-lO 
1.2.3 Lamb Pelt Price Trends 1987 to 1990 (see also Section 1.1.1) 
The graph shows the "at works" price for lamb pelts (without wool). 
$/Pelt 
(without 
wool) 
12r-----------------------------, 
2 ............ -................................................... _ .. -........ . 
Source: "Situation and Outlook for New Zealand Agriculture" M.A.F.Corp, April 1990 
1.2.4 Live Export Lambs (see also Section 1.1.1) 
Contract prices of up to $45 per head were being offered earlier in the 1990/91 season, 
with 'spot prices' in October being reduced to $38 (wethers). Raj ram lamb contracts 
for 1991 shipment were $45 maximum. (Source: "N.Z. Farmer" October 1990.) 
Note: Many farmers had their 1990/91 contracts waived by exporters following the 
suspension of the live export trade with the Middle East in January 1991. 
According to the Livestock Exporters Association, allfarmers involved in the 
trade were given warnings that the Haj trade of April and May could not be 
guaranteed. The trade was suspendedfor two main reasons: 
- To ensure the most humane treatment of stock before trade resumes. 
- To avoid consumer resistance to N Z. meat which could develop in 
the fallout of bad publicity /rom repeated reports of rejection of 
our 'diseased' sheep. (Source: "N.Z. Farmer" January 1991.) 
(i) EldersIP.G.G. Live Sheep Raj Contract 1990/91 prices: 
In the 1990/91 season the following prices were offered for long tail lambs on 
contract for the live trade: 
30 to 35 kg $1.00 per kg Liveweight 
35 to 40 kg $1.10 per kg Liveweight 
Lambs over 40 kg will be accepted but will only receive $1.10 per kg 
liveweight as the 35 to 40 kg lambs do. 
A-ll 
(H) Challenge Livestock (via Agents) were offering $1.00 per kg liveweight for a 
lamb in excess of 35.1 kg live weight to a maximum of $45 per head for the live 
trade to Saudi Arabia (Haj). 
Past prices offered to farmers for Haj contracts: 
1986/87 $27.00 per head 
1987/88 $23.50 per head 
1988/89 $22.00 per head 
1989/90 $30.00 to $32.00 (approx.) per head 
Source: "Situation and Outlook for New Zealand Agriculture" 
M.AF.Corp, April 1990 
1.2.5 Contract Lamb Prices 
(i) Winter/Spring Heavy Lamb Contracts 
AFFCo. N.Z. Ltd.(1990) 
AFFCo. offered contracts * for supply of heavy weight lambs (16 kg and over) 
from August to November 1990, as follows: 
Month YM and PM Grades** 
August 
September 
October 
November 
200 cents per kg 
205 cents per kg 
215 cents per kg 
230 cents per kg 
* The contract price shown is exclusive of wool and skin; these are paid 
separately. The contract price is "gross". The vendor pays road transport to the 
nearest works and levies associated with slaughter. 
** YX, PX and PH grades returned an additional 5 to 15 cents per kg, depending 
on grade and month. 
Fortex Group Ltd. (1990) 
- The Fortex Group offered winter lamb contracts running from 4 June to 26 
November in 1990 in the following grades and price ranges: 
Grade Price 
FPl $2.75 to $3.00 per kg 
FP2 $2.72 to $2.97 per kg 
YM $2.72 to $2.97 per kg 
- Contracts for high quality new season "spring" (SP grade) lambs (for slaughter 
during October to December) averaged $44.14 for a 17kg carcass with a 0.8 kg 
wool pull. (Source: "Meat News? NZMPB, October 1990.) 
A-12 
Richmond Ltd. 
The Richmond company also ran winter lamb contracts in August and September 
in 1990. The following were the grades wanted and the prices paid for them: 
Month PK or G Grades 
August 
September 
$3.00 per kg 
$2.70 per kg 
(ii) Forward Summer Lamb Contracts 
PPCS Ltd. (1991) 
PPCS have set the following forward contract prices for summer Iambs for 
this year: 
Month 
January 
February 
March 
F ortex Group Ltd. 
P 
$2.25 per kg 
$2.15 per kg 
$2.15 per kg 
Grades 
y 
$2.20 per kg 
$2.15 per kg 
$2.15 per kg 
The Fortex Group are this year offering forward lamb contracts to their 
shareholders running from the 10 December until the end of May. The 
price received for the lambs is the schedule price on the day of slaughter 
and the contract guarantees the shareholder killing space. 
Alliance Group 
The Alliance company are offering forward contracts based on the schedule 
price on the day of slaughter. The farmer is paid 75% of the schedule price 
on the day and the final actualisation price of the lamb returns is paid at the 
end of the contract. This is usually more than the schedule price on the day 
of slaughter. 
Other companies may not be offering forward lamb contracts for the summer of 
1991 due to the good season and high lamb drop in many parts of the country 
which is expected to increase lamb throughput in the coming season. 
(iii) Store Lamb Contracts (Canterbury) 
Finishing/mixed cropping farmers were offering store lamb producers $25 to 
$26 for lambs delivered in December/January. 
A-13 
1.2.6 Beta Lamb Price (1990) 
Fortex Group Contracts: (Canterbury) 
Lambs supplied 9n 190 to 1/9/90: $4 per kg* plus $2 per head premium 
(a 6.43 kg lamb would be worth $27,72) 
3/9190 to 10111/90: $4 per kg. 
" Maximum carcase weight of 7.3 kg, must be milk fed and aged up to a 
maximum of6 weeks, 
Alliance Contracts: 
Lambs- 13 to 16 kg liveweight: $1.95 per kg L W initial payment. ** 
- over 16 kg liveweight: flat rate of $31.20 per head. 
(The last day for drafting was 28/9/90). 
** Final payments or premiums of $3 to $6 per head were expected. 
PPCSICFM Schedule: 
$4 per kg. plus participation in a pool with payment at the end of the season. 
Source: N.z. Farmer July 1990. 
A-14 
1.2.7 Mutton Schedule (ExpoJ:1) 
Below is an example of net prices offered to farmers for the various mutton grades for 
the week beginning December 3 1990. This information is usually available weekly in 
various newspapers and farming journals. 
AFFCo. Richmond Alliance PPCS/CFM PPCS 
(Hawkes B., North (Canty, S'land 
East Coast) (Canty) Otago) (Southland) 
Weight Grade $ $ $ $ $ 
15.0 MM 6.85 6.76 6.41 5.34 5.74 
17.0 MM 7.03 6.76 6.55 6.56 6.96 
17.0 MXl 11.07 9.31 9.90 10.10 10.50 
19.0 MM: 7.21 6.76 6.69 7.78 8.18 
19.0 MXl 11.49 9.61 11.14 11.56 11.96 
19.0 MLl 13.01 12.46 10.00 10.42 10.82 
19.0 MP 6.83 9.61 5.93 3.03 3.43 
21.0 MXl 11.91 9.91 12.38 13.02 13.42 
21.0 MLl 13.59 13.06 11.12 11.76 12.16 
23.0 MXl 12.33 to.21 13.62 14.48 14.88 
23.0 MLl 14.17 13.66 12.24 13.10 13.50 
23.5 MX2 16.66 15.69 15.54 15.78 16.18 
23.5 ML2 16.90 16.86 12.48 13.20 13.60 
23.5 MH 10.55 9.58 11.00 9.20 9.60 
23.5 MP 7.14 10.28 6.06 4.65 5.05 
25.0 :tv1L2 17.50 17.51 13.50 14.19 14.95 
27.0 ML2 18.30 18.37 14.86 15.51 15.91 
27.0 MH 11.01 10.00 11.84 10.92 11.32 
27.0 MF 9.12 6.76 10.22 7.26 7.66 
27.0 MP 7.39 10.81 6.17 5.91 6.31 
30.0 ML2 19.50 19.66 16.90 17.49 17.89 
Pelt 0.5 shorn 2.93 2.69 5.87 5.15 5.55 
Notes: The net mutton values are calculated on the same basis as for lamb (refer 
Section 1.2.1). The value of a 0.5 kg pelt is included. 
Comment: A line of cull ewes often contains a significant proportion of cutters(MPs) 
and this must be allowed for when analysing selling options. 
Although Meat Companies have widely varying schedule setting methods the 
announced schedules are all in cents per kilogram. The net per head values are derived 
from these. All charges and levies are deducted and premiums added. 
Source: NZ. Farmer December 5 1990 
A-15 
1.2.8 Mutton Price Trends (Export) (see also Section 1.1.1) 
(i) Graph of the Net Value of a 21kg Ewe with a 0.3kg Pelt 
(January 1988 to December 1990) 
$20/hd 1'----------------------, 
I 
"",, f 
$10/hd 
$5/hd 
$O/hd l-L.L' -'-.' ...L' --L' --L'....l'....l'_'L..L' J,! IL' -,-, ..L' --L' -L'....l'....l'_-'-L.L.L...L,L-L-'--'-'-'-L..L.L..L!....l 
1998 1989 1990 
Source: N.Z.Farmer Issues January 1988 to December 1990 
(ii) Table of Average Prices Paid for 18 kg Mutton; and" All Grades Average": 
1986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 (E) 
MXl Mutton (18 kg)- $9.82 
This price comprises: 
Baremeat schedule- S.OOC 
Pelt and wool- $8.92 
Mutton "all grades average"- $8.82 
Figures may not add due to rounding 
E = Estimate (as at April 1990) 
$13.51 
12.1Oc 
$11.27 
$12,48 
Prices are at works, for year ended 30 September. 
$10.47 
16.6Oc 
$7.49 
$9.00 
Sources: M.A.F., N.l. Meat Producer's Board, N.l. Meat and Wool Bo.ard's 
Economic Service. 
A-16 
$18.00 
43.00c 
$10.00 
$16.50 
1.2.9 SheeQ Prices? Prime Stock (Local Sales) 
Note: There is a large amount of meat sold directly from farms to wholesale buyers. 
but the prime stock auction sales in main centres still set the market. The current 
situation can be determined from the weekly stock sale reports in the newspapers. 
Sales Information (4 main sale centres) to November 1990: 
Ranges represent the average prices'" from sales at each centre over a two month 
period. 
Prime Sheep 
Frankton Feilding Addington Burnside 
Dec 1989/Jan 1990: 
Lambs $26-$38 $29-$37 $28-$40 $23-$38 
Hoggets $24-$33 $23-$28 $24-$36 $23-$38 
Ewes $11-$22 $14-$22 $11-$20 $13-$25 
Feb/Mar 1990: 
Lambs $26-$38 $26-$36 $27-$39 $23-$40 
Hoggets $22-$39 $22-$24 $22-$33 $22-$38 
Ewes $11-$22 $18-$25 $13-$22 $10-$27 
Apr/May: 
Lambs $25-$41 $29-$37 $30-$42 $22-$42 
Hoggets $24-$34 $19-$30 $22-$35 $23-$41 
Ewes $11-$26 $14-$28 $14-$23 $14-$28 
JunlJuly: 
Lambs $26-$42 $26-$38 $33-$50 $27-$58 
Hoggets $23-$35 $22-$33 $26-$38 $26-$48 
Ewes $ 9-$28 $16-$~0 $14-$30 $16-$36 
Aug/Sept: 
Lambs $27-$43 $28-$38 $32-$56 $29-$52 
Hoggets $24-$33 $21-$33 $26-$42 $25-$49 
Ewes $11-$25 $16-$29 $12-$26 $15-$40 
Oct/Nov 1990: 
Lambs $27-$38 $26-$36 $30-$45 $26-$44 
Hoggets $20-$29 $19-$28 $21-$34 $23-$41 
Ewes $10-$20 $10-$18 $11-$20 $13-$32 
* The price ranges indicate the average for the lowest priced stock (of each type. 
over a number of sales) and for the highest priced stock. respectively. 
Source: "N.Z.Farmer" 1989 and 1990 Issues 
A-I7 
1.2.10 SheeR Prices? Store and Breeding Stock 
Note: This information should be used as a guide only, as store and breeding sheep 
prices may vary markedly between districts, seasons and breeds. 
(i) Sales Information (4 main sale centres) to November 1990: 
Ranges represent the average prices * from sales at each centre over a two month 
period. 
Frankton Feilding Addington Burnside 
Dec 1989/}an 1990: 
Lambs $10-$32 $21-$31 $11-$31 $16-$18 
Two Tooths to $40 $32-$39 to $33 $15-$17 
Ewes $18-$33 $17-$27 $14-$21 $10-$13 
Feb/Mar 1990: 
Lambs $12-$27 $22-$33 $11-$18 
Two Tooths $22-$33 $30-$38 $14-$18 
Ewes $13-$23 $22-$29 
Apr/May: 
Lambs $15-$28 $24-$35 $15-$29 $11-$22 
Two Tooths $24-$30 $27-$31 to $38 to $14 
Ewes $11-$26 $23-$31 $10-$27 $4-$ 6 
JunlJul: 
Lambs $18-$35 $25-$38 $20-$33 $15-$24 
Two Tooths $22-$24 $28-$33 to $47 
Ewes $16-$27 $25-$33 $20-$33 
Aug/Sept: 
Lambs $20-$36 $25-$40 $14-$31 $17-$24 
Two Tooths $27-$36 to $30 $20-$23 
Ewes $14-$26 $23-$30 $16-$22 $15-$24 
Oct/Nov 1990: 
Lambs $20-$31 $20-$29 $16-$31 $24-$26 
Two Tooths $26-$31 $18-$29 $13-$29 $19-$23 
Ewes $12-$16 $12-$17 $18-$20 
* The price ranges indicate the average for the lowest priced stock (of each type. 
over a number of sales) and for the highest priced stock, respectively. 
Source: N.l. Farmer 1989 and 1990 Issues 
A-18 
(ii) Average Prices for Store Stock (N.Z. Regions) 1986 to 1990: 
1986-87 
1987-88 
1988-89p 
1989-9Oe 
North/South 
Auckland 
$ 
10.75 
11.11 
10.60 
17.70 
Store Lamb Prices 
Gisbome 
H.Bay 
$ 
13.03 
13.22 
12.30 
24.80 
Manawatu 
Watrarapa 
$ 
10.95 
12.52 
9.80 
21.90 
Store Two-Tooth Ewe Prices 
North/South Gisbome Manawatu 
Auckland H.Bay Wairarapa 
$ $ $ 
1986-87 23.00 20.66 18.79 
1987-88 26.58 26.15 27.37 
1988-89p 18.00 22.20 20.40 
1989-9Oe 30.30 33.90 35.60 
Store Mixed Age Ewe Prices 
North/South 
Auckland 
1986-87 
1987-88 
1988-89p 
1989-9Oe 
p=provisional 
e=estimate 
$ 
10.31 
13.12 
15.20 
16.70 
Gisbome Manawatu 
H.Bay Wairarapa 
$ $ 
9.65 '9.96 
16.38 13.98 
13.70 12.20 
25.00 22.50 
Source: Nol. Meat and Wool Board's Economic Service 
A-19 
Marlborough 
Canterbury 
$ 
15.79 
17.01 
12.40 
26.90 
Marlborough 
CapterbillY 
$ 
26.00 
30.90 
19.50 
38.20 
Marlborough 
Canterb!!!y 
$ 
15.91 
21.46 
21.90 
24.80 
Otago 
~.'1-and 
$ 
17.84 
18.75 
16.40 
22.90 
Otago 
S'Land 
$ 
36.32 
39.09 
39.30 
49.70 
Otago 
S'Land 
$ 
16.00 
28.97 
21.40 
26.60 
(iii) N.Z. Average Purchase Price for Ewes (1975 to 1990) 
Sheep Purchase Prices 
($lHead - All Regions Average) 
40~----------------------------------------~ 
35 
30 
25 
$IHead 
(Al'RegIOna 20 
Average) 
15 
10? 
5 
..?. 
..... '. 
, ?......?. 
. .... :' 
? '!II" 
...... 
, .. 
"ri 
O~------~--~~------~~--~-r--~~--'-~ 
1975176 19n178 1979/80 1981182 1983/84 1985/86 1987/88 1989/90 
I ..... MAEW'88 
N.B. 1988/89 figures are provisional. 
1989/90 figures are estimates. 
-+- 2TEw88 I 
Source: N.Z. Meat and Wool Board's Economic Service 
A-20 
1.3 WOOL 
1.3.1 Wool Board's Minimum Price 1990/91 
The New Zealand Wool Board's average minimum price for 1990191 was 
decreased from the 1989/90 level of 525 cents per kilo clean (391 cents greasy) to 
485 cents per kilo clean (361 cents greasy). The 1988/89 level was 500c per kg 
clean (372c greasy). 
Type Description Growers 
Minimum 
Colour Length Price 
Micron Category (Y-Z) mm (cents!kg) 
Merino 
19 Fleece 75 1823 
21 Fleece 80 1098 
23 Fleece 85 850 
Halfbred and Corridale 
25 Fleece 2 90 690 
27 Fleece 2 95 630 
29 Fleece 2 100 579 
31 Fleece 2 105 535 
Crossbred Full Fleece 
32 Fleece 2 110 527 
32 Fleece 5 110 503 
35 Fleece 2 125 514 
35 Fleece 5 125 492 
37 Fleece 2 125 510 
37 Fleece 5 125 488 
40 Fleece 3.5 110 497 
37 Cott 7 115 422 
35 Pieces 9 100 433 
35 Bellies 10 100 416 
35 Lox 10 50 267 
37 Crutchings 5 65 403 
Crossbred Second Shear 
37 Fleece 2 100 495 
37 Fleece 5 100 473 
37 Fleece 2 85 487 
37 Fleece 5 85 465 
37 Fleece 2 75 475 
37 Fleece 5 75 453 
37 Fleece 2 65 455 
37 Fleece 5 65 431 
35 BellieslPieces 8 65 363 
A-21 
Note: The minimum prices are usually. set for the entire season *, When the market 
price falls below the minimum floor price the Wool Board supplements the market 
price to the minimum price for that type of wool (the supplement is forwarded to the 
grower), 
* This scheme was discontinued/rom February 1991 
1.3.2 Highest and Lowest Market Prices of Wool (1990 and 1989} 
(Clean Market Price - cents per kg) 
1990 1989 
High Low High Low 
Description and 
Micron/Category (cents per kg) (cents per kg) 
Merino 
18 Fleece 3185 1970 4350 3000 
19 Fleece 2200 1170 2415 2181 
21 Fleece 1290 865 1455 1390 
23 Fleece 979 835 1180 1125 
21 Pieces 915 807 1145 1058 
21 Bellies 856 747 1095 1010 
H alfbred and C orriedale 
25 Fleece 784 676 950 880 
27 Fleece 681 565 866 798 
29 Fleece 638 495 815 744 
31 Fleece 506 420 718 676 
28 Pieces 555 460 732 714 
28 Bellies 500 443 720 659 
28 Lox 405 320 508 462 
26 Lambs 603 603 
28 Crutchings 453 366 556 507 
Crossbred 
33 Fleece 488 395 640 606 
35 Fleece 540 366 658 613 
35 Fleece 493 382 619 596 
37 Fleece 534 364 655 604 
37 Fleece 525 379 653 593 
40 Fleece 528 361 665 581 
37 Cott 472 375 568 568 
35 Pieces 460 306 581 532 
35 Bellies 429 307 565 522 
35 Lox 384 222 491 396 
37 Crutchings 412 301 587 503 
A-22 
1990 1989 
High Low High Low 
Description and 
Micron/Category (cents per kg) (cents per kg) 
Crossbred 
Second Shear 
37 Fleece 522 368 663 593 
37 Fleece 503 350 640 583 
37 Fleece 512 363 622 582 
37 Fleece 493 343 629 576 
37 Fleece 499 356 634 578 
37 Fleece 478 335 615 570 
37 Fleece 480 350 620 563 
37 Fleece 450 320 600 548 
35 Bellies and Pieces 383 275 558 461 
Source: New Zealand Farmer; 6 December 1989: 5 December 1990 
A-23 
~ 
1.3.3 Wool Price Trends (see also Sections 1.1.1 and 1.12) 
(i) Price Indicators 1988-90 
Price trends for the four main segments of the New Zealand clip are shown on the graph: 
Fine = 18 to 24 micron; Medium:::: 25 to 31 micron; Coarse = 32 to 41 micron (Source: "N.zFarmer") 
2000
1 
1800 
~ 
1800 
1400 
1200 
1000 
1IOOt-- -
500 
........... c.,'"'v=?~.::::-"~c:::::~<._"""'~, 
400 
300 J F M A M J J A SON 0 J F M A M J J A SON 0 J F M A M J J A S 0 
1988 1989 1990 
Note: * The price graduations on the left hand side of the graph change above the lOOOc/kg mark. 
* With regard to the dotted lines indicating wool prices, each dot (or cross) represents a sale. Hence segments of the 
lines having no dots (or crosses) indicate lack of sales information, and care should be taken when interpreting the 
prices. 
* See also Section 13.4. 
(ii) Graph of Actual and Inflation Adjusted 9reasy Wool Price 
(Average Auction Price 1981 to 1990? year ended June) ? 
500 
400 
Cents 
per 
..????????.?? ;0 
kg 
300 
~I 
l00~1 --'--,---r--'--,---r--'--,--~ 
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 
I ~ Actual Price -+- Inflation Adjusted 
Sources: New Zealand Wool Board; M.A.F. 
1.3.4 Wool Price Ratios 1960 to 1990 
Comparison of the prices received for 21,28, and 33 micron fleece with the prices 
received for 37 micron wool. The index used is 37 micron = 1.0 
2.8 [ 
2.6 r 
2.4 
2.2 
Index 2 
(37u.1.()J 
1.8 
1.8 
1.4 
1.2 
__________ """"~_;;;'_~_-==_:-:_::::-:=_=-_~_~e": 
0.8 r-'--'--'-'-t-'--'-'-'--l--.L..J'-'--'-+-,---L-L...l-j-l..-L...L...l-+-'-.l.-.J.-Y 
60181 65/66 70171 
I - 21 microns ..... 28 microns 
Source: New Zealand Wool Board 
75176 
Year 
SO/81 
-33mlcrons 
A-25 
85/86 1990 
to Nov 
- - 37 microns I 
1,4 CATTLE 
VU Reef Schedule (EXRort) 
The beef schedule works in the same way as does the sheep meat schedule (refer to 
Section 1.2 .1) 
Below is an example of net prices offered for the week beginning December 3 1990. 
This information is usually available weekly in various newspapers and farming 
Grade CW Approx AFFCo. Richmond Weddel Alliance PPCS/CFM Phoenix 
(kg) L.W (Hawkes B .? (Waikato) (North) (Canty. (Southland) 
East Coast) (Canty) Otago) 
(kg) $/head $Ihead $Ihead $Ihead $!head $!head 
P2 Steer 210 410 455 465 461 473 493 541 
230 445 523 523 530 563 573 606 
260 490 622 617 627 694 717 726 
280 520 702 705 705 774 780 798 
310 565 810 810 813 865 872 901 
330 595 893 903 900 930 934 970 
360 640 998 1008 1008 1029 1036 1078 
K2 Steer 210 410 453 461 459 473 493 530 
230 445 521 518 527 563 573 594 
260 490 619 614 624 694 717 713 
280 520 699 702 702 774 780 784 
310 565 807 807 810 865 872 885 
330 595 890 896 896 930 934 954 
360 640 994 1005 1005 1029 1036 1060 
02 Steer 210 405 436 446 451 448 476 505 
230 440 502 502 518 535 546 567 
260 485 599 593 614 660 683 682 
280 510 677 679 691 741 741 750 
310 560 782 782 798 828 834 848 
330 590 864 873 883 884 901 914 
360 635 965 976 990 989 996 1017 
P2 Heifer 180 365 375 384 380 404 424 452 
210 405 455 465 461 473 493 541 
230 440 523 523 530 563 573 606 
260 485 622 617 627 694 717 739 
280 515 702 691 705 774 780 798 
A-26 
Grade CW Approx AFFCo. Richmond Weddel Alliance PPCS/CFM Phoenil! 
(kg) L.W (Hawkes B., (Waikato) (North) (Canty. (Southland) 
East Coast) (Canty) Otago) 
(kg) $/head $Ihead $Ihead $Ihead $Ihead $Ihead 
Meow 140 325 240 244 240 287 292 291 
160 355 310 315 310 349 366 367 
180 385 358 364 358 407 427 430 
210 435 432 438 431 484 507 513 
230 465 484 490 483 548 587 573 
Bull 180 375 380 380 380 395 402 439 
210 425 482 482 482 509 503 537 
230 455 548 548 548 579 593 608 
260 500 632 632 632 685 688 713 
280 530 694 693 693 756 755 778 
310 580 779 779 779 848 844 873 
330 610 847 847 847 917 914 947 
360 650 947 947 947 1020 1018 1039 
Notes: 1. The above values are on a net basis. 
Only transport needs to be deducted. 
2. The approximate liveweights should be used as a guide only. They are 
based on 3 hours off feed and water, but do vary by season. Steer and 
Heifer grade liveweights are based on English breeds and Cow and Bull 
grades on the Friesian breed. 
Source: "N.Z. Farmer" December 51990 
A-27 
1.4.2 Beef Price? World Trends 
The graph shows average world beef prices of< for 1970 to 1989 and forecasts for 1990 
to 2000. The prices are in inflation adjusted U.S. cents per kilogram, based on the 
value of the U.S. dollar in 1985. That is, the forecast values are reported after future 
inflation has been removed. The forecast prices represent averages only. 
450 
400 
Price 
(1985 U.S.CIkg) 
300 
250 
200 
of< Beef description: US Imported Frozen Boneless, 85% visible lean cow meat, i.o.b. 
port of entry. 
Source: Lincoln University 
1.4.3 N.Z. Beef Price Trends (Export) (see also Sections 1.1.1 and 1.1.2) 
(i) Graph of the Net Price Paid for 280 kg P2 Steer and 260 kg Bull 
(January 1988 to December 1990) 
$900Jhd 
$8001hd 
$7001hd 
$6001hd 
$5001hd 
$400/hd 
EiOkg P2 Steer 
- 260kgBuil 
$3001hd 
..........? " ...... 
$2001hd 
1988 1988 1990 
Source: "N.Z.Farme," Issues January 1988 to December 1990 
A-28 
(ii) Cow Beef 
1986/87 87/88 88/89 89/90 (E) 
Cow M Grade (145-170 kg)- 162c 146c 197c 
Cow M Grade (average per head)- $256 $230 $311 
E = Estimate (as at April 1990) 
Prices are at works, for year ended 30 September. 
Source: M.A.P., Department of Statistics, Meat Producer's Board, N.l. Meat 
and Wool Board's Economic Service. 
(iii) Bull Beef 
246c 
$390 
1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 (E) 
Bull Grade (220-245 kg)- 177c 
Bull Grade (average per head)- $412 
E = Estimate (as at April 1990) 
Prices are at works, for year ended 30 September. 
Source: As for (N) above. 
1.4.4 Weaner Dairy/BuH Beef Contracts 
See also Section 1.5.5, Dairy Calf Sales. 
Riverlands Meats Ltd. (1990) 
237c 268c 
$552 $625 
Farmers entering bull beef contracts with Riverlands Foods may receive up to 
$180 per calf to pass on to the rearer (dairy farmer) to cover the cost of rearing the 
calf to weaning. 
A further advance will also be made to help the farmer purchase the calf when 
weaned. These contracts are undertaken with specific clients of the company. 
see over page/or further contracts 
A-29 
AFFCo., N.Z. Ltd. (1990) 
AFFCo.' s Rearer's Weaner Calf Contract (Bull/Steers/Heifers) offered the 
following prices* for 85 to 100 kg calves ** between 15 October 1990 and 14 
December 1990: 
Bulls 
Steers 
Heifers 
285 to 325 c per kg 
270 to 300 c per kg 
270 to 285 c per kg 
* Price varies with breed of animal 
** of suitable health/quality 
The calves are passed on at purchase price, to growers. 
Phoenix Meats (1990) 
The Phoenix Calf Scheme involved a loan of up to $220 per head @ 10% 
interest, repayable at stock sale time. 
Source: M.A.F. 
A-30 
1.4.5 Cattle Prices - Prime Stock (Local Sales} 
Sales Information (3 main sale centres) to November 1990: 
Ranges represent the average prices * from sales at each centre over a two month 
period. 
Frankton Stortford Addington 
Dec 1989/Jan 1990: 
Steers $625-$1003 $700-$1025 $690-$1152 
Heifers $471-$687 $576-$795 $490-$776 
Cows $317-$742 $450-$705 $517-$817 
Feb/Mar 1990: 
Steers $582-$896 $553-$915 $630-$906 
Heifers $475-$690 $519-$728 $439-$668 
Cows $256-$672 $430-$688 $441-$664 
April/May: 
Steers $617-$901 $645-$894 $566-$904 
Heifers $446-$669 $531-$735 $443-$723 
Cows $218-$596 $415-$584 $443-$676 
June/July: 
Steers $654-$1009 $650-$947 $660-$1058 
Heifers $457-$730 $533-$759 $499-$769 
Cows $246-$727 $458-$675 $458-$739 
Aug/Sept: 
$1.52-$1.79** 
Steers $687-$1225 $720-$1081 
Heifers $481-$807 $560-$752 $1.48-$1.57 
Cows $327-$691 $420-$615 $1.10-$1.26 
Aug/Sep: 
$1.47-$1.70** Steers 
Heifers $1.46-$1.60 
Cows $1.00-$1.29 
Oct/Nov: 
Steers $1.43-$1.56** $631-$1094 $1.45-$1.69** 
Heifers $1.37-$1.44 $536-$745 $1.32-$1.45 
Cows $1.08-$1.56 $400-$656 $1.08-$1.22 
* The price ranges indicate the average for the lowest priced stock (of each type, 
** over a number of sales) and for the highest priced stock, respectively. 
Prime cattle are now sold on a dollar per kilogram liveweight at Frankton and 
Addington. 
Source: New Zealand Farmer 1989 and 1990 issues 
A-31 
1.4.6 Store and Breeding Cattle ~rices 
The following tables are a guide to the average prices paid for store and breeding 
cattle throughout the country. 
(i) Sales Information (3 main sale centres) to November 1990: 
Ranges represent the average prices * from sales at each centre over a 2 month period. 
Frankton Stortford Addington 
Dec 1989/Jan 1990: 
Adult steers $610-$772 $573-$844 to $750 
2yr steers $546-$701 $495-$644 $460-$640 
lyr steers $113-?$231 $453-$640 to $315 
Adult heifers to $530 $520-$575 
2yr heifers $343-$458 $375-$528 to $257 
lyr heifers $127-$255 $375-$528 to $257 
Feb/Mar 1990: 
Adult steers $573-$731 $600-$729 
2yr steers $436-$615 $430-$597 
lyr steers $187-$245 $316-$443 
Adult heifers to $782 
2yr heifers $388-$443 $340-$423 
lyr heifers $178-$221 $280-$348 
Apr/May: 
Adult steers $653-$737 $556-$722 $530-$637 
2yr steers $456-$626 $522-$669 $480-$571 
lyr steers $217-$325 $359-$461 $347-$475 
Adult heifers $380-$650 $478-$595 $425-$577 
2yr heifers $339-$480 $372-$497 $390-$480 
lyr heifers $184-$268 $276-$383 $283-$380 
Jun/Jlll: 
Adult steers $635-$776 $590-$719 
2yr steers $507-$667 $554-$695 $610-$657 
lyr steers $275-$4D4 $367-$549 $320-$444 
Adult heifers $430-$516 $600-$730 
2yr heifers $357-$431 $408-$540 $475-$515 
lyr heifers $194-$285 $275-$385 $308-$314 
Aug/Sep: 
Adult steers $717-$747 $670-$794 
2yr steers $476-$725 $573-$691 
lyr steers $273-$332 $343-$540 
Adult heifers $420-$505 
2yr heifers $423-$521 $425-$564 
lyr heifers $265-$405 $340-$447 
A-32 
Frankton Stortford Addington 
Oct/Nov: 
Adult steers $752-$782 $700-$739 
2yr steers $481-$755 $568-$715 
lyr steers $363-$561 $420-$610 
Adult heifers 
2yrheifers $378-$484 $436-$554 
lyr heifers $293-$402 $320-$448 
* The price ranges indicate the average for the lowest priced stock (of each type, over 
a number of sales) and for the highest priced stock, respectively. 
Source: "New Zealand Farmer" 1989 and 1990 issues 
(ii) Average Prices for Store Stock (N.Z. Regions) 1986 to 1990: 
Store 2.5 Year Steer Prices 
North/South Gisbome Manawatu Marlborough 
Auckland H.Bay WairaraI1a Canterb!!!'Y 
$ $ $ $ 
1986-87 550 490 480 
1987-88 420 440 
1988-89p 500 480 525 
1989-9Oe 665 630 660 
Store 1.5 Year Steer Prices 
North/South Gisbome Manawatu Marlborough 
Auckland H.Bay WairaraI!a Canterb!!!'Y 
$ $ $ $ 
1986-87 310 310 360 330 
1987-88 335 370 340 280 
1988-89p 380 360 390 360 
I 989-9Oe 470 500 520 480 
See over page for store weaner prices 
A-33 
Otago 
S'Land 
$ 
480 
470 
470 
550 
Otago 
S'Land 
$ 
370 
340 
480 
550 
Store Weaner Steer Prices 
North/South Gisbome Manawatu Marlborough Otago 
Auckland H.Bay WairaraI!a Canterbmy S'Land 
$ $ $ $ $ 
1986-87 110 250 240 240 320 
1987-88 135 230 230 185 210 
1988-89p 180 260 235 190 230 
1989-9Oe 290 400 370 350 310 
Store Weaner Heifer Prices 
North/South Gisbome Manawatu Marlborough Otago 
Auckland H.Bay Wairarapa Canterbmy S'Land 
$ $ $ $ $ 
1986-87 150 150 120 170 200 
1987-88 130 150 155 165 180 
1988-89p 170 260 130 140 170 
1989-9Oe 230 300 300 290 260 
Store 1.5 year Heifer Prices 
North/South Gisbome Manawatu Marlborough Otago 
Auckland H.Bay Wairarapa CanterQm:y S'Land 
$ $ $ $ $ 
1986-87 240 330 220 200 290 
1987-88 240 325 270 250 270 
1988-89p 245 350 295 300 300 
1989-9Oe 365 420 445 420 350 
Store Cow Prices 
North/South Gisbome Manawatu Marlborough Otago 
Auckland H.Bay Wairarapa Canterbury S'Land 
$ $ $ $ $ 
1986-87 280 240 470 210 
1987-88 445 310 280 
1988-89p 325 430 560 
1989-9Oe 480 500 585 
P = provisional 
e = estimate 
Source: New Zealand Meat and Wool Board's Economic Service. 
A-34 
(iii) N.Z. Average Purchase Price for 18 Month Steers/Heifers (1975 to 1990) 
$500~d,------------------------------------------, 
$450~d 
$400~d 
$350~d 
$300~d 
$250~d 
$200~d 
$150~d 
$1 OO~d -r-_-----'~-_r_ ?.. 
." 
,- ............ . 
............ 
.. ' 
.... ' . 
... ,.' 
, .... .,.. 
$50~d 
$O~d+--~--~~--4---r-~--~-+--~--+--+--+--~~ 
1975176 1977178 1979/80 1981182 1983/84 1985/86 1987/88 1989/90 
...?. .. Heilers 1 .5 Yr 
N.B. 1988/89 figures are provisional 
1989/90 figures are estimates 
-+- S1eers 1.5 Yr I 
Source: New Zealand Meat and Wool Board's Economic Service 
A-35 
1.5 DAIRY PRODUCE 
.1.5.1 Milkfat Price Trends (see also Section 1.1.1) 
Each season, the New Zealand Dairy Board announces an advance price to be paid, 
per kg of milkfat, to the Dairy Companies. This may be altered during the season. A 
final distribution is made at the end of the season, usually increasing the overall total 
payout price. 
The companies are paid by the N.Z. Dairy Board on the 20th of each month. After the 
companies have deducted their manufacturing and administrative costs, and have 
possibly withheld amounts for capital development, they pay the residual amount to 
their suppliers on the 20th of the month following delivery, plus a final payout after 
the season's end. 
(i) Dairy Company Payouts 
The following Dairy Company payouts are given as examples: 
Company Payout Payout Payout Payout Payout 
1985186 1986187 1987188 1988189 1989190 
Northland 386c!kg 330c!kg 382c!kg 567c!kg 595c!kg 
Waikato 400c!kg 361c!kg 415c!kg 577c!kg 640c!kg 
Kiwi 4OOc!kg 380c!kg 415c!kg 590c!kg 645c!kg 
Tui (Manawatu) 4OOc!kg 352c!kg 404c!kg 575c!kg 615c!kg 
Marlborough 377c!kg 314c!kg 368c!kg 557c!kg 605c!kg 
Alpine * (Tai Tapu) 395c!kg 288c/kg 385c!kg 51Oc!kg 580c!kg 
(Temuka) 412c!kg 343c!kg 
Otago Co-op 399c!kg 385c!kg 437c!kg 625c!kg 645c!kg 
* Tai Tapu and Temuka amalgamated as Alpine in 1987/88. 
(ii) N.Z. Average Payouts (Season Average Prices) 
The "season average" price quoted below is the average payout made by N.Z. Dairy 
Companies to their farm suppliers (the farm gate price for milkfat supplied that 
season). The "advance" payment is the average payment received by farmers for milk 
in the season in which it is supplied; in general the "fmal" payment being received the 
following season. 
Milk/at in wholemilkfor manufacture (cents per kg): 
1982183 1983184 1984185 1985186 1986187 1987188 
Advance- 302.7c 304.2c 337.3c 319.4c 296.3c 336.4c 
Final- 63.9c 60.Oc 69.1c 78.7c 58.3c 70.8c 
Season Average- 366.5c 364.2c 406.4c 398.1c 354.7c 406.8c 
(See over page for 1988 to 1991 payouts) 
A-36 
Advance 
Final-
1988189 
474c 
97c 
570c 
1989/90 
510 to 540c 
75 to 100c 
1990/91 
320 to 330c 
Season Average- 610 to 640c (630 av.) 
Sources: New Zealand Dairy Board; M.A.F. 
(iii) Average Payouts in Actual Dollars and in "Real" Dollars (Based on the 
Value of the Dollar in 1989). 
8 
$lkg 6 
Milkfat 
~ "'" 
I 'V' "-
./ - ""' r- """' ....... . ............ ~""'. :/.. "-"""\ 
4 
l ~ -'Real'(1989) Dollars 
Sources: New Zealand Dairy Board, M.A.F. 
1.5.2 Penalties for Poor Quality Milk 
Example: (as at July 1990) 
'..-- "-
-+- Actual Dollars Paid 
'- A'I 
V. ..... 
Marrinsville - Thames Valley and Waikata Dairy Co-op. have introduced a scheme 
where penalties are cumuiative within a six month period: 
Milk is now graded into only 2 categories: Finest milk, and Non-Finest. 
Penalties for non-finest milk range from 10% to 80% of the interim basic price set by 
the N.Z. Dairy Board at the start of the season. 
This range equated to 2c to 15.5c a litre earlier in the 1990/91 season with the Dairy 
Board price at $4 akg ofrnilkfat (19.2c a litre). 
Penalties accumulate within a six month period, after which "the slate is wiped clean" 
and the farmer begins again. 
The periods are June 1 to November 30, and December 1 to May 31. A farmer who is 
penalised for supplying non-finest milk on up to five occasions in a six month period 
will have 2c a litre deducted each time (10% penalty). Other deductions are: 6 to 10 
times in a 6-month period, 30% penalty (6c a litre); 11 to 15 times, 50% penalty (9.5c 
a litre); 16 or more times, 80% penalty (15.5c a litre). 
A-37 
Contamination: Milk contaminated by land cress or inhibitory substances is 
penalised at 80% of the interim basic price (15.5c a litre) for the first time. After that, 
the penalty is 100% or 19c a litre. Only the contamination penalty applies if a 
farmer's milk also tests as "non-finest" on the same day. 
The contamination penalty will be waived provided the supplying farmers notify the 
company of suspect milk before the tanker collects it. 
With contract milk (see Section 1.5.4, below) , the penalties apply to both the basic 
price and to the premium paid between April 1 and August 31. The standard plate 
count for finest quality contract milk must be no higher than 50,000 per ml. This is 
half the maximum 100,000 per ml allowed for other milk grading finest. 
Other maximum allowances for all milk of finest quality are: 
Thermodurics 
Sediment 
senses 
excess water 
colostrum 
cress 
inhibitory substances 
Source: Dairy Exporter, July 1990. 
1.5.3 Whole Milk for Town Supply 
5000 per ml 
none 
very fresh 
2.5% 
0.3% 
none 
0.0003 international units 
The payout price that individual Companies pay to their suppliers is normally 
confidential. 
In the North Island most town supply factories have amalgamated with the seasonal 
supply factories, and payouts to town milk suppliers are on a milkfat basis, varying 
between months and areas (see Winter Milk Contracts, over page). 
In the South Island the two industries are still separate at present 
One supplier expects to average 34.5 cents minimum per litre for quota milk for 
1990/91 (this is a weighted average). 29.5 cents per litre (minimum) is paid for the 
months of September to April and 44.25 cents per litre is paid for the months of May 
and August. The 1988/89 average price paid varied between approximately 28 and 38 
cents per litre over the season. Prices for surplus (over-quota) milk are usually based 
on factory supply milkfat prices, but may vary at different times of the year. 
The following represent the national average producer prices for finest grade at the 
farm gate and are expressed as cents per litre of wholemilk: 
1982/83 
23.0 
1983/84 
24.0 
1984/85 
26.8 
1985/86 
27.8 
Source: New Zealand Dairy Board 
A-38 
1986/87 
23.9 
1987/88 
25.0 
Winter Milk Contracts: (see also Section 1.5.2 for milk penalties.) 
N.Z. Dairy Group: 
This company contracts about 370 dairy farmers to supply winter mille Of these, 
233 had been in traditional town-milk dairying, and the rest are factory supply 
farmers who have altered their calving to suit the contract months of May, June 
and July. 
Quota milk during these months earns a premium of $7.50 a kg of milkfat 
equivalent. on top of the normal payout for manufacturing milk. 
Suppliers close to Auckland and Hamilton were chosen by the company. 
Source: Dairy Exporter October 1990. 
1.5.4 Dairy Cattle Sales 
Approximate prices for dairy cattle sales are presented below for four regions: 
Waikato 
Taranaki 
Manawatu 
Canterbury 
Waikato 
Taranaki 
Manawatu 
Canterbury 
Waikato 
Taranaki 
Manawatu 
Canterbury 
Rising 2yr In-Calf Heifers 
Winter 1990 
$600 
$500-$600 
$800 
$850 
Winter 1990 
. $850 
$800-$1300 
$900 
$850 
Summer 1990191 
$500 
$500 
$500 
$600 
Mixed-Age Cows 
Summer 1990191 
$570-$800 
$700 
$600 
$600 
Dairy Herd Clearing Sales 
Winter 1990 Winter 1991 (E) 
$800 $600 
$700-$1000 $630-$680 
$850 $550 
$850 $600 
See over page jor heifer price 
A-39 
Winter 1991 (E) 
$500 
$500 
$500 
$600 
Winter 1991 (E) 
$625 
$575-$680 
$600 
$600 
Rising 1yr Heifer Replacements 
Waikato 
Taranaki 
Manawatu 
Canterbury 
Winter 1990 Summer 1990191 
$480 $400 
$350 $300 
$400 $350 
$425 $300 
Winter 1991 (E) 
$350 
$280 
$300 
$275 
Heifer Calves (Spring) ? Replacement Stock 
Waikato 
Taranaki 
Manawatu 
Canterbury 
Winter 1990 Winter 1991 (E) 
$130-$150 $110 
$1/BI Point $l/BI Point 
$200 $175 
$230 $270 
Note: * (E) = Estimate. 
* A simple formula sometimes used to help in the valuation of dairy cows is 
to multiply the price of milkfat (per kg) by 110. 
1.5.5 Bobby calves (Refer also to Section 1.4.3) 
(i) Spring 1990: 
Farmers were receiving $100 to $120 ($50 to $90 in 1989) per head for four day 
old calves sold for rearing. The price depended on district, and sex, breed and 
weight of calL 
(ii) Bobby Calf Pool Average Price per Calrat Farm Gate:(1985/86 to 1989190) 
1985/86 
$34.30 
1986187 
$25.80 
1987188 
$35.70 
1988189 1989/90 
$46.00 (see '" below) 
'" 
Full payment for bobby calves for the 1989-90 season was $3.40 a kg on a 
bone-in, hot weight basis, or $45 to $85 a head (Dairy Meats NZ). 
(iii) Dairy Meats N.Z. paid (from October 1990) an advance of $2 a kg based on 
bone-in, hot weight at the freezing works scales. 
(Source: Dairy Exporter. September 1990.) 
1.5.6 Cow Beef 
- See Section 1.4.3 (if) 
A-40 
1.6 DEER PRODUCTION 
1.6.1 Venison Schedule (Ex~ort} 
Schedule infonnation is available weekly from a number of sources. 
Below is an example for the week beginning December 3.1990: 
Gross Venison Prices Offered: (dollars per kg carcase weight) 
Weight AFFCo Fortexl Mair Venison N.Z. PPCSI 
range Summit G.Fds 
kg $ $ $ $ $ 
Grade Stag Hind 
AP Up to 35 2.30 2.45 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.80 
AP 35 to 40 3.05 3.40 3.00 3.00 2.90 3.90 
AP 40 to 45 3.85 3.40 3.70 3.80 3.80 3.90 
AP 45 to 50 4.65 4.20 4.50 4.50 4.40 4.70 
AP 50 to 55 5.45 5.20 5.30 5.35 5.20 5.10 
AP 55 to 60 5.45 5.20 5.45 5.35 5.20 5.10 
AP 60 to 65 5.45 5.20 5.45 5.35 5.20 5.10 
AP 65 to 70 5.45 5.10 5.30 5.35 5.20 5.10 
AP 70 to 75 5.45 5.10 5.10 5.15 5.00 5.30 
AP 75 to 80 5.45 5.10 5.10 5.15 5.00 5.30 
AP 85 to 90 5.45 5.00 5.00 5.15 5.00 5.30 
AP 90 to 100 5.45 5.00 5.00 5.15 5.00 5.30 
AFI/AT 55 to 70 3.80 3.30 3.60 3.80 3.40 
AF2 Mid weight 3.10 2.80 2.50 3.00 2.70 
Fallow ~chedule: 
(gross dollars per kg carcase weight) 
Grade- AP 
Age- under 24 months over 24 months 
Weight- 22 kg 24 kg 25 kg 26+ kg <25 kg >25 kg 
"Game Meats" $5.40 $5.55 $5.55 $5.55 $5.00 $5.00 
"Mair" $5.65 $5.75 $6.00 $6.00 $4.30 $4.50 
Note: The Game Industry Board Levy (28c/kg) has been deducted. 
Source: N.Z. Farmer December 5 1990 
A-41 
1.6.2 Venison Price Trends (see also Section 1.1.1) 
(i) Venison Schedule prices 1986 ? 1990 
1986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 
(E) 
$6.90 
$6.70 
Grade AP2 (50?70 kg) ($Ikg) 
Weighted ave ? ? all grades ($/kg) 
E = Estimate (as at April 1990 ) 
$6.20 
$5.80 
$5.80 
$5.40 
$6.00 
$5.80 
Source: "Situation and Outlook for N.Z. Agriculture" M.A.F. Corp (April 1990) 
(ii) Graph of Average Schedule Price for AP Grade Venison (60 kg Animal) 
1988 to 1990. 
$4701hd 
$8/kg 
$220Ihd 
$170Ihd 
$3/kg 
$1201hd LL..L..Ll...Ll...L.L.L-'-',.L.L.L.L-.L.L-.L.L-LL-LL,..u.-L.J.....L.l....L.l....L.l~ $2Ikg 
1988 1989 1990 
- 60kg AP Venison 
Sources: Uncoln University; "NZ. Farmer" 1988?1990 
A?42 
1.6.3 Velvet 
A verage Pool Prices for Velvet 
(i) South Island: 
December 1990* January 1991 
* 
Grade $ per kilogram $ per kilogram 
Super A $149- $170 $159- $161 
Al&2 $129- $135 $136- $141 
Bl&2 $ 89 - $113 $121- $126 
Cl&2 $ 73 - $ 93 $105- $111 
D $ 56 - $ 63 $ 69 - $ 78 
E $ 27 - $ 51 $ 51 - $ 58 
Manufacturing $ 17 - $ 31 $ 19 - $22 
Taiwan 1 $101- $120 $ 93 - $96 
2 $ 71 - $110 $ 83 - $ 86 
3 $ 51 - $74 $ 76 - $82 
4 $ 67 - $72 $ 69 - $ 71 
Spiker $44- $ 53 $44- $ 48 
Regrowth $ 1 - $ 7 $ 24- $46 
Overgrown $ 41 - $ 50 $ 51 - $ 55 
Damaged $40- $ 53 $ 60 - $62 
Killed $ 18 $14 
Elk Wapiti $159 $157 - $172 
* The averages are the results from different groups from 6 pools in the 
month of December and 3 pools in January. 
(ii) North Island: 
December 1990** January 1991 
** 
Grade $ per kilogram $ per kilogram 
Super A 157 158 
Al and 2 139 134 
Bland 2 124 120 
C 1 and 2 105 97 
D 83 84 
E 57 57 
Manufacturing 18 20 
Taiwan 1 113 93 
2 113 79 
3 88 81 
4 70 N/A 
A-43 
December 1990 January 1991 
Grade $ per kilogram $ per kilogram 
Spiker 66 46 
Regrowth 12 15 
OverGrown 76 60 
Damaged 75 62 
** The North Island prices are taken/rom one pool in each month from sales 
in Hastings. 
Note: All prices net of: * $5 Game Industry Board Levy per kg of green velvet. 
* $4 per kg grading fee. 
* a standard 3.5% commission fee. 
1.6.4 1989/90 Season Velvet Price Ranges 
During the 1989/90 season, velvet prices ranged from $235 per kg to $326 per kg for 
the highest quality Super A grade and from $120 to $160 per kg for the lower C 
grades. An average price of $160 per kg was paid over all grades. 
Source: M.A.F. Farm Monitoring Report. December 1990. 
1.6.5 Pool Prices for "Alf Grade Velvet 1975 to 1989 
=f?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ................................ ~ 
~5_??????????????????????????????????? 
$10O/kg 
$5011<g 
$OIkg~~~ __ L-~~ __ L--L~ __ ~-L~L-~~~ 
~ n n n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ U ~ U ~ 
Years 
I - At:fI. Price Received - I"flat Adjust Price 
Source: "Situation and Outlook for New Zealand Agriculture 1989" M.A.F. Corp. April 1989 
A-44 
1.6.6 Deer? Live Sales 
Livestock prices vary markedly through the year and between districts. 
The following are expected national average prices for 1991. 
Adult hinds 
Yearling hinds 
Weaner Hinds 
Stags (velveting) 
S tags (breeding) 
- Top quality, TB accredited breeding hinds about 
$330 to $400. 
- most other hinds $250 to $280 
- older/poorer hinds on meat value. 
- $250 to $300 (Tb accredited) 
- $100 to $150 
- Average $500 
- Average $2000 to $3000, up to $5000 for good animals. 
Above this, on animal's merits (top stags to $50,000). 
Rising 2 Yr Old Stags - Average $255 to $270 ($3/kg liveweight) 
Weaner Stags - Average $150 to $180 ($3/kg liveweight) 
Vep! little demand is expected for animals under 40 kg liveweight this year. 
Sources: MAP. Monitoring Report, December 1990; Wrightson's Christchurch; Various. 
A-45 
1.7 GOAT PRODUCTION 
1.7.1 Introduction 
Production from goats can be divided into three categories: Meat (chevon), milk and 
fibres. In conjunction with these, goats can be employed as a viable alternative in 
weed control. 
(i) 1990 Prices: 
Weight 
kgC.W. 
8 
12 
16 
20 
Fortex 
$8.40 
$15.60 
$20.80 
$16.00 
Note: C.W. = Carcass Weight 
AFFCo 
$1.59 
$7.41 
$11.21 
$13.41 
Source: "N.Z Farmer", December 1990 
(ii) Prices in Past Seasons: 
1989190 average price was $11.47 (for a 12 kg carcass), ranging from about 
$8.20 to $12.90. 
1988189 average price was $9.76, for a 12 kg carcass. 
Source: "N.Z.Farmer", September 1989 
1.7.3 Goat Milk 
Milk for processing is fetching between 58 and 80 cents per litre in the North Island, 
depending on the type of product that is to be manufactured. Most milk is converted 
to milk powder (mainly for export), UHT milk and specialised goat milk infant 
formula (powder). The price paid for milk intended for cheese processing tends to be 
higher than that for other products. 
Raw milk is marketed privately, by producers, through supermarket and delicatessen 
outlets or, alternatively, by co-operatives. Price is very variable and depends almost 
entirely on local supply and demand. 
A-46 
1.7.4 Goat Fibre 
(i) Mohair Production 
Market demand for 'low kemp' mohair is reflected in the prices paid. 
The following are the average prices ($NZ per kg fleece) for mohair as at 
December 1990 (and 1989): 
Grade 
A Super Fine kid 
B Super Fine Kid 
A 2nd Super Fine Kid 
A Kid 
A 2nd Kid 
A Young Goat 
A 2nd Young Goat 
B Young Goat 
B 2nd Young Goat 
A Crossbred Young Goat 
A Adult 
B Adult 
A 2nd Adult 
(ii) Cashgora Production 
A verage Price $NZlkg 
1990 1989 
$12.70 $19.50 
$4.19 $9.80 
$8.00 $10.00 
$8.70 $11.50 
$6.00 $7.55 
$5.40 $9.00 
$5.00 $5.40 
$8.00 $6.00 
$3.00 $5.00 
$1.50 $4.70 
$4.70 $5.50 
$4.10 $4.50 
$4.49 $5.00 
Cashgora production is showing rapid growth, now accounting for over 50% of 
the NZ Mohair/Cashmere Warehouse Company's fibre sales. 
Cashgora yields from G4 goats range from 0.7 to 1.5 kg per goat. 
The following are the prices obtained for cashgora as at December 1990 (and 
1989): 
Grade: 
CashgoraA 
CashgoraB 
CashgoraC 
CashgoraD 
GY/BR (coloured) Cashgora 
A-47 
1990 
$/kg 
$40.00 
$25.00 
$10.00 
$15.00 
$10.00 
1989 
$/kg 
$54.32 
$34.36 
$15.76 
$22.95 
$15.00 
(iii) Cashmere Production 
Feral goats are typically shearing a fleece of about 300 grams per head per year of 
which approximately 100 grams is saleable 'Down' cashmere. 
The following are prices obtained for cashmere as at December 1990 (and 1989): 
Prices are quoted in SUS per kg Down (not fleece}. The NZ$lkg fleece price is 
calculated by: 
SUS down x US exchange rate == $NZ down 
NZ$I kg down x yield = $NZ! kg fleece 
Yield == % down fibres to guard hair on a weight basis (not number 
offibres) 
1990 Prices 
Line: SUS/kg $NZlkg $NZlkg 
Down. .. Down Fleece 
(@40% Yield) 
WIN! $70.00 $116.00 $46.00 
\VW2 $50.00 $83.00 $33.00 
WCI $70.00 $116.00 $46.00 
We2 $50.00 $83.00 $33.00 
GYI $50.00 $83.00 $33.00 
GY2 $40.00 $67.00 $27.00 
BR 1 $50,00 $83.00 $33.00 
BR2 $40.00 $67.00 $27.00 
.. SUS : $NZ == 0.5995 
1989 Prices 
Line: 
$US/klf.", 
$NZ!kg $NZlkg 
Down Dow1: Fleece 
WWl $108.62 $183.86 $54.56 
WW2 $79.96 $135.34 $47.86 
WCI $96,61 $163.53 $59.92 
WC2 $73.96 $125.19 $32.21 
GY I $94.45 $159.87 $33.64 
GY2 $72.11 $122.03 $31.00 
BR 1 $79.11 $133.35 $24.66 
BR2 $72.11 $122.05 $26.02 
** SUS : $NZ == 0.5908 
Source: J.Fegan, NZ Mohair Cashmere Warehouse Co. Ltd. 
A-48 
1.7.5 Goat Fibre Price Trends 
Table of Fibre Prices 1986 to 1990: 
1986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 
(E) 
$5.15 
$30.00 
$140.00 
Mohair (Fleece) (per kg) 
Cashgora (Fleece) (per kg) 
Cashmere (Down) (per kg) 
$7.70 
$27.57 
$96.20 
$5.20 
$28.80 
$128.90 
$5.06 
$29.77 
$145.58 
Note: Prices are average Auction/Contract prices. 
E = Estimate (as at April 1990) 
Source: "Situation and Outlook for N.Z. Agriculture" M.A.F. Corp (April 1990) 
1.7.6 Goat Livestock Sales 
Typical prices in December 1990 were as follows (virtually unchanged from 
December 1989): 
Does - Pure-bred angora 
- Grade one 
- Grade two 
- Grade 3 and 4 
- Feral 
Wethers - Pure-bred 
- Grade 
$70 to $1000 
$ 25 to $70 
$ 15 to $30 
$ 5 to $20 
$ 5 to $10 
$15 to $40 
$ 5 to $15 
Bucks - Pure-bred $70 to $250 
(kids - $50 to $200) 
(kids - $15 to $ 50) 
(kids - $15 to $ 30) 
(kids - $ 5 to $ 20) 
- Cashmere & Cashgora $100 to $250 with some sales to $2800 
Better quality farmed feraIs are now fetching $20 to $30. 
Average prices for cashmere-bearing does $100 to $150. 
Source: J.Fegan, NZ Mohair/Cashmere Warehouse Co. Ltd. 
A-49 
1.8 PIG PRODUCTION 
1.8.1 Pork Prices 
The Pork Marketing Board has set a minimum price to maintain the viability of pig 
production. The Canterbury Frozen Meat Company operates at this schedule, as set 
out below (28 January 1991): 
Weight ranges and payments based on "on hooks", "hot" carcase wt., cents per kg 
(net). These prices are subject to change at short notice. 
CODE A B C D E 
under 35 35.0-40.0 405-45.0 45.5-50.0 50.5-55.0 
kg kg kg kg kg 
Fat 
Measure cents cents cents cents cents 
Z Under 6 mm 115 115 U5 115 115 
1 6 - 9 300 330 330 315 315 
2 10 - 12 290 315 315 305 300 
3 13 - 16 195 205 225 245 285 
4 17 - 18 155 155 155 150 165 
5 19 - 21 110 110 110 110 110 
6 22- 24 100 100 100 100 100 
7 Over 24 100 100 100 100 100 
CODE F G H I 
J 
55.5-60 60.5-65.0 65.5-70.0 70.5-75.0 Over 75.0 
kg kg kg kg kg 
Fat 
Measure cents cents cents cents cents 
Z Under 6 115 115 115 115 115 
1 6 - 9 305 305 305 305 265 
2 10 - 12 300 300 300 300 265 
3 13 - 16 295 295 295 295 260 
4 17 - 18 225 245 245 245 195 
5 19 - 21 130 160 160 160 150 
6 22- 24 100 100 100 100 100 
7 Over 24 100 100 100 100 100 
Over 80 kg Manufacturing Payment Applies (Chopper): 18Oc/kg (head off). 
Deductions (per pig) include the Pork Industry Council Administration Levy and Pork 
Marketing Board Stabilisation Levy (combined, $4.50), Federated Farmers Levy 
($0.0184), Meat Inspection Levy ($2.50), to make a total of $7.02 per pig. 
A-50 
1.8.2 Pig Sales (Local Market} 
A lot of pork is sold to the local fresh meat market. Most weaners and store pigs are 
sold between farmers by private contract with prices based on the schedules for 
slaughter pigs. Breeding stock are marketed similarly with premiums for stock with a 
Performance Testing background. A limited number of all classes of stock are sold at 
auction through saleyards. 
The following table is a guide to average pig prices * in 1990 from the three main 
selling centres (summarised from the livestock pages published in the N.Z. Farmer): 
Porkers Baconers Choppers Weaners 
$ $ $ $ 
Dec/Jan: 
Frankton 101-148 148-209 125-230 47-77 
Addington 106-152 162-206 150-240 37-62 
Levin 120-144 144-154 140-180 50-67 
FeblMar: 
Frankton 88-142 153-299 114-231 31-64 
Addington 107-147 160-202 165-222 42-69 
Levin 85-124 149-173 131-199 36-61 
AprlMay: 
Frankton 88-140 153-193 126-239 29-90 
Addington 115-148 164-206 150-222 51-74 
Levin 95-141 128-160 113-157 33-61 
JunlJuly: 
Frankton 97-147 143-186 132-227 40-75 
Addington 115-159 170-209 152-265 60-85 
Levin 95-152 130-165 136-197 47-73 
Aug/Sept: 
Frankton 107-148 164-198 125-238 44-86 
Addington 126-170 180-218 18S-31O 55-S1 
Levin 112-144 144-170 175-205 44-75 
OctINov: 
Frankton 106-151 15S-215 133-310 42-S6 
Addington 
Levin 136-173 180-190 193-241 45-65 
* The price range indicates the average for the lowest priced stock (in each class, 
for a number 0/ sales) and/or the highest priced stock, respectively. 
Source: "N.l. Farmer" 1989 to 1990 issues. 
A-51 
1.9 CROPS 
1.9.1 Wheat 
1990/91 Contract Prices: 
(i) Elders Pastoral 1990/91 Contracts: 
Milling Wheat $290 per tonne delivered Christchurch. 
Feed Wheat $245 per tonne delivered Christchurch. 
(ii) Goodman Fielder Wattie Fixed Price Contracts for the 1990/91 season: 
Premium Wheat
a 
$290 per tonne
b 
delivered to Christchurch. 
a. High Protein Durum Wheat 
b. Actual price payahle depends on the quality 0/ the wheat. 
(iii) Defiance Flour Mills Ltd. (1991 Harvest): 
A.S. W. Floating Price Contract': 
The price will fluctuate in accordance with Aratex advice
d 
but will be held 
at a Guaranteed Minimum of $270 per tonne (for 100 Points
e
) should the 
fluctuations fall below this amount. 
Fixed Price Contract': 
The Fixed Price will be $290 per tonne (relating to MDD 25 with 11 % 
proteine). 
C Storage Payments are incremented by 1% per month, beginning in April. 
For example, wheat stored until the end 0/ June would receive the contract 
price (say $290) plus 3% ($8). 
d Aratex Management provides prices/or floating price contracts, based on 
trends of ASW wheat prices. 
e The Total Index Points will be the sum 0/ the MDD points and the protein 
points: 
MDD Points MDD Points Protein 
18 82 25 89 Points as per 
19 83 26 90 protein test, 
20 84 27 91 /orexample 
21 85 28 92 11.7 % test 
22 86 29 93 equals 11.7 
23 87 30 94 points. 
24 88 
A-52 
(iv) Manawatu Wheat Prices: 
Manawatu Mills: For premium wheat delivered to the mills, fixed or variable 
price contracts had a base price of $320 per tonne (100 points). The base price 
for biscuit wheat was $300 per tonne( Source: "N.Z. Farmer", August 1990.) ? 
Feed wheat in the Manawatu is expected to fetch somewhere in the range of 
$260 to $290 per tonne depending on quality and demand. 
Private buyers in Manawatu are paying $295 per tonne (ex paddock) this season 
for feed wheat. 
(v) Hawkes Bay Wheat Prices: 
Prices in the Hawkes Bay region are expected to be as follows: 
Milling Wheat $315 per tonne delivered to the flour mill. 
Feed Wheat $290 per tonne delivered to merchant store. 
Note: General Information: 
Advance payments are made in some contracts (a percentage at sowing, more 
at harvest, with a final payment in the following September) and storage 
increments are also paid by some companies. 
Wheat Price Trends (see also Section 1.1.1). 
(;) World Trends 1970 to 2000 ($US per tonne) 
The graph shows average world wheat prices * for 1970-1989 and forecasts for 
1990-2000. The prices are in inflation-adjusted U.S. dollars per tonne, based on 
the value of the U.S. dollar in 1985. That is, the forecast values are reported after 
future inflation has been removed. The forecast prices represent averages only. 
Price 300 
(1985 U.S.$It) 
250 
200 
150 
100 ......................................... . 
* Wheat description: Canadian No.1 Western Red Spring, basis in store. 
Source: Lincoln University 
A-53 
(ii) N.Z. Milling Wheat Price Trends 1971 to 1992 
Graph of Prices 1971 to 1991 (Harvest Years) 
"Nominal" dollars are what New Zealand growers were actually paid each harvest 
year; "Real" dollars are based on the value of the $NZ in 1990 and are adjusted 
for inflation. 
$5001t.------------------------------------------, 
$S001t 
$4001t 
$3001t 
$2001t 
$1001t 
$01t~J-~_L_L_L~~~~ __ L_L_l_~~~_L_L_L_L~ 
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 
Year 
~ Nominal 
-t-Rea~J 
Source: Lincoln University 
1991192 Price Expectations: (see also Section.l.l.l) 
Prices for miiling wheat for the 1992 harvest are expected to be in the order of 
$250 per tonne (based on current world prices). 
Source: M.A.F. Farm Monitoring Report, December 1990. 
A-54 
1.9.2 Barley 
1990/91 Contract Prices: 
Malting 
(i) The Canterbury New Zealand Malting Company contract price for No.1 Grade 
Malting barley for the 1990/91 harvest is $250 per tonne in the South Island 
(delivered Heathcote) or $240 per tonne (delivered Rakaia or Ashburton). and 
$285 per tonne in the North Island (delivered Marton). 
For barley with a screening percentage greater than 5%, the following penalties 
will apply: 
$1.00 per 1 % over 5% up to and including 10% (S.I.) and 15% (N.I.). 
Where the malting company requires the contracted grower to store the barley. a 
storage increment will be paid at the rate of $10.00 per tonne for delivery during 
the month of May and a further $3.10 per tonne per month thereafter to 
December. Where the company requires the barley to be stored. the contract 
price will be paid following delivery and grading. 
(ii) Farmlands Grain Fixed Price Contract for malting barley is $250 per tonne 
delivered port. A pool is also available. 
(iii) Elders Pastoral are also offering $250 per tonne for the 1990/91 harvest. 
Feed 
(i) Contracts offered by one Grower Co-operative are $194 per tonne (1991 
harvest). 
(ii) Elders Pastoral price is $185 per tonne in the 1990/91 season in Canterbury. 
(iii) Goodman Fielder Wattie (South Island) Feed Barley Contract 1990/91 is $194 
per tonne. 
(iv) Hawkes Bay growers can expect to receive from $235 to $242 per tonne for 
feed barley this season. 
(iv) Feed Barley in the Manawatu will fetch about $245 - $250 per tonne (ex 
paddock). 
Seed 
Contract price for seed barley in 1990/91 will average about $20 per tonne more 
than malting or feed prices i.e. $205 per tonne for feed and $270 per tonne for 
malting cultivars. 
A-55 
Barley Price Trends (see also Section 1.1.1). 
(i) Barley/Maize Price - World Trends 1970 to 2000: 
An indication of the world market performance of barley is the world maize price. 
The graph shows average world maize prices * for 1970-1989 and forecasts for 
1990-2000. The prices are in inflation adjusted U.S. dollars per tonne, based on the 
value of the U.S. dollar in 1985. That is, the forecast values are reported after 
future inflation has been removed. The forecast prices represent averages only. 
250~------------------------------~ 
200 
Price 
(1985 U.S.$It) 
150 
100 ................................................................................................. . 
* Maize Description: U.S. No.2, Yellow, f.o.b. Gulf ports. 
Source: Lincoln University 
see over page for N.Z. price trends 
A-56 
(U) N.Z. Malting Barley Prices 1971?1991 
Graph of Contract Prices 1971 to 1991 (Harvest Years): 
"Nominal" dollars are what New Zealand growers were actually paid each 
harvest year; "Real" dollars are based on the value of the $NZ in 1990 and are 
adjusted for inflation. 
$60011 
$50011 
$40011 
$30011 
$20011 
$10011 
...................... ~ .. = ... "". _. _-=-:-=:c.,.,. 
$Oll~~-L-L-L-L~~~L-L-L-L-~~~-L-L-L-L~~ 
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 86 89 90 91 
Year 
~ Nominal --I- Real I 
Source: Lincoln University 
(iii) N.Z. Feed Barley Prices 1971-1992 
Graph o/Contract Prices 1971 to 1991 (Harvest Years): 
$60011 ...,.----------------------, 
$50011 
$400/1 
$30011 
$20011 
$10011 
-...... __ ................................................................................... , ................... . 
$OJt~L-L-~~~-L-L-L~~~L-~~~-L-L~ 
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 
Year 
~ Nominal --I- Real I 
A-57 
1991/92 Price Expectation: (see also Section 1.1.1) 
Prices for Feed Badey for the 1992 harvest are expected to be in the order of 
$180 per tonne (based on current world prices). 
Source: M.A.F. Farm Monitoring Report, December 1990. 
1.9.3 Oats 
(i) Farmlands Grain offered growers in the South Otago/Southland regions a 
Fixed Price Contract of $240 per tonne. 
(U) Elders Pastoral are offering $220 per tonne for the 1990/91 harvest. 
(iii) Fleming and Co. (Gore) have contracts (1990/91) for $215 per tonne 
(screenings and moisture not to exceed 10% and 15% respectively), A 
deduction of 1 % (i.e.$2.l5) per tonne is made for every 1 % screenings above 
4%. Storage increments are also paid to growers. 
1.9.4 Peas 
The prices offered for peas in bulk grown under contract for the 1990/91 harvest are: 
1. Field peas - Prussian peas $330 per tonne field dressed (F.D.). 
- Marrowfat peas (F.D.) 
Premium $500 per tonne 
No.1 Grade $430 per tonne 
F.A.Q. (Fair Average Quality) $410 per tonne 
2. Garden peas - Av. $440 per tonne machine dressed (M.D.) 
Massey $500 per tonne (M.D.) 
Onward $450 per tonne (M.D.) 
Freezer Varieties $430 per tonne (M.D.) 
Note: Growers are recompensed for sacks if the crop is sold bagged rather t.ltall 
bulie 
3. Freezer peas - Wattie Frozen Foods Ltd. 
Grade Tenderometer 
o 
1 
2 
Reading 
not exceeding 90 
90 to 95 
95 to 100 
'" see over page 
* Canterbury 
440.70 
409.60 
373.00 
A-58 
$ per tonne packed 
weight 
Manawatu 
423.70 
385.90 
Hawkes 
Bay 
437.80 
398.80 
Peas cont. 
3 100 to 105 336.60 345.10 356.60 
4 105 to 110 302.70 313.50 323.90 
5 110 to 115 290.00 300.00 310.00 
6 115 to 120 268.70 278.10 287.40 
7 120 to 130 245.00 253.40 261.90 
Note: Freezer pea crops that are passed over are paid for at a previously 
agreed rate. 
* For crops planted after 20 October, an additional $2.50 to $4.40 per tonne 
will be paid (depending on tenderometer reading) for each day until 
November 4th when the maximum accumulation will be reached 
(Canterbury only). 
4. Processing Peas - Grower Foods Ltd. (Hawkes Bay) 
Grade 1 
2 
3 
4 
1.9.5 Maize 
1991 Harvest: 
$420,()()/t 
$385.oo/t 
$355.00/t 
$323.00/t 
Grade 5 $31O.00/t 
6 $287.00/t 
7 $262.00/t 
(A verage is Grade 5) 
(i) One grower co-operative offers Fixed Price Contracts for 1990/91 varying, 
region, from $235 (Gis borne) to $260 (Bay of Plenty) and $270 (Waikato) per 
tonne. 
(ii) Wrightsons Maize contracts for 1990/91 iil. the Manawatu region are offedng 
$250 per tonne at the dryer. These are back to back contracts. 
(iii) Private buyers are paying up to $255 per tonne dry weight. 
(iv) Gisborne growers can expect to get between $235 and $250 per dry tonne, 
depending on cultivar, for Feed Maize this season. 
(v) Maize growers in Hawkes Bay will be paid approximately $235 to $240 per 
tonne for their crop delivered to the merchant's store. 
World Price Trends: See Section 1.9.2. 
A-59 
1.9.6 Ryecorn 
The price paid for ryecorn in the 1990/91 season is $310 per tonne (Elders Pastoral) 
1.9.7 Lentils 
Fixed Price Contracts for the 1990/91 harvest are set at $550 per tonne. There is a 
pool system in action but returns for this are unsure at present. (Elders Pastoral) 
1.9.8 Triticale 
1990/1991 harvest price for triticale delivered to Christchurch is $220 per tonne. 
(Elders Pastoral) 
1.9.9 Oilseed Rape 
Oilseed Rape/Soyabean Price? World Trends 1970 to 2000 
An indication of the world market performance for oilseed rape is the world soyabean 
price. 
The graph shows average world soyabean prices * for 1970-1989 and forecasts for 
1990-2000. The prices are in inflation adjusted U.S. dollars per tonne, based on the 
value of the U.S. dollar in 1985. That is, the forecast values are reported after future 
inflation has been removed. The forecast prices represent averages only. 
600 -.. . .................... . 
500 \. 
400 ....... . .. "',,\ ........................ . 
Price 
(1985 U.S.$It) \r/ 
300 
200 
Year 
* Soybean Description: U.S., c.iJ. Rotterdam. 
Source: Lincoln University 
A-60 
1.10 SMALL SEEDS 
The price paid for small seeds is based on machine dressed weights which depend on 
the purity of the seed line. Prices are very variable and depend a lot on the region and 
season. The following prices are for first generation certified seed prices paid to the 
grower, as at December 1990, in Canterbury and Manawatu. It is expected that, due to 
the climatic conditions, prices for many of these lines will be higher in the coming 
months. 
J.I0.1 Pasture Grasses 
Ryegrasses: 
Ariki 
Concord 
Corvett 
Droughtmaster 
Ellett 
Manawa 
Moata 
Nui 
Paroa 
Ruanui 
Tama 
Yatsyn 
Others: 
Matua Prairie Grass 
RoaFescue 
Phalaris 
Kahu Timothy 
Massey Basyn (Yorkshire Fog) 
Wana Cocksfoot (pool price) 
1.10.2 Turf Species 
Turf Ryegrasses 1991 harvest 
Canterbury 
$/kg 
.80-.95 
1.20 
1.20 
1.25 
1.20 
.90-1.00 
1.40-1.50 
.95-1.25 
.90-1.00 
.90-1.05 
1.20-1.60 
1.20 
.70-1.30 
4.40-5.00 
1.30-2.00 
3.00-3.50 
$2.50 
Turf Fescues 
1992 harvest (estimate) 
1991 harvest 
1992 harvest (estimate) 
Crested Dogstail 
Browntop 
Egmont Brown Top 
Fescue (lawn) 
Yarrow 
A-61 
Manawatu 
$/kg 
1.20 
1.10 
1.20-1.30 
.90-1.00 
.90 
1.00 
.90 
1.50 
3.50 
Canterbury 
$lkg) 
1.40-1.70 
1.20-1.50 
1.45-1.85 
1.20-1.50 
2.50-2.75 
4.50-6.00 
6.00 
4.00 
12.00-15.00 
1.10.3 Legumes 
Lotus: 
Maku 
Corniculatus 
Clover Seed: 
Huia 
Kopu 
Pawera 
Pitau 
Tahora 
Hamua Broad Red 
Turoa Montgomery Red 
Lucerne: 
Wairau 
Oranga 
1.10.4 Brassicas 
Kale: 
Medium Stemmed 
Giant 
Turnips: 
Swedes: 
Rape: 
Arran 
Rangi 
Winifred (not in production this season) 
A-62 
10.00-11.00 
7.00-11.00 
3.40-3.60 
4.50 
6.50-10.00 
3.50-3.80 
3.90 
2.00-2.60 
1.75-2.50 
5.00-6.50 
7.50 
2.00-5.00 
5.00 
1.40 
1.40 
1.00 
.70-1.00 
1.11 FRUIT PRODUCTION 
Prices paid to growers for fruit vary markedly (sometimes by several hundred percent) 
both within and between years and between districts. They vary daily and are very 
much dependent on climate and the subsequent effect on both availability and quality 
of fruit offered for sale. Both the location of property in relation to population 
centres, and the amount of produce that an individual producer provides over the 
course of a season influence prices received. Whether the produce is for local 
consumption or for export is another major influence. 
1.11.1 Fruit Prices? Domestic Market 
a) 1990 Fruit Prices? Auckland Wholesale Market 
(N.B. all prices are $ per case except strawberries, $ per carton) 
Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct 
Avocados 35.80 31.55 29.95 50.15 74.75 56.05 36.50 27.95 20.85 21.50 
GIHGrapes 54.40 40.50 29.45 28.50 27.80 32.10 29.50 
Kiwifruit 12.45 10.85 9.90 7.90 3.10 4.70 6.30 7.35 9.05 9.80 
Lemons 16.00 19.20 20.80 15.80 7.20 4.95 4.70 5.25 8.60 
Oranges 7.25 13.00 13.55 14.25 12.05 13.25 9.75 11.30 
Peaches 12.70 13.30 20.10 
Strawberries 28.45 22.10 35.60 40.35 20.30 
Tamarillos 34.85 17.55 17.85 14.20 12.20 14.65 19.35 16.05 
Mandarins 27.00 19.65 26.25 31.40 19.35 16.40 
Source: "Horticultural News" 1990 issues 
b) 1989 Fruit Prices -Auckland Wholesale Market 
(N.B. all prices are $ per case except strawberries, $ per carton) 
Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 
Avocados 26.70 33.90 69.10 79.00 84.25 33.95 28.20 3750 34.40 26.00 
GIHGrapes 2455 27.35 31.80 40.60 47.50 555 4.25 5.35 
Kiwifruit 8.80 6.75 855 5.95 10.35 10.05 11.35 13.30 15.40 13.35 
Lenwns 13.85 15.90 7.45 7.90 8.95 12.35 14.00 11.95 17.85 
Oranges 12.10 1255 1555 9.75 10.65 14.30 14.65 2050 2150 
Peaches 22.00 
Strawberries 28.45 22.45 35.00 38.00 22.25 19.60 21.20 
Tamarillos 13.45 19.40 12.70 20.95 12.80 19.80 2155 27.35 37.00 
Mandarins 18.40 15.25 21.35 26.05 26.20 23.25 1855 
Source: "Horticultural News' 1989 issues 
A-63 
1.11.2 Apples (see also Section 1.1.1) 
Apples for Export: ?(Source: N.z. Apple and Pear Marketing Board) 
(i)Towl Payment to Growers: 1990,1989 (Fancy Average Payment, by Variety) 
Variety 1990 Final 1989 Final 
$ITCE (18.5 kg) $ITCE 
Akane 12.39 10.08 
Albany Beauty 10.99 6.82 
Ballaratseedling 6.97 7.00 
Braeburn 22.62 18.64 
Coromandel Red 18.56 13.75 
Cox's Orange Pippin 18.04 15.19 
Criterion 9.95 
Democrat 7.40 5.22 
Early MacIntosh 20.95 16.00 
Elstar 10.09 
Fiesta 11.35 10.22 
Fuji 23.73 16.96 
Gala 15.02 13.36 
Golden Delicious 10.02 7.00 
Granny Smith 10.02 8.20 
Gravenstein 8.14 4.61 
Group 1 Apples 3.57 1.83 
Hillwell 22.62 17.63 
Irish Peach 17.90 13.42 
Jonagold 10.07 9.30 
Kempton 9.48 4.84 
Lord Wolseley 9.78 7.20 
McKenzie ~election 9.59 9.04 
Mobbs Royal 6.92 26.53 
Oratia Beauty 11.59 7.24 
Premier Red Delicious 9.04 7.20 
Red Delicious 8.80 7.20 
Red Dougherty 15.38 5.24 
Regal 15.82 14.53 
Richared 4.87 4.44 
Rome Beauty 2.89 7.20 
Royal Gala 18.68 14.40 
Scarlet Pimpernel 12.79 12.44 
Spartan 4.53 4.33 
Slendour 12.44 9.33 
Sturmer Pippin 9.47 7.71 
Thode Pippin 14.08 8.70 
Worcester Pearmain 8.91 14.53 
APPLE TOTALS 13.38 10.08 
A-64 
(it) Advance Payment to Growers: 1991 
The rates shown below include allowance for packing costs and materials and 
represent 70 % * of the Market Indicator Rate for the variety concerned (early 
varieties excepted). 
* Additional payments will only be made if the actual return exceeds the 
advance payment. 
The "Market Indicator Rates" have been established from actual 1989 and 1990 
returns, plus the estimated 1991 returns as a base. 
The Capital Charge will be deducted from these advance payments. 
Assessed packing costs are $2.40 per T.C.E. 
ProcessinglStandardlReject grade fruit will be paid in full in the 
advance payments (no fmal rate will be paid). 
Rates are as follows: 
Processing/Standard 
Reject 
8.0 cents per kg 
6.0 cents per kg 
Advance Rates for Main Varieties: 
Akane 
Local Loose (Medium) -
Braeburn 
a)Export Tray Carton -
b )Local Loose (Large) -
Coromandel Red 
a)Export Tray Carton -
b)Local Loose (Medium) 
Cox's Orange Pippin 
50.5 cents per kg 
Count 
100 
88/133 
80/125/138 
Count 
88 
100 
113 
125 
138 
$ 
18.20 
16.54 
14.06 
.64.0 cents per kg 
$ 
10.48 
13.98 
14.85 
12.23 
11.36 
43.7 cents per kg 
a)Export Tray Carton - Count $ 
13.62 
18.16 
16.35 
10.90 
b)Local Loose (Medium)-
100 
113/125 
138 
150 
A-65 
63.5 cents per kg 
Democrat 
a) Export Tray Carton - Count $ 
100 6.94 
b )Local Loose (Large) - 22.6 cents per kg 
Fuji 
a)Export Tray Carton - Count $ 
88/100/113 19.55 
80/125 16.76 
b)Local Loose (Medium)- 71.1 cents per kg 
Gala 
a)Export Tray Carton - Count $ 
80/88/100/113 12.02 
125/138 8.82 
b) Local Loose (Large)- 47.7 cents per kg 
Golden Delicious 
a)Export Tray Carton - Count $ 
88 6.14 
100/113 8.19 
b) Local Loose (Large)- 30.1 cents per kg 
Granny Smith 
a)Export Tray Carton - Count $ 
80/88/100 7.63 
113 6.62 
b)Local Loose (Large)- 31.8 cents per kg 
Hillwell 
a)Export Tray Carton - Count $ 
80/125/138 14.00 
88/113 16.54 
100 18.20? 
b )Local Loose (Large) - 64.0 cents per kg 
Regal 
a)Export Tray Carton - Count $ 
80/88/100/113 12.02 
125/138 8.82 
b)Local Loose (Large)- 42.3 cents per kg 
Royal Gala 
a)Export Tray Carton - Count $ 
80/88/100/113 15.23 
125/138 10.81 
b)Local Loose (Large)- 59.6 cents per kg 
A-66 
Sturmer Pippin - Blushed 
Export Tray Carton -
Splendour 
Count 
88/138 
100/113/125 
$ 
7.84 
9.40 
Local Loose (Medium) - 48.7 cents per kg 
Apples for Processing (see also (li) on page A-65) 
Watties (Hastings) 1990/91 prices are: All grades - $160 per tonne (average) 
1.11.3 Pears 
Pears for Export (source: N.Z. Apple and Pear Marketing Board) 
(i)Total Payment to Growers: 1990,1989 (Fancy Average Payment, by variety) 
Variety 
Beurre Bosc 
Beurre Easter 
Beurre D' Anjou 
Conference 
Clapp's Favourite 
Doyenne Du Cornice 
Glou Marceau 
Josephine 
Louise Bonne De Jersey 
P. Barry 
Packham's Triumph 
Twyford's Monarch 
Williams 
Williams Bon Chretien 
Winter Cole 
Winter Nelis 
PEAR TOTALS 
1990 Final 
$ITCE (18.5 kg) 
22.17 
11.19 
5.79 
7.43 
21.50 
22.41 
7.42 
14.00 
13.80 
15.00 
14.99 
18.18 
21.15 
6.90 
14.77 
13.72 
15.14 
(ii) Advance Payment to Growers: 1991 
1989 Final 
$ITCE 
15.76 
18.47 
18.47 
18.47 
17.70 
18.47 
18.47 
18.47 
11.44 
14.02 
12.81 
18.47 
6.73 
13.35 
11.85 
12.50 
The rates shown over page include allowance for packing costs and materials and 
represent 70 % * of the Market Indicator Rate for the variety concerned. 
* Additional payments will only be made if the actual return exceeds the advance 
payment. 
The "Market Indicator Rates" have been established from actual 1989 and 1990 
returns, plus the estimated 1991 returns as a base. 
The capital charge will be deducted from these advance payments. 
A-67 
Processing/Standard/Reject grade fruit willbe paid in full in the advance payments (no 
final rate will be paid). Rates are as follows: 
Processing/Standard 8.0 cents per kg 
Reject 6.0 cents per kg 
Advance Rates for Main Varieties: 
Beurre Bosc 
a) Bosc Carton -
b) Local Loose (Large) 
Clapp's Favourite 
Local Loose (Medium) -
Doyenne Du Cornice 
a) 10 kg carton -
b) Local Loose (Medium) 
Louise Bonne De Jersey 
Local loose (Medium) -
Packham's Triumph 
Local Loose (Large)-
P.Barry 
Local Loose (Large) -
Twyfords Monarch 
Local Loose (Medium) -
Winter Cole 
Local Loose (Medium) -
Winter Nelis 
Local Loose (Medium) -
Process Pears (see also above) 
Count 
80/90 
70/100/105 
Export 
$15.08 
$14.83 
59.6 cents per kg 
48.7 cents per kg 
Count 
20/24/28/32 
36/40/42/44/48 
50/54/60 
Export 
$8.31 
$9.31 
$8.81 
68.2 cents per kg 
41.4 cents per kg 
24.7 cents per kg 
61.5 cents per kg 
53.5 cents per kg . 
48.2 cents per kg 
47.7 cents per kg 
Local 
$13.08 
$12.83 
Local 
$6.69 
$7.69 
$7.19 
Wattles (Hastings) 1990/91 payout for processing quality pears is: 
1st grade $331 per tonne 
2nd grade $150 per tonne 
A-68 
1.11.4 Kiwifruit (see also Section 1.1.1) 
Export Returns to Grower 1983 to 1990: (Source: Kiwifruit Marketing Board) 
$10.------------------------------------------. 
$8 ...... 
$6 
$/Tray 
$4 
$2 ...... + ... ,"", .. +:::::::::::. 
$O~--~-----r----.----.-----r----.----'r---~ 
83 84 85 
-- Gross Return 
86 87 
Year 
.. +. Packing Costs 
F = Forecast (as at December 1990) 
88 89 90P 91F 
+ Net Gate Return 
P = Provisional (N.B. Later reports indicate that growers may not get all the 
predicted $4.70 a tray payout for 1990/91. A further 17c per tray will be 
deducted to cover port and transport costs. The average payout to growers to 
20/1/91 was $4.45, with a further progress payment expected in March. 
Source: ".The Press" 25/1/91; K.M.B.) 
Note: * tray = 3.5 kg 
Gross Return is Net of Levy 
Net Gate Return is to Grower per Tray 
(Net Gate Return is Gross Return less Packing Cost and Levy) 
Net Orchard Return Per Planted Hectare: 
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 
$4,832 $6,577 $6,771 $12,985 $8,952 $7,437 $13,419 
Source: Kiwifruit Marketing Board 
A-69 
'Ideal' Production for 1991: 
A balanced approach to production and not an over-emphasis on either large or small 
fruit is required for the new season to obtain the ideal crop characteristics. (Source: 
N .Z.K.F.M.Bd) 
Ideal Production - 1991 
25 
20 
% 15 
Distribution 
10 
25 27 30 33 36 39 
Count Size 
Note: Essential points of the 1991 payments policy are:-
42 46 
- The KMB will establish the weighted average per tray equivalent return to 
grower from market realisations. 
- Payment for count 25 will be 1.5 x weighted average (see over page). 
- Payment for count 46 will be 0.5 x weighted average (with a minimum of 
$2.50 per tray). 
- Payment for other count sizes will be determined by the profile of the crop 
and market realisations. 
- As a guide, the following indicative ratios have been given by the Board: 
Count 27 1.4 Count 36 1.0 
Count 30 1.3 Count 39 0.9 
Count 33 1.1 Count 42 0.6 
From past experience count 27 and 30 may return less than the ratios suggest. 
see over page for 1991 initial payment 
A-70 
Initial Payment for 1991: 
For 1991, subject to suitable funding facilities being arranged, the board will make an 
initial weighted average payment of $3.50 per tray to growers on receipt of fruit into 
the coolstore, $1.75 of this being paid directly to packhouses on behalf of growers. It 
is anticipated that, depending on market returns, monthly progress payments of 
around 25 cents per tray will begin in July 1991 (see also Section 1.1.1). 
Source: Kiwifruit Marketing Board 
Processing 
1.Wattie Foods Ltd - Hastings $200 per tonne 
Grower Foods Ltd. - Hastings $160 per tonne (Export Rejects) 
1.11.5 Stone Fruit 
(Refer also to Section 1.11.1) 
(i) Average Prices of Apricots, Nectarines and Peaches 1987 to 1990: 
~r--------------------------' 
$1.8 .......... . 
$1.6 
$1.4 
$1.2 
$1~--,----r----r---,----,--~ 
1987188 1988189 198Q190 
--- Nectarines -I- Peaches 
* Apricots I 
Source: M.A.F. 
A-71 
(ii) Process Stone Fruit: 
Apricots: Price paid to growers for processing is $900 per tonne in 1991. 
(Grower Foods Ltd. - Hastings) 
Plums: 1990/91 payout prices are 
Canning $600 per tonne (Average) 
Jam $600 per tonne 
(J. Wallie Foods Ltd. - Hastings) 
Billington $400 per tonne 
Black Doris $600 per tonne 
(Grower Foods Ltd. - Hastings) 
Peaches: 
1st grade 
2nd grade 
Nectarines: 
$550 per tonne 
$485 per tonne 
All grades $600 per tonne (Average) 
(J. Wattie Foods Ltd.) 
1.11.6 Berryfruit 
Processing: 
J.Wattie Foods Ltd - Hastings: 
Strawberries 
Boysenberries 
Raspberries 
Grower Foods Ltd - Hastings: 
Strawberries 
Boysenberries 
Blackberries 
$2160 per tonne 
$2110 per tonne 
$2850 per tonne 
$2.30 per kilogram 
$2.03 per kilogram 
$2.45 per kilogram 
A-72 
1.11.7 Citrus 
(See Section 1.11.1 for N.Z. Auction Prices) 
Grapefruit Processing 
a) Juice price (1990) was about $3.20 per case. 
b) Marmalade production (Mt Maunganui); Clean skinned fruit is being 
purchased for about $3.75 per case. 
Tangeloe Juicing (Bay of Plenty) 
1990 prices were about $2.90 per case. 
Source: M.A.F. Farm Monitoring Report, December 1990. 
1.11.8 Grapes 
(See Section 1.11.1 for Auction prices) 
Bulk Grapes for Wine Production 
Muller Thurgau grapes are fetching about $285 per tonne (at 18 Brix) this season on 
contract. 
Other varieties are usually priced relative to Muller Thurgau, depending on their yield. 
For example a Chardonay grape yields only 5 to 7.5 tonnes per hectare (compared to 
17 to 30 tonnes per hectare for Muller Thurgau) and is priced accordingly at about 
$900 per tonne. Income per hectare is expected to be about $6,000 to $7,500 for most 
varieties. 
The price of Muller Thurgau in future seasons is expected to level out at about $330 
per tonne. 
A-73 
1.12 VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 
1.12.1 Vegetable Prices fA!JS.t!9Jll 
As with fruit, the prices pi:tid to growers for vegetabies vary markedly (sometimes by 
several hundred percent) both within and between years and between districts. They 
vary daily and are very much dependent on climate and its subsequent effects on both 
availability and quality of vegetables offered. Again, as with fruit, the location of the 
property in relation to population centres, and the amount of produce that an 
individual producer provides over the course of a season also influences prices 
received. Whether the produce is for local consumption or for export is another major 
influence for a small range of vegetables. 
Auction prices paid for a large range of vegetables in the four main centres of 
Auckland, Palmers ton North, Wellington, Christchurch are available in the "New 
Zealand Farmer" and "Horticulture News". 
a) 1990 Vegetable Prices? Auckland Wholesale Market 
N.B. prices are: $ per case (buttercup, celery, kumara, pumpkin) 
$ per bag (carrots, onion, potatoes) 
$ per crate (cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce) 
$ per cartOIl (tomatoes) 
Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct 
Buttercup 6.90 3.40 4.30 4.40 8.75 7.00 9.35 9.95 6.75 
Cabbage 3060 4.75 5.50 5.35 3.95 4.95 7.30 6.25 11.22 9.35 
Carrots 7.15 10.70 13.05 8.82 1.45 9.05 5.90 12.05 14.30 14.90 
Cauliflower 6.65 9.50 IS.50 11.05 5.90 13.85 10.70 5.60 19.55 10.50 
Celery 13,55 11.70 14.25 13.35 12.05 14.65 12.35 13.05 18.75 15.00 
Kumara 22.20 18.10 10.95 13.05 15.45 13.70 13.20 13.75 15.25 15.55 
Lettuce 6.10 10.10 14.00 18.05 14.55 15.60 10.75 12.75 15.15 11.75 
Onions 6.55 6.00 5.70 5.80 6.00 7.65 7.60 6.70 6.35 6.85 
Potatoes 3.95 4.00 3.35 4.40 5.35 5.25 5.35 5.70 9.28 5.85 
Pnmnldn 
10.55 8.80 6.15 6.30 6.15 6.45 5.75 8.25 8.25 8.45 ---~-r~-~& 
Tomatoes 7.80 7.75 9.00 10.30 16.55 17.00 14.40 19.35 22.05 20.90 
Source: "Horticulture News? 1990 issues 
see over page for 1989 prices 
A?74 
b) 1989 Vegetable Prices? Auckland Wholesale Market 
Mar Apr May June 
Buttercup 4.45 3.95 7.20 1020 
Cabbage 5.00 2.30 2.10 4.05 
Carrots 4.15 7.75 9.40 
Cauliflower 9.45 7.50 7.40 12.75 
Celery 9.45 13.50 8.65 10.95 
Kumara 11.10 !l.80 11.75 15.10 
Lettuce 5.50 6.80 12.35 8.45 
Onions 3.50 3.95 4.50 5.95 
Potatoes 7.30 6.45 6.20 835 
Pumpkin 5.55 6.90 5.20 7.85 
Tomatoes 7.70 9.15 7.60 13.70 
Source: Horticulture News 1989 issues 
1.12.2 Vegetable Prices (Process) 
Asparagus 
July Aug 
11.90 1130 
4.95 8.15 
7.95 3.85 
13.65 4.90 
18.65 22.25 
14.85 14.60 
23.50 17.00 
7.30 7.20 
8.40 8.45 
7.30 7.25 
23.95 30.15 
Sept Oct Nov Dec 
9.75 9.30 10.55 11.00 
8.90 5.50 4.40 5.60 
4.40 12.70 6.50 13.85 
7.90 10.70 6.55 14.25 
22.70 12.75 16.75 12.40 
14.75 17.65 16.00 20.60 
5.95 3.80 3.60 630 
6.45 6.90 4.85 5.25 
8.60 8.15 5.80 4.45 
6.90 15.55 11.20 10.40 
26.95 2.5.40 15.00 6.00 
(i) 1990 harvest price for Hawkes Bay (J.Wattie Foods): 
1st grade $2200 per tonne 
2nd grade $1250 per tonne 
(ii) Grower Foods Ltd. (Hawkes Bay) 1990 harvest prices were 
First Grade $2.11 per kg 
Second Grade $1.1 0 per kg 
(Average 95% 1st Grade; 5% 2nd Grade) 
Beans 
(i) Beans grown for process freezing are paid for as follows (Canterbury): 
Grade 
o 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
Average Seed Length 
not exceeding 8.5mm 
over 8.5mm, not over 9mm 
over 9mm, not over 9.5mm 
over 9.5mm, not over lOmm 
over lOmm, not over 1O.5mm 
over 1O.5mm, not over I1mm 
over 1lmm, not over 11.5mm 
over 11.5mm, not over 12mm 
over 12mm, not over 12.5mm 
over 12.5mm, not over 13mm 
over 13mm 
A-75 
$ per tonne packed 
weight 
303.00 
294.00 
288.00 
282.00 
277.00 
274.00 
272.00 
270.00 
268.00 
266.00 
263.00 
(ii) Whole beans - $478.80 per tonne packed weight (Canterbury) 
(iii) Broad Beans (grey seeded and green seeded) 
- $425.00 per tonne (Canterbury) 
(iv) Green Beans, Yellow Beans and Wax Beans 
- $258.50 per tonne (Hawkes Bay). 
(v) Italian (Roma) Beans 
- $265.00 per tonne (Hawkes Bay). 
Source: Wattle Frozen Foods Ltd. (Hawkes Bay and Canterbury) 
(vi) Process Beans receive the following prices in Hawkes Bay 
(per tonne):-
Beans (Sliced): Grade 1 
2 
3 
4 
Beans (Whole Baby): Grade 1 
2 
3 
4 
Beetroot 
1990/91 price is as follows: 
$140 per tonne (i.Wattie Foods Ltd., Hastings) 
$125 per tonne (Grower Foods Ltd.) 
Broccoli 
1990/91 price for broccoli (Manawatu) is $700 per tonne 
Brussel Sprouts 
Grower harvested 
$309.00 
$289.00 
$271.00 
$258.00 
$350.00 
$309.00 
$289.00 
$271.00 
1990/91 prices (Canterbury) 
Company harvested 
Grade 1 - $647 per tonne 
Grade 2 - $590 per tonne 
Grade 3 - $534 per tonne 
Grade 1 - $827 per tonne 
Grade 2 - $770 pre tonne 
Grade 3 - $714 per tonne 
Carrots 
1990/91 prices ($ per tonne) 
Manawatu 
Canterbury 
Hawkes Bay 
$86.00 Wattie F. Foods Ltd. 
$89.50 (Grower harvested)Wattie F. Foods Ltd. 
$91.00 (Diced) Growers 
N.B. For auction prices see Section 1.12.1 
A-76 
Cauliflower 
Cauliflower grown for process freezing is $390 per tonne (Manawatu -1990/91). 
Price is for inta.l(e weight (less deduction for faults). 
Note: Canterbury production this year has been stopped until market demand 
requires more production 
NB.For auction prices see Section 1.12.1 
Onions 
This season no onions are being grown under contract for processing by Watties. 
Any onions bought will be bought when and if required. 
NB. For auction prices see Section 1.12.1 
Peas 
See Section 1.9.4 
Potatoes (Process) 
Canterbury: 
Wattie Frozen Foods (1990/91 season)? 
Price per tonne is dependent on specific gravity (presuming quality is 
acceptable): 
(i) Russet Burbank 
Price per tonne varies from $165 (S.G. of 1.078) to $183 (S.G. of 1.090). 
For tubers that are less than 60mm at their greatest dimension, or are 
outside of the processing specifications, the payment shall be $82 per 
tonne. 
(ii) Other Varieties 
Price per tonne varies from $141.50 (S.G. of 1.078) to $159.50 (S.G. of 
1.090). No tubers shall be less than 55mm at the smallest dimension, and 
no more than 15% of tubers (by weight) shall be less than 65mm at the 
smallest dimension. Where the size grade ranges exceed 92%, over 65mm 
at their greatest dimension, a further $10 per tonne shall be paid. 
Manawatu: 
A similar system to that outlined for Canterbury, above, operates in this region 
but not for Russet Burbanks. The base price paid in the Manawatu will be 
approximately $205 per tonne for the 1990/91 season. 
N B. For auction prices see Section 1.12.1 
A-77 
Sweet Corn: 
Wattie Frozen Foods Ltd: $100.07 per tonne (Manawatu) 
$110.50 per tonne (Gisbome) 
$136.00 per tonne for Super sweet (Gisbome) 
$107.00 per tonne (Hastings) 
N.B.Gisbome price decreases on a sliding scale the further the 
distance from the processing plant after 16 km. 
Grower Foods Ltd.- Grade 
2 
3 
4 
5 
$140.00 per tonne 
$130.00 per tonne 
$120.00 per tonne 
$112.00 per tonne 
$105.00 per tonne 
Note: Average is Grade 3 
Tomatoes 
J.Wattie Foods Ltd (Hastings) - $107.00 per tonne - top price 
Grower Foods Ltd (Hastings) - $110.00 per tonne 
(N.B. For auction prices see Section 1.12.1) 
Zucchini: $550 per tonne (Manawatu), up 4 to 5% on last year's price of $525/t 
)..12.3 Squash (1990) 
Prices early in the season were initially 80c to $1.00 per kg (to the grower), but 
quickly dropped to 25 to 30c per kg, with many South Island growers receiving 
payouts ranging from nothing to 12c a kg. . 
Source: "N.Z. Farmer"; February/August 1990. 
A-78 
1.13 CUT FLOWERS 
a) Auckland Wholesale Market: 
1990 Prices: 
(N.B. all prices are $ per bunch) 
Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct 
Carnations 2.15 2.50 2.90 4.00 4.55 5.65 5.85 4.80 3.45 3.90 
Gypsophila 3.60 5.45 7.20 8.40 9.05 13.10 8.35 10.10 10.05 7.45 
Roses 8.10 8.90 6.70 8.40 9.60 11.45 14.35 13.75 13.15 12.40 
Source: "Horticulture News" 1990 issues 
1989 Prices: 
Carnations 
Gypsophila 
Roses 
(N.B. all prices are $ per bunch) 
Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 
4.05 425 5.05 6.60 6.60 5.60 3.80 355 3.10 4.15 
4.40 4.40 8.15 1350 14.45 10.90 5.70 5.40 425 3.70 
620 6.70 9.05 9.90 14.75 19.15 20.00 1225 10.15 7.90 
Source: "Horticulture News' 1989 issues 
b) Carnation Prices 1987 to 1989: 
$7 
$8 
Price 
Der $8 
Bunch 
$4 
$3 
Feb M. ? May Jun Jul Aug Sap Oct Nov Dec 
Month 
I --1988 - 1989 - 1990 I 
Source: "Horticulture News" 1989 Issues 
A-79 
1.14 SUNDRY INCOME 
1.14.1 Catchment Commission/Nati.Qnal Water and Soil Conservation 
Authority (NWASCA) Grants 
These grants were of two types and the prime function of both was to provide 
protection to both water and soil and not to promote the growing of timber. Although 
new grants are no longer available existing schemes are still eligible. They are 
administered by the Regional Councils. 
Protection Grants 
Any grant approved before the 1987 Budget continues at the percentage as at that time 
(ranging from 40 to 70 %). 
Windbreak Grants 
Regional councils provide grants to private landowners, with funds allocated by 
NW ASCA who are responsible for approving this type of grant on a regional scale. 
These grants are only available in areas where the arable soils are classified as being 
prone to wind erosion. 
Effects of Claims 
Prior to the implementation of a scheme, regional councils draw up an overall farm 
plan, and the landowner is required to sign a Land Improvement Agreement (LIA) 
which may be registered against the land title. This agreement is considered 
necessarj to protect the financial investment by the regional council and to ensure on 
going management performance levels, as laid out in the overall farm plan, are 
achieved. Direct costs involved in administering the grants are now under a 'user 
pays' system. Costs not covered by the grant are tax deductible (up to $7500 for tree 
planting). 
1.14,2 Refunds of Taxes on Fuels 
Refnnds of Petrol T"x 
Motor Spirits Duty (i.e. Petrol Ta.'{) may be refunded if the petrol was used: 
- In vehicles licensed as E Class A or E Class B. 
In vehicles subject to Road User Charges. 
- In unlicensed commercial vehicles such as forklifts, or tractors. 
- In commercial vessels or boats. 
- In stationary engines ego chain saw , or used commercially for heating, lighting, 
cleaning etc. 
(Refund is 8.9 cents per litre o/petrol used.) 
- In goods service vehicles (3.5 tonnes or under) used exclusively under a goods 
service or passenger service licence. 
(Refund is 2.5 cents per litre o/petrol used.) 
A-80 
SECTION 2 
FARM EXPENSES 

2.1 FARM INPUT PRICES 
2.1.1 Farm Input Price Movements 
Sheep and Beef Fann Input Price Movements 
1975-76 to 1989-90 
% Movement 
25 
p=.= 
20 
=; 
F 
15 
= 
= 
1= 
10 
F 
F = 
Fp=. 
5 
o 
-=-
~ 
75IlII 7tIT7 17m 7If1I __ 11/112 ___ 85/81 _7 17/u __ 
Years 
Source: N.Z. Meat and Wool Boards Economic Service 
2.1.2 Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuations on Farm Input Prices 
Fann expenditure items have a low imported content of around 15 %. Hence the flrst 
round effect from a 10 % currency depreciation would be to lift input prices by 1.5 %. 
Source: "Dairy Exporter" May 1990. 
2.1.3 Price Discounts 
As farmers will be aware. it is sometimes possible to negotiate price discounts from 
retailers. particularly if goods are purchased in bulk. Similarly. trading societies can 
also offer goods at cheaper than normal retail rates to members. Discounts are 
commonly to the order of 10 to 15% for many fann goods. 
B-3 
2.1.4 Rate of Inflation in New Zealand 1891 to 1989 
The Consumer Price Index (C.P.I.) measures the rate of inflation for each year, for 
example 0.5% in 1892 (see second column) and 5.7% in 1989 (see page 8-6). 
To calculate the fall in the value of the dollar from any of the base years (where value 
shown is 1.00(0) simply divide 1.0 by the value of the dollar in the year of interest. 
For example: 
1. 1891 (below) compared with 1989 (page 8-6) 
= 1.0 divided by 0.0111 = 90.09. 
this means a dollar (ten shillings) in 1891 would buy 90.09 times as much as a 
dollar in 1989. 
2. 1950 (page 8-5) compared with 1984 (page 8-6) 
= 1.0 divided by 0.0681 = 14.68 times more purchasing power. 
Base Year: 
Year C.P.I. 1891 . 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 
% 
1891 1.0000 
1892 0.5 0.9947 
1893 2.7 0.9682 
1894 0.5 0.9632 
1985 -0.5 0.9681 
1896 0.5 0.9631 
1897 1.0 0.9532 
1898 4.1 0.9143 
1899 -3.4 0.9457 
1900 2.0 0.9265 
1901 3.0 0.8988 
1902 2.4 0.8771 
1903 -0.5 0.8812 
1903 0.0 0.8812 
1905 0.0 0.8812 
1906 6.6 0.8228 
1907 -0.9 0.8301 
1908 0.0 0.8301 
1909 -1.3 0.8412 
1910 1.4 0.8298 
1911 -0.9 0.8372 
1912 3.2 0.8107 
1913 2.2 0.7929 
1914 4.3 0.7589 
1915 7.8 0.6996 
1916 8.0 0.6435 
1917 9.9 0.5798 
1918 12.2 0.5090 
1919 7.7 0.4696 
8-4 
Base Year: 
Year c.P.I. 1891 1920 1930 1940 
1950 1960 1970 1980 
% 
1920 13.6 0.4059 1.0000 
1921 3.3 0.3926 0.9672 
1922 ?10.9 0.4353 1.0725 
1923 ?2.5 0.4464 1.0998 
1924 2.1 0.4371 ?1.0768 
1925 0.5 0.4348 1.0713 
1926 0.5 0.4326 1.0658 
1927 -0.8 0.4359 1.0739 
1928 0.0 0.4359 1.0739 
1229 ?0.3 0.4370 1.0739 
1930 2.01 0.4460 1.0987 
1.0000 
1931 ?7.6 0.4797 1.1819 1.0757 
1932 ?7.9 0.5177 1.2754 1.1608 
1933 ?4.6 0.5415 1.3341 1.2142 
1934 1.3 0.5345 1.3169 1.1986 
1935 3.8 0.5142 1.2667 1.1529 
1936 2.8 0.5000 1.2319 1.1212 
1937 7.1 0.4643 1.1439 1.0411 
1938 3.1 0.4501 1.1089 1.0093 
1939 4.6 0.4295 1.0581 0.9631 
1940 4.1 0.4118 1.0145 0.9233 
1.0000 
1941 3.7 0.3965 0.9768 0.8891 0.9629 
1942 3.1 0.3842 0.9465 0.8615 0.9330 
1943 2.5 0.3744 0.9224 0.8395 0.9092 
1944 1.8 0.3676 0.9058 0.8244 0.8928 
1945 1.3 0.3628 0.8937 0.8314 
0.8809 
1946 0.7 0.3604 0.8878 
0.8081 0.8752 
1947 3.3 0.3486 0.8589 0.7817 0.8466 
1948 8.0 0.3207 0.7902 0.7192 
0.7789 
1949 1.6 0.3157 0.7779 0.7080 
0.7667 
1950 5.8 0.2976 0.7331 0.6672 
0.7226 1.0000 
1951 10.9 0.2651 0.6532 0.5946 0.6439 0.8911 
1952 7.9 0.2443 0.6019 0.5478 0.5933 0.8211 
1953 4.6 0.2332 0.5745 0.5229 0.5663 0.7837 
1954 4.5 0.2227 0.5487 0.4994 0.5408 0.7485 
1955 2.6 0.2168 0.05342 0.4862 0.5266 
0.7287 
1956 3.4 0.2095 0.5161 0.4698 
0.5087 0.7041 
1957 2.2 0.2048 0.5046 0.4593 0.4974 
0.6884 
1958 4.5 0.1957 0.4820 0.4387 0.4751 
0.6575 
1959 7.5 0.1810 0.4460 
0.4095 0.4396 0.6084 
8-5 
Base Year: 
Year c.P.I. 1891 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 
% 
1960 ?2.7 0.1860 0.4582 0.4170 0.4516 0.6250 1.0000 
1961 1.8 0.1827 0.4501 0.4097 0.4437 0.6140 0.9824 
1962 2.6 0.1779 0.4382 0.3988 0.4319 0.5978 0.9564 
1963 2.0 0.1743 0.4294 0.3908 0.4232 0.5857 0.9371 
1964 3.4 0.1683 0.4147 0.3775 0.4088 0.5657 0.9051 
1965 3.4 0.1626 0.4006 0.3646 0.3949 0.5465 0.8743 
1966 2.8 0.1581 0.3895 0.3545 0.3839 0.5313 0.8500 
1967 6.1 0.1484 0.3657 0.3328 0.3605 0.4988 0.7981 
1968 4.2 0.1421 0.3502 .03187 0.3452 0.4777 0.7642 
1969 5.0 0.1351 0.3327 0.3028 0.3280 0.4539 0.7262 
1970 6.5 0.1263 0.3112 0.2833 0.3068 0.4245 0.6792 1.0000 
1971 10.4 0.1131 0.2787 0.2537 0.2747 0.3802 0.6083 0.8955 
1972 6.9 0.1053 0.2595 0.2363 0.2558 0.3540 0.5664 0.8338 
1973 8.2 0.0967 0.2383 0.2168 0.2349 0.3251 0.5201 0.7658 
1974 11.2 0.0859 0.2117 0.l927 0.2087 0.2888 0.4621 0.6803 
1975 14.7 0.7333 0.1807 0.1645 0.1781 0.2465 0.3943 0.5806 
1976 16.9 0.0609 0.1501 0.1366 0.1480 0.2048 0.3276 0.4824 
1977 14.4 0.0522 0.1285 0.l170 0.1267 0.1753 0.2805 0.4130 
1978 11.9 0.0459 0.1132 0.1030 0.1116 0.1544 0.2470 0.3637 
1979 13.7 0.0396 0.0976 0.0889 0.0963 0.1332 0.2131 0.3138 
1980 17.1 0.0328 0.0809 0.0737 0.0798 0.1104 0.1766 0.2600 1.0000 
1981 15.5 0.0278 0.0684 0.0623 0.0674 0.0933 0.1493 0.2198 0.8453 
1982 16.1 0.0233 0.0574 0.0523 0.0566 0.0798 0.1253 0.1845 0.7094 
1983 7.4 0.0216 0.0532 0.0484 0.0524 0.0725 0.1160 0.1708 0.6570 
1984 6.1 0.0203 0.0499 0.0455 0.0492 0.0681 0.1090 0.1605 0.6171 
1985 15.5 0.0171 0.0422 0.0384 0.0416 0.0576 0.0921 0.1356 0.5216 
1986 13.2 0.0149 0.0366 0.0333 0.0361 0.0500 0.0799 0.1177 0.4526 
1987 15.7 0.0125 0.0309 0.0281 0.0304 0.0421 0.0674 0.0992 0.3815 
1988 6.4 0.0117 0.0289 0.0263 0.0285 0.0394 0.0631 0.0929 0.3572 
1989 5.7 0.0111 0.0273 0.0248 0.0269 0.0372 0.0595 0.0876 0.3368 
Source: Lincoln University 
B?6 
2.2 WAGES 
2.2.1 Dairy Farm Wages (Farms and Stations) (As from 1/6/90) 
Permanent 
(Minimum Wage Rates) 
Under 17 years of age 
17 years and under 18 
18 years and under 19 
19 years and under 20 
20 years and over 
Less than 12 months 
experience on 
dairy farms 
(per week) 
$124.77 
$147.22 
$168.79 
$190.42 
$205.57 
Greater than 12 
months experience 
on dairy farms 
(per week) 
$137.28 
$161.06 
$184.60 
$208.29 
$224.88 
The ordinary hours of work shall be arranged between the employer and the 
employee, but shall not exceed 98 hours per fortnight. Within every 14 days, one day 
shall be free of work and 3 days shall be worked as part days, and where possible, the 
employer shall program free time to coincide with weekends. A full day shall not 
exceed 9 hours and a part day shall not exceed 6 hours. 
No employer shall charge any employee for board and lodging. Where the employer 
does not provide board or lodging, the employee shall be paid an extra $40.00 per 
week. 
The minimum hourly rate to be paid to permanent workers shall be 1/49th of the 
weekly rate~nd the casual rate for a person not guaranteed a 40 hour week shall be 
1/40 the permanent weekly rate. 
Every worker shall, after each year's continuous employment by one employer. be 
entitled to 3 weeks paid holiday consisting of 14 days taken consecutively and 7 days 
which may be taken for one or more days or part of a day. 
After 7 years continuous service, a fourth week's holiday may be taken. 
Special holidays of; 2 weeks may be taken after 15 years continuous service 
3 weeks may be taken after 25 years continuous service 
4 weeks may be taken after 35 years continuous service 
5 weeks may be taken after 40 years continuous service 
Workers requesting to attend Land Settlement courses are allowed from 3 weeks leave 
without pay per annum and up to a maximum of 6 weeks, provided normal farming 
operations are not affected. 
B-7 
Training Incentives 
Workers are entitled to additional payments if they produce suitable evidence of 
qualifications: 
1 st qualifying T.C.B. in farming or 
qualifying assessment tasks - 45 tasks 
2nd qualifying T.C.B. in farming or 
T.C.BJarming qualifying assessment or 
T.C.B. Certificate in Basic farming practice 
Trade Certificate in farming or 
T.C.B. farming 3rd year completed 
T.C.B farming 4th year completed 
Dairy 
$7.20/wk 
$12.00/wk 
$lS.00/wk 
$24.00/wk 
Trade Certificate in Farm Business Management $30.00/wk 
Note: These allowances do not accumulate. 
Wet Weather Gear Allowances 
Sheep & Beef 
$5.0l/wk 
$S.36/wk 
$13.37/wk 
$16.72/wk 
$20.06 
For the purpose of purchasing and maintenance of adequate wet weather gear, an 
employee shall be paid an additional allowance of $6.00 per week ($5.00 per week on 
Sheep and Beef farms). 
Vehicle Use 
Where a worker uses hislher own motor vehicle on the employer's business, he/she 
shall be reimbursed an allowance at the rate of not less than 45.00 cents per kilometre. 
In the case of a motor cycle being used, the reimbursement shall be not less than 
23.00 cents per kilometre. 
B-S 
2.2.2 Sheep, Beef, and (:ropping Farm Wa~?l.I<:~rms and Stations) as at 1/10/90 
Permanent 
(min. rates of wages) 
Under 17 years of age 
17 years and under 18 
18 years and under 19 
19 years and under 20 
20 years and over 
Less than 12 
months experience 
on farms 
(per week) 
$123.12 
$143.63 
$168.72 
$186.94 
$203.94 
Greater than 12 
months experience 
on farms 
(per week) 
$130.08 
$151.79 
$178.28 
$197.53 
$214.40 
Service - After 5 years' current continuous service with the same employer a worker 
shall be paid, in addition to the rates of pay prescribed, an allowance of $10 per week. 
Where a farm worker has completed 5 years in the industry, he shall, in addition to the 
rates of pay prescribed, be paid an allowance of $5 per week. 
Where a farm worker has completed 10 years in the industry, he shall, in addition to 
the rates of pay prescribed, be paid an allowance of $15 per week. 
These allowances are not cumulative. 
Ordinary hours shall not exceed 80 per fortnight. Where a worker exceeds the stated 
hours he/she shall be paid at the rate of time and one half of the hourly rate. This does 
not apply to station cooks who shall work a six-day week and be entitled to four 
consecutive days off. 
Where the employer does not provide board and lodging the employee shall be paid 
an extra $40.00 per week. 
In the case where the employee is provided with a house only. the employee shall be 
paid an extra $22.53 per week. 
The minimum hourly rate to be paid to permanent workers shall be 1/40th of the 
weekly rate. 
Casual: The rates of pay for casual workers are as follows: 
Under 18 years of age 
18 years and over 
Per hour without 
Rations 
$5.08 
$6.23 
Per hour with 
Rations 
$4.43 
$5.55 
Training Incentives, Wet Weather Gear Allowance and Vehicle Use 
Refer to Section 2.2.1 
Dog Expenses 
Employer shall pay normal registration and hydatids control fee, veterinary expenses 
which are work related and reasonable for the employee's dog. 
The number of working dogs shall be determined by the employer. 
B-9 
2.2.3 Shearers' and Shedhanqs' Wages (17/10/90) 
N.B. These are NOT contractors rates (see Section 2.3.6) 
Sheep - other than Corriedale, Halfbred and Merino: 
Adult Sheep -
(i) The rate of shearing adult sheep by machine shall not be less than $75.00 per 
hundred. 
(ii) The rate of shearing adult sheep by machine but with bellies left on shall not 
be less than $72.52 per hundred. 
Lambs- The rate for shearing lanlbs shall be not less than $67.47 per hundred. 
Rams - The rate for shearing mature rams by machine shall be double adult rates. 
Sheep - Corriedale, Halfbred and Merino: 
The rate for shearing by machine shall be determined by increasing the rate prescribed 
for adult sheep, as (i) above, i.e.$75.00, by the following percentages as appropriate: 
(i) Halfbred, Corriedale, ewes and hoggets 5% 
(ii) Quarter-bred, Merino ewes and hoggets 15% 
(iii) Merino wether hoggets 22% 
(iv) Adult Merino wethers 40% 
(v) All other finewool wethers 33.5% 
Blade Shearing - Blade rates -
(i) Fully bellied, fully crutched 
(ii) Fully crutched 
(iii) Full woolled 
$105.75 per 100 
$113.15 per 100 
$118.08 per 100 
A blade allowance of $2.00/100 sheep shorn shall be paid where shearer's provide 
their own blades. 
All sheep with metal ear tags, other than stud sheep, are to be shorn at a premium of 
$5.00 per 100. 
All adult and lambs with tails, are to be drafted out and shorn at a premium of $6.00 
per 100 shorn. 
The shearing rate for double fleeced sheep, stud sheep, stud lambs, hogget rams and 
rams castrated after maturity is 1.5 times the base rate, i.e. $112.50 per 100. 
The shearing rate for other rams is double base rate, i.e. $150.00 per 100. 
The rate for shearing adult Merino rams shall be treble the ordinary rate where horns 
are presented. 
Where snow combs or narrow combs are required to be used, an additional $8.05/100 
sheep shorn is to be paid. 
A shearer shall be reimbursed 42.87 cents/kilometre travelled if he provides his own 
transport on his employer's request. 
B-lO 
Crutching Rates (minimum) per 100 
Full belly, full crutch, flank and eye wig 
Full belly, full crutch, and flank 
Full belly, full crutch, eye wig 
Full belly, tail crutch, eye wig 
Full belly, full crutch 
Full belly, tail crutch 
Full belly, full crutch and eye wig - Lamb 
Full belly, full crutch, lamb 
Half belly, full crutch, etc. 
Full crutch etc. 
Tail crutch, etc. 
Eye wig only 
$/100 
$37.10 
$35.26 
$33.39 
$27.21 
$31.42 
$25.23 
$30.05 
$28.27 
$27.70 to $33.39 
$20.49 to $24.74 
$16.70 to $20.53 
$18.55 
The same allowances in lieu of rations and accommodation, and for travel as for 
shearers apply for crutchers. 
Shedhands, Pressers, Daggers and Cooks' Rates (minimum) 
Shedhands with no previous experience in the shearing industry shall be paid not less 
than $7.31 per hour. Shedhands with 120 hours or more experience, shall be paid not 
less than $8.72 per hour. Shedhands with a season or more experience who mayor 
may not hold an accredited wool handling certificate shall be classified as an 
experienced wool handler and shall be paid not less than $9.48/hour. Charge 
shedhands - where specifically appointed by the employer, to be responsible for 
overseeing all wool handling operations in a particular shed, shall be paid an 
allowance of $l.00/hour. 
Daggers shall be paid not less than $9.89 per hour, or $21.92 per 100. 
Learner pressers with less than 120 hours of experience shall be paid not less than 
$7.75/hour. Experienced pressers shall be paid not less than $9.89 per hour. 
For cooking for 18 persons and under, cooks shall be paid not less than $84.04 per 
day. For over 18 persons a cook's assistant shall be engaged and shall be paid not 
less than $8.55 per hour. 
The same allowances in lieu of rations and accommodation and for travel as for 
shearers apply to these workers. 
All workers reporting to the shed shall be paid a minimum of 4 hours pay, except 
where more than 4 hours are worked. This is applicable only if normal shearing 
commences and the sheep are not deemed too wet to shear or crutch. If the sheep are 
deemed to be too wet by secret ballot, a minimum payment of 2 hours will be paid 
except where the gang is living on the farm, and, having elected to begin work late in 
the day, less than 4 working hours remain. 
B-11 
~,7.4_~tl!rket Garden Worker~ 
(As from 01/4/90) 
Permanent Workers 
Foremen/Forewomen 
Leading Hands 
Adults 20 years and over 
Youths 19 years and under 20 
18 years and under 19 
17 years and under 18 
16 years and under 17 
U fider 16 years 
Eer Week 
$318.40 
$290.80 
$279.60 
$237.60 
$201.20 
$171.20 
$146.40 
$122.60 
Per Hour 
$7.96 
$7.27 
$6.99 
$5.94 
$5.03 
$4.28 
$3.66 
$3.09 
Piecework - where workers are engaged on piecework they shall be notified of the 
piecerate to be paid before commencing that work. Piecework shall be paid at such 
rates as will enable an ordinary capable worker to earn the above rates provided for, 
plus 10%. 
A worker who produces to his employer evidence that he has obtained a certificate in 
Horticultural Practice in either outdoor vegetable production or glasshouse vegetable 
production shall receive an additional $12.94 per week. 
Ordinary hours of work shall not exceed 40 per week, or 8 per day to be worked 
\Nithin five and a half days, Monday to Saturday noon, inclusive. All work done on 
holidays, or outside, or in excess of the hours specified is overtime and is to be paid at 
time and a half for the first three hours, and then at double time rates thereafter. Work 
on Saturdays after noon or on Sundays shall be paid at double rates. 
Casual Workers 
Adults 
Youths 19 years and under 20 
18 years and under 19 
17 years and under 18 
16 years and under 17 
Under 16 years 
Piecework rates as above. 
Per Hour 
$6.50 
$5.54 
$4.71 
$4.01 
$3.41 
$2.91 
Workers who work only on Saturdays shall be paid at ordinary rates for first 8 hours, 
1.5 times ordinary rate for next 3 hours and at double rates thereafter. Workers 
engaged on a Saturday who have not worked 36 hours in the preceding five days, shall 
be paid at ordinary rates for the first 4 hours, 1.25 times ordinary rates for the next 
four hours, at 1.5 times for the next 3 hours and at double rates thereafter. 
Work done on Sunday or on statutory holidays shall be paid for at double rates. 
B-12 
Harvesters 
Adults 
Youths 19 years and under 20 
18 years and under 19 
17 years and under 18 
16 years and under 17 
15 years and under 
Piecework rates as above. 
Per Hour 
$6.78 
$5.77 
$4.91 
$4.19 
$3.59 
$3.00 
Ovenime shall be paid at 1,5 times ordinary rates for the fIrst 4 hours and double rates 
thereafter for time worked in excess of: 
8 hours in any day; 40 hours in any week; 5 days in any week. 
Time worked on Sundays is to be paid at ordinary rates unless the worker has 
completed 32 hours during the preceding six days in which case time worked shall be 
paid for at 1.5 time rates. 
2.2.5 Drawings 
Drawings or Personal expenditure for farmers and growers typically ranges from 
$15,000 to $22,000 per annum, depending on circumstances. 
Source: MAF Farm Monitoring Report, December 1990. 
B-13 
2.3 ANIMAL EXPENSES 
2.3.1~nimal Health 
(See also Section 2.3.4 for stock licks etc.) 
Dairy Cows 
Total animal health costs typically range from $22 to $30 per cow per year depending 
on the farm (locality, herd size etc). 
See individual items in this section for accurate budgeting. 
Sheep and Cattle 
Total animal health costs typically range from $1.20 to $1.50 per stock unit per year 
depending on the farm, season etc. 
See individual items in this section for accurate budgeting. 
Contract Dipping Costs - see section 2.5.3 
Dips, Sprays and Dressings - see also cost examples later in section. 
Product Unit Size 
Pitman-Moore: 
Bactas 
Banmag 
Grenade 
TrigonDFF 
Strike 
Supreme DFF 
Vetrazin 
Warbex 
Wipe-out 
NuFarin: 
Redene Diazinon 40 
Redene Zinc Sulphate (Footrot) 
Fit: 
Formalin -
Flystrike Dressing -
Powder 
Aerosol Spray 
Young's Animal Health NZ Ltd: 
Sheep Dips-
Seraphos 500 (fly and lice dip) 
Prices Exclude GST 
500 g 
500 ml 
20 litre 
5 litre 
5 litre 
5 litre 
10 kg 
5 litre 
10 litre 
5 litre 
25 kg 
200 litre 
20 litre 
4 kg 
350 gm 
340 gm 
5 Litres 
$156.06 
B-14 
Retail Price 
$ 18.75 
$ 19.69 
$816.00 
$291.00 
$298.19 
$339.91 
$655.93 
$208.70 
$182.82 
$ 83.13 
$ 34.70 
$294.12 
$ 54.00 
$39.95 
$7.30 
$ 8.90 
20 Litres 
$545.33 
Seraphos 1250 (fly and lice) $339.81 (10 titres) $586.85 
Cypor Sheep and Goat (lice pouron) $ 95.24 $325.57 
Destruct (cattle spray ) $202.14 
Anthelmintics - see also cost examples later in section. 
Product Unit Size Retail Price 
Pitman-Moore: 
Challenge Levamisole 20 litre $ 95.56 
Nilverm Oral 20 litre $108.12 
NilvermMin 20 litre $113.52 
Panacur Min 20 litre $166.03 
Systamex (sheep) 20 litre $239.28 
Systamex Min 20 litre $246.01 
Systamex Low Dose Cattle Drench 2.5 litre $121.33 
Young's Animal Health (NZ) Ltd: 
Rycoben Cattle and Deer drench 2.5 titres $158.13 
Rycoben Sheep and Lamb 20 litres $203.48 
Rycozole (Levamisole) 20 titres $ 95.14 
Ancare: 
Cypercare 20 litres $374.00 
Levicare 30 litres $160.00 
Levicare HI-MIN 30 litres $180.00 
Levitape 5 litres $112.50 
Lypor 5 litres $311.00 
Fenben HI-MIN 30 litres $241.00 
Professional Veterinary Distributors: 
Solvam - Levamisole white drench 20 litres $125.00 
MSDAgvet: 
Ivomec Liquid (Sheep) 20 titres $689.36 
Ivomec Injection (Cattle) 500 ml $313.64 
Ivomec Oral (For Cattle) 1 litre $233.22 
Ivomec Injection (For Pigs) 100 ml $ 73.50 
Ivomec Pour On 2.5 litres $376.22 
Eqvalan Paste (horses) 1 syringe $ 13.48 
Valbazen 25 litres $203.48 
Swine Injection 100 ml $ 63.22 
Ranine 20 litres $260.00 
NuFarm: 
Mineralised Telmin RLT 20 litre $174.42 
TelminRLT 20 litre $167.06 
B-15 Prices Exclude GST 
Agmax Industries Ltd: 
Agmax Gold 20 litre $142.22 
Rural Research Ltd: 
Wonnblock (stock-lick block for wonn control) $ 36.00 
Pfizer 
Exhe1mE 20 litre 
Sheep Drenching Costs? Examples: 
Type of Animal Weight Range Dose Rate 
(Nilverrnl 
4.0ml 
6.0m! 
8.0ml 
Sheep Up to 22kg 
23 - 35kg 
over 35 kg 
Dose Rate 
(Ivomec Liquid) 
Sheep/Goats 9 - 12 kg 3 m! 
13 - 16 kg 4 m! 
17 - 20 kg 5 ml 
21 - 24 kg 6 m! 
25 - 28 kg 7 m! 
29 - 32 kg 8 ml 
33 - 36 kg 9 m! 
37 - 40 kg 10 m! 
41 - 50 kg l2.5ml 
51-60kg 15m! 
under 9 and over 60 kg - 1m! per 4kg @ 3.45c/m! 
Cattle/Deer/Horse Drenching Costs -Examples: 
Type of Animal 
CattlelDeerlHorse 
Cattle 
Prices Exclude GST 
Weight Range 
up to 40 kg 
40 to 100 kg 
100 to 300 kg 
over 300kg 
Ot050kg 
51 to 100 kg 
101 to 150 kg 
Dose Rate 
(Panacur) 
12.0 m! 
30.0 m! 
90.0 m! 
15.0 m!/50 kg 
Dose Rate 
(Ivomec Injection) 
1m! 
2m! 
3m! 
B-16 
$293.50 
Cost (c) at 
0.54c/m! 
2.16 
3.24 
4.32 
Cost (c) at 
3.45c/m! 
10.34 
13.79 
17.23 
20.68 
24.13 
27.57 
31.02 
34.47 
43.09 
51.70 
Cost (c) at 
0.83c per m! 
9.96 
24.90 
74.71 
Cost (c) at 
63c per ml 
62.7 
125.5 
188.2 
151 to 200 kg 
201 to 250 kg 
251 to 300 kg 
4ml 
5ml 
6ml 
250.9 
313.6 
376.4 
over 300kg Iml/50 kg 
Drench/Dip Price Comparison (Cattle) 
Assumptions: 150kg Liveweight Calf 
Warbex pour-on used (12ml at 4.2c/ml) for external parasite control 
except for Ivomec which controls both internal and external 
parasites. 
Drench Drench Price Dose Rate Drench Drench + Pour On 
$/Litre mlldose c/dose c/dose 
Levicare $ 5.33 30 15.99 65.99 
Nilverm $ 5.41 30 16.23 66.23 
Levicare Hi Mineral $ 6.00 30 18.00 68.00 
Panacur $ 8.30 36 29.88 79.88 
Systarnex $ 12.30 30 36.90 86.90 
Ivomec Pour-on $150.49 15 225.74 225.74 
Ivomec Injectable $627.28 4 250.91 250.91 
Source: "Farmlink" March 1989 (up1ated for 1991) 
Vaccines 
(BI = Blackleg, MO = Malignant Oedema, Tet = Tetanus, PK = Pulpy Kidney, 
BD = Black Disease). 
Product Unit Size Retail Price 
P itman-M Dore: 
Nilvax S (PK, BI, MO, Tet, BD) 500 ml $ 30.28 
Multine 5 in 1 500 ml $ 23.39 
PKTet 500 ml $ 30.25 
PK 500 ml $ 20.74 
La..'7lb vaccines 500 ml $ 25.88 
Young's Animal Health (NZ) Ltd: 
RYVACPK 500ml $16.92 
RYVAC2 500ml $21.14 
BLMO 200ml $10.62 
Vaccination Costs - Example: 
TwofAnimal Weight Range Dose Rate Cost at 
(Nilvax) 6.1c/ml 
Hoggets 20 to 24 kg 3.5 ml 21.1 
Sheep over 25 kg 4.0ml 24.2 
B-17 Prices Exclude GST 
Productivity Improvers - see Section 2.3.7 
Disinfectants 
Product 
Pitman-Moore: 
Savlon 
Bloat Control 
Product 
Pitman-Moore: 
Blogon 
Bloatbloc 
Nu Farm: 
Bloataid Dual 
Bloataid Super 
Rural Research Ltd: 
Blotliq (molasses lick block) 
Klenzade: 
Bloatenz Two in One 
Bloatenz plus 
Ancare: 
BloUx 
Blodrench 
B locare 4511 
Blotronic 
Agmax Industries: 
Marlophen 89 Bloat drench 
Shell Oil N.Z. Ltd.: 
Unit Size 
5 litre 
Unit Size 
200 litre 
15 kg 
200 litre 
200 litre 
200 litre 
200 litre 
2 syringe pk 
200 litre 
200 litre 
200 litre 
20 litres 
200 litres 
Bl0 Kure Spray mix Light (oral and pasture) 
Heavy (oral and pasture) 
Bl0 Kure Flank Oil (Flank Lick) 
Professional Veterinary Distributors: 
Protect Bloat Drench 115litres 
Magox Drench Powder 
Prices Exclude GST B-18 
20 Litres 
$58.05 
$72.68 
$72.86 
Retail Price 
$ 25.88 
$698.52 
$ 35.42 
$856.32 
$988.51 
$ 32.00 
Trade Price 
$ 875.00 
$1100.00 
$ 58.00 
$863.00 
$897.00 
$1127.00 
$ 88.89 
$666.67 
209 Litre Drum 
$547.84 
$767.00 
$767.00 
$498.00 
per tonne $935 
Metabolics 
(See also Section 2.3.5 for mineral supplements, licks etc.) 
Product Unit Size 
Pitman-Moore: 
Boromag Plus 
Borophos 
Sulphamag 
Bomac Laboratories: 
Calcium Borogluconate (Milk Fever) 
Dextrose (Ketosis) 
Glucalmag 25% Calcium Borogluconate 
8 % MgCl
2 
Glucalmax 25% Calcium Borogluconate 
25% Dextrose 
4% MgCl2 
Glucalphos25% Calcium Borogluconate 
25% Dextrose 
5 % Magnesium hyphosite 
Magnesium Sulphate 20% 
Animal Health Equipment 
Product 
Peta Enterprises: 
Bloat Mix Dispenser 
Zinc Dispenser 
Multi-purpose Solid Dispenser (except zinc) 
Pitman.~Af oore: 
Drench Gun 
Drench Back Pack 
P20 Drench Gun Auto 
Engineering Dynamics: 
Pneumedic Power Drenching Systems -
Pneumedic Un-metered Drenching System 
Pneumedic Electro-Dose Metering Head 
Pneumedic Handguns 
A full metered unit 
Teat spray - 6 litre wall mounted unit 
Agrifeeds Limited: 
450 m1 
450 m1 
350 m1 
500 m1 
500ml 
500 ml 
500 m1 
500 m1 
500 m1 
24 hour 
12 hour x 2 
12.5 m1 
5.0 litre 
20.0 m1 
Agrifeeder for liquid supplements 125 and 250 kg 
B-19 
Retail Price 
$ 6.93 
$ 9.53 
$ 2.88 
$ 5.68 
$ 4.54 
$ 5.22 
$ 5.32 
$ 7.09 
$4.21 
$ 68.57 
$146.40 
$131.17 
$122.77 
$ 69.82 
$ 22.66 
$103.65 
$1389.00 
$ 765.00 
$ 69.50 
$2891.00 
$197.00 
$106 to $173 
Prices Exclude GST 
Shoof International: 
Dial a dose drench gun 
Automatic drench gun (20 to 70 ml) 
Manual drench gun (20 to 150 ml) 
Automatic Vaccinators - syringes 2 ml/5 ml 
- injectors 20 and 50 ml 
Multi-function kits - (manual) 
Cattle shoof - all models 
Goat shoof 1-4 sizes 
Vice International: 
Hoofclamp 
Veterinary Fees 
- (automatic) 4 in 1 
- (automatic) 8 in 1 
$ 55.56 
$ 86.67 
$ 44.40 to $ 62.18 
$124.56 to $132.45 
$168.85 
$200.00 
$217.78 
$248.00 
$ 20.00 
$ 6.36 
$150.00 
Veterinary club charges vary, depending on the club. 
A typical membership fee would be $25.00 to $35.00 which allows members up to 
20% discount on most services. 
Consultation fees are usually in the range $85 to $95 per hour with specialised 
surgical fees being up to $180 per hour. 
Most vets have a minimum charge per visit or consultation of $25 to $35. 
Charges for specific services usually include a visit fee plus a per head rate, 
for example: 
Ram Bleeding 
Palpation 
Cow Pregnancy Testing 
Velveting 
A varian TB testing 
Bovine TB 
Small Animal Consultation 
$3.00 to $4.50/hd 
$0.65 to $0.95/hd 
$1.50 to $2.20/hd 
$6.20 to $7.oo/hd 
$6.40 
$1.50 to $2.20rnd 
$16.00 to $20.00 
Mileage is usually chargeable@ $0.55 to $0.75 per kilometre. 
Dog Registration and Hydatid Control Fee 
These vary depending on the Local Body involved. Fees for pups depends on age. 
Examples of some Local Body fees are: 
Manawatu District Council: 
Selwyn District Council: 
- hydatids 6 weekly treatment 
- movement control 
- select owner dogs 
Prices Exclude GST B-20 
$33.77 
(plus $10.67 if paid after 1 May). 
$38.22 
$62.22 
$48.88 
$31.11 
2.3.2 Breeding Expenses and Livestock Purchases 
Artificial Breeding Fee 
Livestock Improvement Corporation (South Island)-1990/91: 
Premier Sires 
(Technician Service) 
First 100 Cows 
Second 100 Cows 
Third 100 Cows 
Fourth 100 Cows 
Nominated Service 
Per Cow Rate 
Spring 
$16.84 
$15.90 
$15.31 
$14.84 
Per Insemination Rate 
Spring Non-Spring 
$13.47 $15.47 
$12.71 $14.62 
$12.24 $14.07 
$11.86 $13.65 
Technician Service Fee per insemination: (price of semen not included) 
First 
Second 
Third 
Fourth 
100 cows 
100 cows 
100 cows 
100 cows 
Spring Non-Spring 
$6.83 $7.85 
$6.25 $7.19 
$5.78 $6.65 
$5.35 $6.15 
(Semen prices range from $3.50 per dose for beef breeds up to $10.00 per dose for 
dairy breeds). 
Heat Detection 
Vice International: Hauptner models 
Pregnancy Detection 
Vice International: 
Medata models (for cattle/sheep/goats/pigs/mares) 
- complete unit 
- with rectal probe only 
- with external probe only 
Livestock Purchases 
Sire Replacement 
Rams 
$862 and $962 
$2,395 
$1,995 
$1,795 
The following figures are some approximate values for flock rams: 
Dorset Down $200 to $350 Corriedale 
South Dorset Down $200 to $250 Perendale 
South Suffolk $300 Border Leicester 
Suffolk $300 Borderdale 
Romney $350 Coopworth 
$200 to $350 
$150 to $250 
$200 to $300 
$150 to $300 
$200 to $400 
Note: These values are only useful as a guide for budgeting purposes. Up to date 
figures should be obtained wherever possible. 
B-21 Prices Exclude GST 
Exotic Breeds of Sheep: (Oxford Down, Texel, Finnish Landrace) 
To give a guide to approximate prices for these breeds of rams, some figures have 
been selected from the original price-lists * of rams offered in 1990: 
Purebred 
7/8 
3/4 
1/2 
Average Pick 
$5000 
$3000 
$2000 
$600 
Range ** 
$2000 to $16000 
$1500 to $ 9000 
$ 900 to $ 5000 
$ 350 to $ 1600 
* It is likely that some negotiated prices were lower than shown. 
** The range shows the approximate price-list extremes. 
Bulls 
Beef bulls vary much in price depending on breed, qualities desired, etc. Normally in 
the range of $1200 to $5000. 
Stags 
The average price for breeding stags (red deer) is in the region of $2,000 to $3,000, 
and up to $5,000 for good animals. Some very high producing stags have been sold 
for up to $50,000. 
Bucks 
Pure bred Angora - Average prices paid for mature stock range from $70 to $250 
depending very much on the blood lines and desired features. 
Cashmere and Cashgora - $100 to $250 with some selling for up to $2,800. 
Other Stock Purchases 
Refer to Section One for information on stock sale/purchase prices: 
Sheep - pages A-18 to A-20 
Beef Cattle - pages A-32 to A-35 
Dairy Cattle - pages A-39 to A-40 
Deer - page A-45 
Goats - page A-49 
Pigs - page A-51 
Prices Exclude GST B-22 
2.3.3 Herd Testing Charges 
Livestock Improvement Corporation (South Island) 1990/91: 
Herd Testing Fees: (Includes Herd Records Service "MINDA") 
Standard Herd Testing Service (Includes one Staff member) 
First 100 cows (total) 
Each cow thereafter 
2 tests 
$ 945 
$ 6.23 
Tests per Year 
4 tests 6 tests 
$1,720 $2,184 
$10.76 $14.32 
Additional labour units at $109.00 per labour unit per test. 
Self Sample Herd Testing Service (without labour) 
First 100 cows (total) 
Each cow thereafter 
Somatic Cell Counting 
2 tests 
$ 788 
$ 5.66 
Tests per Year 
4 tests 6 tests 
$1,408 $1,753 
$ 9.64 $12.71 
8 tests 
$2,593 
$17.33 
8 tests 
$2,045 
$15.25 
If Somatic Cell Counts are required with herd testing, the additional cost is $1.40 per 
cow (2 tests); $2.40 (4 tests); $3.16 (6 tests); $3.75 (8 tests). 
MINDA Herd Records Service 
1. Livestock Improvement clients who use Herd Testing are automatically enrolled to 
use MINDA - the MINDA charges are incorporated in the Herd Testing fees. 
2. The charges for providing only the MINDA service are: 
- First 100 cows 
- Second 100 cows 
- Third 100 cows 
- Thereafter 
* $2.60 per cow . 
$2.00 per cow 
$1.40 per cow 
$1.00 per cow 
* These charges are reduced by $1.00 per cow for each cow 
inseminated by Livestock Improvement. 
UL TI - Integrated Package 
Livestock Improvement also offer a package which includes Herd Testing/Somatic 
Cell Counting/Artificial Breeding/MINDA/Farm Consultancy/Eartags. 
B-23 Prices Exclude GST 
2.3.4 Dairy Shed Expenses 
Shed Expenses per Cow 
Dairy shed budget figures should ideally be based on farmer estimates and past 
records of farm expenditure. Where such information is not available, the following 
figures may serve as a guide for budgeting purposes: 
Depending on the farm, size of herd etc, total shed expenses typically range from $11 
to $15 per cow per year. This does not include animal health (see Section 2.3.1) or 
electricity (see Section 2.6.1). 
Dairy Shed Inspection Fees 
Annual inspection fees for dairy sheds are likely to be between $120 and $220 per 
shed. (Source: "N.Z.Farmer" October 1990). 
Dairy Ointments, Soaps and Teat Sprays 
Product 
Klenzade: 
Blu Gard 
Teat Guard plus 
Agmax Industries Ltd: 
Teatspray 
Glycerine 
Kemax Tonic (Ketosis) 
Nu Farm: 
Redene Teat Dip and Spray 
Redene Teatspray Plus 
Redene Udder Crea.'ll 
Ancare: 
Teatcare Plus 
Teatcare 
Pitman-Moore: 
Hibitane 
Detergents and Sanitisers 
Agmax Industries: 
Mulitsan 300 Acid Detergent/Sanitizer 
Multiwash 900 Alkaline Detergent 
Unit Size 
200 Htres 
200 Htres 
20 litres 
20 litres 
20 Htres 
200 Htres 
20 litres 
8 kg 
200 litres 
200 Htres 
17 kg 
Prices Exclude GST B-24 
20 Litre 
$66.66 
$57.78 
Trade Price 
$1200.00 
$1200.00 
$97.78 
$80.00 
$128.89 
$1017.36 
$ 156.70 
$ 61.40 
$ 977.00 
$1094.00 
$ 84.76 
200 Htres 
$511.11 
$422.22 
NuFarm: 
Redene Iodophor Sanitiser 200 litre 
$ 767.44 
Redene Lo-Count Acid 200 litre 
$ 888.36 
Redene Lo-Count Alkali 20 kg $ 91.40 
Redene Milkstone Remover HAF 20 litre $ 111.06 
Klenzade: (Trade Prices) 
Klenz Iodophor - sanitizer 200 litre $800.00 
Iodovat - kold klenz 200 litre $950.00 
Q Klenz - sanitizer and cleanser 200 litre $860.00 
Low Foam Q Klenz 200 litre $860.00 
Klenz All Temp 200 litre $860.00 
Klenzphos H.C.milk stone remover 200 litre $925.00 
Stainless Steel Detergent 20 kg $88.00 
Tri Klenz - alkaline cleaner 20 litre $86.00 
Kleer Klenz - alkaline cleaner 20 kg $86.00 
Liquid Super Klenz 20 litre $89.00 
Klenzade Non-ionic Rinse 200 litre $580.00 
Note: Klenzade (ECOLAB) have a refund on returned empty containers in good 
condition, $60 per 200 litre plastic drum. 
Dow Elanco: 
Mycorinse detergent 
Low Foam Mycosan dairy sanitizer 
Mycosan S dairy sanitizer 
Dairy Shed Equipment 
Mil/os International Ltd: 
Claws - complete 
Teat cups (each) 
Pump diaphrams (each) 
Liners (each) 
Inline filters 76 to 102mm x 550 to 670mm 
Inline filter socks 
Vacuum regulator 
Pulsators 
Milk cooler 
Vat washers 
Shed Aprons 
Al/a-Laval: 
Cup Removers only 
Liners 
Shells 
B-25 
180 litre 
20 litre 
20 litre 
$ 790.00 
$ 113.00 
$ 113.00 
$125.00 to $140.00 
$14.05 to $15.95 
$23.31 to $23.80 
$3.90 
$309 to $407 
$23.28/100 to $56.10/100 
$201.00 to 261.00 
$162.00 
$745.45 to $1550.10 
$85.00 to $171.20 
$15.54 
$216.50 
$4.30 
$19.00 
Prices Exclude GST 
Oil Recirculating Mufflers 
Recirculating Washing System 18 Unit 
Teat Sprayers 
Vacuum Pumps- Masport Master 
- Masport Super 
Claws - Harmony 
- Melody 
- Triovac 
- TF 350 
Teat Cups 
HP102 Pulsator 
EP100 Pulsator 
EP209 Electronic Individual Pulsator 
Vacumaster regulator 
Dosatron Marketing: 
Dispenser units - Dosatron 1501 0.2% to 1 % 
- Dosatron 1005 2% to 5% 
- Dosatron 8000 0.2% to 2% 
- Dosatron 20000 0.2% to 2% 
Note: For complete dairy shed units see Section 2.21.3 
2.3.5 Feed and Nutrition 
Milk Replacers 
Weddel Stock foods: 
Denkavit - calf milk 
- Lamb milk 
-lamb milk 
20 kg 
10 kg 
5kg 
Supplements (See also Horse Nutrition, etc, later in section) 
Agmax Industries Limited: 
Agmax stockfood supplement 200 litres 
Agrifeeds Limited: (ex Tauranga) 
Promag/Himag - cattle 
Equestri-feed - horses 
Molasses - feedgradelblackstrap 
Prices Exclude GST 
250 kg drum 
250 kg drum 
250 kg drum 
B-26 
$925.00 
$2320.00 
$ 595.00 
$1576.00 
$1911.00 
$134.00 
$112.00 
$236.00 
$220.00 
$19.00 to $21.50 
$220.00 
$205.00 
$355.00 
$296.00 
$1050.00 
$1550.00 
$2000.00 
$4590.00 
$52.44 to $57.77 
$37.33 to $40.00 
$17.77 to $19.55 
$377.78 
$202.16 
$253.50 
$131.67 to $139.65 
Bomac Laboratories: (Trade Price) 
Blud - vit B, Cu, Cl, Fe, Biotin and amino acids 
Biomin - Copper 50g, Zinc 109, Cobalt 5g, Iodine 1.5g 
Calphos (calcium supplement + Vit D for horses) 
Equiplex (liquid B grp vito for horses) 
Feramo H (vit./mineral suppLfor horses) 
Ironcyclen Liquid Co + Cu (for horses) 
Ketol- Propylene Glycol 80% (for Ketosis) 
Lamblac - ewe milk substitute 
Nutrilac - milk replacer for lambs, fawns and kids 
Rovisol - Vito A, D3, E and C. (all stock) 
Vigest - Amino acids, Vito B, Dextrose 
Vitol - use for Ketosis, sleepy sickness 
Rural Research Ltd: 
Solid Molasses Stock-lick Blocks-
Biuret Blokmolas - feed block molasses 
Zincmolas 
Pfizer Premixes: 
Ruminant Premixes 
DairylBeef 5ID-Bulk 
- feed block with zinc 
Calf Milk Supplement 500A 
25kg 
5kg 
25kg 
Vitamix-ADE (water dispersable Vitamins) 300g 
Posistac (Productivity booster in pigs) 25kg 
Pack 
Size 
30 satchets 
1 litre 
2.5 kg 
2.0Itr 
2.5 kg 
1.0ltr 
5 litres 
10 kg 
10 kg 
1 litre 
2 litres 
5 litres 
Price I 
llli?L 
$54.89 
$12.50 
$ 22.34 
$18.79 
$24.34 
$13.46 
$31.97 
$40.75 
$39.17 
$34.85 
$19.01 
$37.36 
$27.25 
$31.40 
Mecadox Plus (Growth Promotant and scours preventer in pigs) 20kg 
$107.20 
$ 43.65 
$151.15 
$ 29.30 
$137.80 
$438.80 
Salt Blocks 
Summit Salt Blocks (20 kg blocks) 
Multi Mineral 
Copper/Mineralised/Salt/Magnesium 
Loose Mixes Multi mineralised salt mix - coarse 
(40kg Bags) Magnesium salt mix - fme 
Littlelix - 2.5 kg 
Tomoana (Weddel Stockfoods): 
Sheep and Cattle Block (20 kg) 
Deer Block (20 kg) 
Fine Wool Block (20 kg) 
B-27 
$13.33 to $15.11 
$14.66 to $17.77 
$14.84 
$20.98 
$2.31 to $2.58 
$13.33 to $16.00 
$16.89 to $18.67 
$15.11 to $17.78 
Prices Exclude GST 
Concentrates 
Note: Several product ranges included. 
NRM Feeds Ltd: (Christchurch) 
Calf early wean crum 
Hi Energy Dairy Pellet 
Moozlee 
Sheep Nut 
Deer Pellet 
Goat Pellet 
Horse Pellets 
Rabbit Pellets 
Superstok Feeds: 
Dairy Crumbles 
Sheep Nuts 
Deer Nuts 
Horse Pellets 
Rabbits Ration No.1 
Weddell Crown: 
Rate per Tonne 
(bulk) Delivered 
$351.90 
$310.80 
$341.90 
$341.90 
$353.88 to $388.88 
$390.40 . 
Multinuts (per tonne) 
Weenamon Calf Meal (40 kg) 
Poultry Feeds 
NRM Feeds Ltd: 
Chick Mash 
ChickCrum 
Pullet Grower Mash 
Pullet Grower Crum 
Pre-Lay Mash 
Hi-Lay Mash 
Hi-Lay Pellet 
Hi-Lay Super Mash 
Hi-Lay Super Pellet 
Broil Finish Crum 
Broil Finish 1 Pellet 
Broil Finish 2 Pellet 
Broil Finish 3 Pellet 
Broil Breed Starter Crum 
Broil Breed Grower Crum 
Broil Breed Lay Crum 
Prices Exclude GST B-28 
Per 40 kg bag 
(ex store) 
$ 17.05 
$ 15.75 
$ 37.45 
$ 16.55 
$ 16.55 
$16.55 
$16.90 to $18.35 
$ 18.85 
40~ 
$13.19 
$13.93 
$14.65 
$14.50 
$16.47 
$384.89 
$24.89 to $27.56 
Bulk Price Per Tonne 
$433.40 
$444.40 
$329.30 
$340.30 
$351.30 
$361.70 
$372.70 
$370.50 
$381.50 
$585.00 
$538.00 
$521.00 
$506.00 
$463.70 
$363.30 
$398.80 
Pfizer: 
Chick Pemix - Pfichick (5 x 5kg units) 
Grower Premix - Pfipul-25 
Layer Premix - Pfiegg-35 (10 x 2.5kg units) 
25kg 
25kg 
25kg 
25kg 
25kg 
25kg 
- Pfilay-45 (10 x 2.5kg units) 
Broiler Premix - Pfibro-55 A V 
Pig Rations 
NRM Feeds Ltd: 
Pig creep crumbs 
- Pfibro-65 A V 
Pig weaner care pellets 
Pig flexiwean pellets 
Pig grower care pellets 
Pig rapid grow pellets 
Pig early finisher pellets 
Pig econo bacon pellets 
Pig breeder pellets 
Pfizer: 
Bulk per tonne 
$699.80 
$517.20 
$503.80 
$455.20 
$423.60 
$393.20 
$380.10 
$370.20 
Creep Premix - Pfistart-lO (5 x 5kg units) 
Weaner/Grower Premix - Pfigrow-30 (10 x 2.5kg units) 
Grower Premixes - Pfipork-60 (10 x 2.5kg units) 
- Pfipork-60 Plus Posistac (10 x 2.5kg units) 
Grower/Finisher Premixs - Prifm-90 (10 x 2.5kg units) 
- Prifm-90 Plus Posistac (10 x 2.5kg units) 
Breeder Premix - Pfibred-20 
Supastock Feeds: 
PigWeaner 
Pig Grower 
Pig Finisher 
Pig feed Components: 
Meat and bone meal- average $412 to $432 per tonne 
Skim Milk powder - $1800 per tonne depending on quality 
25kg 
25 kg 
25kg 
25kg 
25kg 
25kg 
25kg 
$113.50 
$111.85 
$162.50 
$102.40 
$132.20 
$211.80 
40 kg Bag 
$ 34.35 
$ 24.10 
$ 21.15 
$ 18.50 
$125.25 
$206.80 
$147.30 
$188.50 
$120.90 
$156.25 
$216.60 
40kg sack 
$19.57 
$19.44 
$18.00 
Barley meal - Most farmers buy barley and grind it themselves. Current Canterbury 
price $190 per tonne (less if direct from grain grower, add $30 to $40 per tonne for 
on-farm milling and mixing). 
Dried blood - $950 to $1000 per tonne average 
Fish meal- $1250 per tonne 
Plus Mineral, vitamin and premixes etc 
B-29. Prices Exclude GST 
Note: 
As a guide the average pig ration would be formulated as follows * : 
(Figures are percentages of total ration) 
Barley Meal 
Meat and Bone Meal 
Skim Milk Powder 
Dried Blood 
Fish Meal 
MineralsNitamins 
Weaner 
76.0 
10.0 
5.0 
4.5 
4.0 
0.5 
Grower 
82.5 
10.0 
5.0 
2.0 
0.5 
Breeder 
86.0 
12.5 
1.0 
0.5 
* Refer also to "Farm Technical Manual" (1991). Lincoln University 
Dog Feeds 
Weddel Stockfoods: Tomoana dog crackers 10 to 40 kg 
Pfizer Dog Food Supplement 25kg 
$11.56 to $44.44 
$177.65 
Horse Nutrition 
Pfizer: 
Hi E Plus Selinium (Cone. Vitamin Suppl.) 
Ephocal (Ca and P Feed Suppl.) 
Tasvite Plus (Liquid B Vitamins) 
Horse Supplement and Selenium 
Nutreguin * Horse and Deer Supplement 
Equine Iron Tonic 
Hay and Straw 
Depends on area, season and qUality. 
lkg 
2.5kg 
lOkg 
2 litre 
5 litre 
lkg 
2.5kg 
lOkg 
3.5kg 
20kg 
5 litre 
$ 32.20 
$ 20.00 
$ 67.00 
$ 55.00 
$l10.oo 
$ 22.75 
$40.40 
$142.35 
$ 29.50 
$144.25 
$ 55.75 
1990/91 prices in Canterbury for average to good quality bales are approximately as 
follows: 
Conventional Big Round Bale 
(10 to 15 bale equivalent) 
Hay: Meadow $2.50 - $3.00 $25.00 
Lucerne $3.50 - $5.00 
Pea Vine $3.50 
Straw: Pea $2.00 - $3.00 
Ryegrass $25.00 
Prices Exclude GST B-30 
Hawkes Bay Conventional Big Round Bale 
(10 to 15 bale equivalent) 
Hay: Meadow $3.00 $40.00 
Lucerne $6.00 
Pea Vine $3.50 
Straw: Barley/Ryegrass $1.10 $15.00 
In the Taranaki area meadow hay was selling for $4.50Ibale. Large round bales were 
selling for around $60. 
In the Waikato hay was selling for $40 per big round bale. 
For contract hay baling see Section 2.5.1. 
Grazing Fees 
Payment for grazing varies according to the class and age of livestock, the time of 
year, seasonal conditions and the district. 
Rates for 1990/91 are approximately: 
Canterbury 
Sheep - summer grazing 20-25clhdlwk 
- winter - hoggets 40clhdlwk 
Breeding Cows -
Dry Cattle 
Dairy Heifers -
- ewes 
Dairy Cows (Winter) -
45clhdlwk 
$2 -$3Ihd/wk 
$3.50/hd/wk 
up to $6lhdlwk 
Hawkes Bay 
25-3Oc/hd/wk 
5Oclhd/wk 
$2.50-$3 ($1.50-$2 in summer) 
$2 ($1 in summer) 
In the Waikato fees for heifer calves are about $2.50 per head per week, dairy heifers 
(June to June) $3.50 to $4.50/hdlweek and dairy cows (wintering) $7 to $8Ihd/week. 
Taranaki fees are similar to those in the Waikato, for heifers and cows. 
2.3.6 Shearing and Shearing Shed Expenses 
(See also Sections 2.23 and 32.) 
When budgeting for shearing (full wool) costs, a figure of approximately $141 per 
hundred may be used for the average situation. This figure takes account of wages 
paid to shedhands etc, travel costs and levies. Actual costs will vary from farm to 
farm. 
See over page for conJract and semi-conJract shearing rates 
B-31 Prices Exclude GST 
Contract/Semi?Contract Shearing Rates 
(Approximate only, for Canterbury Conditions) 
Note: These are contract rates. Where an individual shearer is employed, use the 
Shearers and Shedhands award rates (Section 2.2.3). 
Travel has not been incorporated into these rates but is chargeable at a rate of 
42.87 cents per km. 
For budgeting purposes - see above. 
Shearing open Full Wool. Machine per 100 $105.00* 
Bellied /100 $102.00 
Lambs /100 $94.50 
Full belly crutch, flank, eyewig/loo $52.00 
1/2 belly crutch, flank eyewig/loo $48.00 
Dagging!loo $31.00 
Classing rate/loo $29.70 
* See Section 2.2.3 for differential payments for Corriedale,Halfbred and Merino. 
Shedhand rate/hour about $12 average, may vary with experience. 
Presser rate/hour $13 .00 
Contract shearing /100 - Machines $230.00 
- Blades $251.00 
Plant 
Agrisales: Shearing Plant 
'Super Pro' 1 Phase Electric Plant (Complete with Down Tube) 
Downtubes (For above plants) - Flexible/Rigid Downtube 
Sunbeam Supergrip Handpiece 
$1234.67 
$250.00 to $308.77 
$ 459.45 
Honda: Portable Dagging Unit - powered, complete with flexible drive $1272.52 
Lister-Petter NZ Ltd: 
Lister Shear Leader electric shearing plant 
Lister 2 Speed electric with flexible downtube 
Lister 2 Speed dagging unit with flexibie downtube 
Nova Dagging Plant 
Lister Black Tallygrip Handpiece 
Concorde handpiece 
Electric Clippers for Deer 
12 Volt Clippers? Showman 
Battery Pack ? Economy 
- Deluxe 
Combs and Cutters 
Agrisales: 
Combs ? Super Flight/SuperjPacer 
- Cover comb/Goat comb 
Cutters - AAA/ Big Gem Cutter 
Prices Exclude GST B-32 
$1333.33 
$968.89 
$953.33 
$875.56 
$466.67 
$528.89 
$577.78 
$426.67 
$435.38 
$768.56 
$28.96 to $30.12 
$36.17 
$6.11 
Lister-Petter NZ Ltd: 
Combs 
Cutters 
Comb and Cutter set for Deer Clippers 
Comb and Cutter set for 12 Volt Clippers 
Heiniger (Allflex NZ Ltd.): 
Combs 
Cutters 
Electric Grinders 
Agrisa/es: 
Sunbeam Double - 3 phase 
Lister-Petter NZ Ltd: 
Lister Electric Grinder Double Ended 
Woolpresses 
Allflex NZ Ltd: 
High Country single phase 
Super Press 3 Phase 
Van-Gard FMI Hydraulic 
Donald Manual Vertical Hoist Model HSW steel 
Capless pack conversion kits -
Ezy Pinner - No tramp 
HSW 
Models H,A,AS,ES and ESW 
Van-Gard FMl and FWl 
Manual press cap 
No tramp cap 
Side units only 
Safety hoist brake 
Ezy Side Pinner 
Ezy Corner Pinner 
No Tramp woolpress clamps 
Catching Pen Promotions: 
Woolpress conversion kits 
Drinnin: 
Capless Pack Conversion Kits 
Kwikaway: 
Capless Pack Conversion Kits 
Lyco Industries:- Heavy Duty for Capless Woolpacks 
B-33 
$32.00 
$6.00 to $6.67 
$81.42 
$81.42 
$25.20 to $33.28 
$5.75 
$1335.76 
$1502.22 
$11.562 
$13.500 
$5.125 
$3.187 
$437.00 
$460.00 
$460.00 
$460.00 
$115.00 
$95.50 
$345.00 
$88.55 
$500.00 
$375.00 
$211.00 
$295 
$355 
$390 
$11,795 
Prices Exclude GST 
Wool Tables 
Lyco Industries: 
Round, Rectangular and L Shape.d, from 
WUliams and Kettle.: 
Wool Pack Holders (Williams and Kettle) 
Fleece Weigilers 
Aliflex NZ Ltd: 
Fleece weigher - 15kg Clockface Type 
Bale Weighers 
Alljlex N ZLtd: 
Equipment From Basic Loadbars to XP Plus unit 
Printer 
Electronic Scales up to 2000 kg for weighing bales 
Wool Bale Trolleys 
Alljlex NZ Ltd: Ezyload bale barrow 
Lyco Industries: - bale barrow 
Other W ooIshed Ex.penses 
Stencils: Numerals/.<\lphabet 
Sheep Counters: Hand tally counters 
Seaming Twine: 4 ply 
Ashley Wool and Sack: 
Packs: - new (each) 
- recyclt'.d with new cap (each) 
Capless packs - new (each) 
- recycled (each) 
Woolbale dips for capless packs (approx: 200 pes) 
Fleece Testing Charges 
Wool Measurement Service - Lincoln University: 
Yield and Average Fibre Diameter test (includes ranking) 
Enquire for other tests e.g. Susceptibility to yellowing 
Average Fibre Diameter only 
Prices Exclude GST B-34 
$ 693 
$400 
$85.33 
$198.80 
$1150 to $1587 
$672.75 
$1250.00 
$387.00 
$353.00 
$15.96/$29.30 
$14.13 
$6.24 
$7.20 
$ 5.00 
$ 8.90 
$ 6.50 
$4.00 
$5.75/Sampie 
$2.25/Sampie 
$4.00/Sampie 
S.G.S. (Society of General Surveillance) NZ Ltd: (Timaru) 
Stud Ram Certificate $60.00/Sample 
$ 7.50/Sample 
$ 6.00/Sample 
$ 4.00/Sample 
$ 3.50/Sample 
$39.00/Sample 
Ram Report Service 
Flock Report Service - up to 50 samples 
- over 50 samples 
Micron only - Ranking within Flock 
Yield Test 
Yield and Fineness 
Lot Build 
Condition Test 
Fineness Testing 
Additional tests 
Weigh Notes 
Core Sampling 
$44.oo/Sample 
$ 5.oo/Sample 
- Scoured Wool or Yam $26.50 plus $0.70/100 kg 
- Scoured Wool Package $100.00 plus $0.30/100 kg 
- Airflow method with condition test $10.00 
- Separate request $25.00 
- Projection microscope method $78.00 
- colour measurement with yield or condition test $25.00 
- Check tests or Re-tests $26.00 per Test 
- fibre length $60.00 
- Staple length $36.00 
- Loose wool bulk $24.00 
- Ash $15.00 
- Medullation $40.00 
- Wool content (in blends) $30.00 
- pH determination $23.00 
- Vegetable matter content $16.00 
- Residual grease $25.50 
- Alcohol extractables $25.50 
- Rapid yield $25.00 
$10.00 to $20.00 
$1.50 per bale 
2.3.7 Stock Management 
Mating Management Aids 
Donaghys: 
StaflX Ram/Goat Harnesses 
Crayons - Soft or Hard 
Productivity Improvers 
Pitman-Moore: 
Ralgro (Beet) 
Ralgro Implanter 
Ralgro Needles 
24 dose 
6's 
B-35 
$20.37 
$ 2.77 
$ 79.32 
$ 75.48 
$ 14.84 
Prices Exclude GST 
Lamb Heat Box 
Quickheat 
Tailing and Marking Requisites 
Hayes Lamb Cradles - single 
Allflex NZ Ltd: 
Earmarkers (Rim cuts) - sheep 
- cattle 
Sheep and Goat Daroux Emasculator 
Age marker - single/double cattle 
- single/double sheep 
Note: Allflex provides a service of sharpening earmarkers and 
$141.00 
$64.20 
$70- $129 
$98 - $148 
$102.38 
$72.45 
$48.30 
clipper blades, and also clipper servicing - sheep $29.40, cattle $39.35 
Shoof International: 
Ear markers 
Docking Pens 
Wire Makers Ltd: 
Pen Size 2.45m x 2.45m, 100 lamb capacity 
- complete pen (5 panels) with side race 
- complete pen as above but with double side race 
- extra panel 
- extra panel with drafting gate 
- extra race gate 
- tie bars (each) 
Hurricane: 
Pen Size 2.45m x 2.45m, 100 lamb capacity 
6 welded mesh panels with gate installation 
Raddles and Marken 
Donaghys: 
Sprayline Aerosol Marker - 400 g can 
Brightline Stick Raddle (per stick) 
Shoof International: 
Tail and Cull Cow paint 
Line master aerosol paint 
Line master spot marker 
Prices Exclude GST B-36 
$34.66 
$389.50 
$456.90 
$56.70 
$ 82.40 
$23.55 
$ 5.35 
$307.85 
$6.53 
$1.00 
$11.91 
$16.89 
$95.56 
Stock Identification" Tags 
Allflex NZ Ltd: 
4 male and 6 female tags available, all interchangable, giving 24 possible 
combinations -
2410 59 cents each (blank), numbering or lettering 7 to 15 cents extra. 
Per animal cost S6c to $1.42 depending on size of tag and whether numbering or 
lettering is required. 
Hi-View/Neck tag 
Farm-acy Brass Tag 
Fann-acy Nickel Tag 
Farm-acy Kurl Lock (aluminium) 
Farm-acy Flock 
Steel figure punches 
Talbot Plastics Ltd: 
Ritchey Ear Tags -
Blank 
Printed 
Minimum printing order 
Marking Fluid (per bottle) 
Leader Products (NZ.): 
0-9 
A-Z 
Sheep 
Cattle 
Blank $1.05, Numbered $1.35 each. 
24c each 
40c each 
24c each 
15c each 
$18.35 
$47.25 
28c 
38c 
add 10 to 20c 
$5.40 plus tags. 
$1.00 
N.R minimum invoice $28.00 
28 to 55 cents each plain and 38 to 70 cents stamped plus stud at 22 cents each (in 
packs of 100). 
Bell tag 45 cents each plain and 60 cents stamped plus studs. 
Tag applicators and accessories 
Allflex International NZ Ltd: 
Applicators 
Farm-acy Tag Ciosing Pliers 
Hole Punch Flock/Brass Tag 
Leader Products (N Z.): 
Two stage tagging system 
Brands and Tattoos 
Allflex NZ Ltd: 
Brands 
Fire and Freeze brands (0 to 9) 
B-37 
$26.25 to $51.45 
$19.43 
$35.44 to $55.00 
$20.00 
$80.00 
Prices Exclude GST 
Tattoos 
Fann-acy outfit Sheep/Goat/Cattle 
Horstmann set All animals 
Rubber ink pad 
Tattoo ink Black 
Shoo! International Ltd: 
Ear Tattoo Set includes numbers 
Number and Letter sets 
De.Horning 
AUf/ex NZ Ltd: 
10 to 12mm 
100gm 
Fann-acy calf dehomers 
Fann-acy yearling dehomers 
Electro-tek Engineering Ltd.: - yearling de-homers 
- manual calf de-homer 
Hoofcutting 
Electro-tek Engineering Ltd: Hoofcutter 
Scales (See also fleece and bale weighers. Section 23.6) 
AUf/ex NZ Ltd: 
Micropower - Starter indicator 
XP indicator 
Digital indicator 
XPloadbars 
Basic loadbars 
Platfonns and Crates: 
Agrisales: 
XPprinter 
Draftmaster crate 
Standard crate 
Deer/Cattle piatform - 2.1m x 6.5m 
- 2.1mx 8.4m 
Universal stock race (complete) 
Deer weighcrate C/W with floor 
Woolpress weighing platform 
Indicator with battery AG500-Ol/02lO3 
Standard 2000 kg and 3000 kg loadbars (Pairs) 
250 kg loadcell 
250 kg Suspension Cell 
Drafting crate Cattle TI'250 
Cattle Platform 
Prices Exclude GST B-38 
$151.20 
$450.00 
$75.00 
$9.29 
$106.67 
$4.40 and $6.18 
$ 36.75 
$236.25 
$181.00 
$28.75 
$90.60 
$598 
$1390 to $1680 
$423 
$1580 
$1200 
$695 
$1150 
$879 
$610 
$630 
$830 
$2339 
$310 
$866/$1583/$2114 
$1057.65 and $1273.74 
$ 823.74 
$1066.25 
$4480.00 
$ 651.24 
Printer 230V 
Animal Crushes 
Al/flex NZ Ltd: (Donalds) 
Squeeze Cattle Crush (with auto head bail) 
Head Bail Automatic Walk-through 
Head Bail Gate Type (auto walk-through) 
C & F Industries: 
Deer Crush 
LJ, Carrington: (Tauranga) 
Deer Crushes 
2.4m length 
2.Om length 
Dog Trainers 
Agtronics - electronic dog training aid 
B-39' 
- single unit 
- dual unit 
$1090.32 
$4222.00 
$1042.00 
$ 592.00 
$4574.00 
$1134.00 
$1089.00 
$ 686.50 
$1,170.08 
Prices Exclude GST 
See also Sections 2.5 (Contracting) and 2.9 (Seeds). 
2.4.1 Cultivation Gosts for Arable Fanns 
Guide to Cultivation Costs 
The following are based on the direct costs (excluding labour) of running a 63 kW (85 
HP) tractor Le. $20.50 per hour (see Section 2.13.2). 
Ploughing 
Grubbing 
Rotary Hoe 
Power Harrow 
Harrowing 
Roll 
Drill 
Direct drill 
Hours per hectare Cost Per Hectare 
1.00 
0.45 
1.8 
1.0 
0.15 
0.35 
0.55 
0.65 
$ 
20.50 
9.23 
36.90 
2050 
3.08 
7.18 
11.28 
13.33 
Refer also to Section 3.3, Gmss Margins Analysis, for costs for a variety of crops. 
2.4.2 Pollination 
Hive Hire 
In general $40 to $50 per hive for the pollination period of a crop. 
This varies markedly from approximately $20 per hive, where honey producing hives 
are moved to specific locations at a farmer's request, to $100 per hive for the three to 
four week pollination period for kiwifruit, where the hives are for pollination only and 
no honey is produced. 
l1.irfloV-1 P o!!if'..ation Ltd: 
Airflow pollinator $3,200 
2.4.3 Seed Certification Charges t990/91 
For entries with closing dates after the first Monday in October 1990 the following 
charges applied: 
Entry Fees: 
Crops Provisionally Certified as lst or 2nd Generation Seed 
Sector One Two 'Three Travel 
Chars; Inspection Inspection Inspection Compone,pl 
Code Crop Crop Crop Permsp. 
$ $ $ $ 
A 62.00 76.00 90.00 
B 67.50 87.00 106.50 5.50 
Prices Exclude GST B-40 
C 69.00 
D 70.50 
E 72.00 
F 74.00 
G 76.50 
H 80.00 
I 83.00 
J 87.00 
K 92.00 
L 97.00 
M 106.00 
N 40.00 
*Distance related 
90.00 
93.00 
96.00 
100.00 
105.00 
112.00 
118.00 
126.00 
136.00 
146.00 
164.00 
50.00 
111.00 
115.50 
120.00 
126.00 
133.50 
144.00 
153.00 
165.00 
180.00 
195.00 
222.00 
60.00 
7.00 
8.50 
10.00 
12.00 
14.50 
18.00 
21.00 
25.00 
30.00 
35.00 
44.00 
**For information only. The travel componi!nt is included in the charges. 
Nil Inspection Crops 
Charge for Late Entry per Entry 
Charge for Re-inspection per Entry 
Withdrawal of Entry prior to field inspection 
$40.00 
$25.00 
$55.00 
$25.00 
The sixth and subsequent entries with a common closing date submitted by a grower 
will qualify for a 10% rebate. 
Crops Provisionally Certified as Breeders or Basic Seed 
Price includes: Grower Fee, Plot Testing Fee, Per Kilogram Fee. 
Sector One Two Three Travel 
Chars: 
Inspection Inspection Inspection 
Compone*~ 
Code Crop Crop Crop Per Insp. 
$ $ $ $ 
A 124.00 138.00 152.00 
B 129.50 149.00 168.50 5.50 
C 131.00 152.00 173.00 7.00 
D 132.50 155.00 177.50 8.50 
E 134.00 158.00 182.00 10.00 
F 136.00 162.00 188.00 12.00 
G 138.50 167.00 195.50 14.50 
H 142.00 174.00 206.00 18.00 
I 145.00 180.00 215.00 21.00 
J 149.00 188.00 227.00 25.00 
K 154.00 198.00 242.00 30.00 
L 159.00 208.00 257.00 35.00 
M 168.00 226.00 284.00 44.00 
N 40.00 50.00 60.00 
*Distance related 
**For information only. The travel component is included in the charges. 
B-41 Prices Exclude GST 
Charge for Late Entry per Entry 
Charge for Re-inspection per Entry 
Withdrawal of Entry prior to field inspection 
$25.00 
$55.00 
$25.00 
The sixth and subsequent entries with a common closing date submitted by a grower 
will qualify for a 10% rebate. 
2.4.4 Sacks, Boxes and Packagi!:!g 
Sacks 
Ashley Wool and Sack Ltd: 
Sack sizes are designated in centimetres. 
Sizes are unchanged from imperial. 
Prices are new (ex store). 
A 48 inch, 3 stripe sack is now 122 em, cost $1.85 
A 46 inch standard sack is now 116 cm, cost $1.70. 
A 37 inch sack is now 94 em and costs $1.35. 
N.B. Discounts for bulk (not normally sold as singles). A bale holds 250-300 sacks. 
Second hand (cleaned and repaired) $0.70 to $1.10 
Box Hire 
Hodder and Tolley Ltd: 
$6.50 per box 
Box capacities are as follows: 
Peas 
Ryegrass 
Clover 
Packaging Equipment 
Cases and Cartons 
1.3 tonne 
700 to 800 kg 
l.Otonne 
$1,100 to $2,250 per 1000 depending on size and materials. 
Berry Containers 
$60 to $350 per 1000 depending on size and materials. 
Punnets 
$130 to $350 per 1000 (250g to 1.5kg) 
Apple Bags 
Plain - 5 kg 
- 9 kg 
Cellophane 225 x 225 plain 
300 x 400 plain 
Conform N Z. Ltd: 
Packaging Hlm 
a) Kiwifruit Polythene Products 
Folded Liners 
Prices Exclude GST 
per 1000 
per 1000 
per 1000 
per 1000 
B-42 
$ 80.00 
$180.00 
$23.00 
$40.00 
850 x 680mm x 20mm (green tint) 
Tripak Polybags 
500 x 375 x 525mm x 301l (green tint) 
b) Nashi Polythene Products 
(i) Polybags 
500 x 375 x 525mm x 30,. (green tint) 
c) Apple Carton Polybag 
(i) Standard Polybag 
500 x 380 x 800mm x 30/l (natural. punched) 
(ii) Ultrathane Polybag 
500 x 380 x 800mm x 18/l (natural, punched) 
d) Bin Liners 
(i) Kiwifruit Liner 
1035 x 770 x 1325mm x 70/l (natural) 
(ii) Kiwifruit Bubble Cushion Rolls 
1300mm x 60m (natural) 
Pallet Wrapping Film 
a) Pallet Shrink Wrap 
(i) 1270 x I070mm Shrink Tubing Natural 
(ii) 1340 x 1140mm Shrink Tubing Natural 
b) Pallet Stretch Wrap 
(i) 500mm x 500m x 2O/l Handwrap 
(ii) 500mm x 450m x 23/l Handwrap 
(iii) 500mm x 1850m x 2O/l Machine Wrap 
(iv) 500mm x 1625m x 23/l Machine Wrap 
2.4.5 Weighing Charges 
$50.00/1000 
$121.00/1000 
$121.00/1000 
$161.80/1000 
$129.35/1000 
$1350.00/1000 
$100.00/roll 
$5.oo/kg 
$5.00/kg 
$30.00/roll 
$30.00/roll 
$95.00/roll 
$95.00/roll 
The current weighing charge at a public weigh bridge at Lincoln township is $5.50 per 
weigh. 
2.4.6 Grain Drying and Storage Charges 
Drying 
Wheat and Barley - Depends on moisture levels. 
Average at 15-16% moisture costs $18 per tonne. Price 
increases $2 for each 2% increase in moisture. 
Oats - Same as moisture content, 
i.e. 16% moisture = $16. 
B-43 Prices Exclude GST 
Buchanans Storage Company: 
All grain storage 
Screening charge 
Grain Laboratory Tests: 
Protein/Moisture (NIR) 
Falling Number 
Black Point 
Kernel Weight 
Test Weight 
Screenings 
Full Range of Lab Tests 
$0.10 per tonne per day 
$13.00 per tonne 
Price/Sample 
$8.00 
$12.00 
$6.60 
$6.00 
$2.10 
$3.50 
$27.00 
2.4.7 Consolidated Dressing and Store Handling Charges 
Hodder and Tolley Ltd:' 
These rates include receiving. delivering. sampling, weighing, dressing. brushing of 
sacks and disposal of offal. 
Ryegrasses 
Cocksfoot 
Clovers 
Lucerne 
- White. Red and Alsike 
Grass seed (Fine - Browntop. Fescue. 
Dogstail and Timothy) 
15.00 cents per kg 
35.20 cents per kg 
33.00 cents per kg 
33.00 cents per kg 
42.90 cents per kg 
Field dressed ryegrasses. clovers and timothy usually dress out approximately 25 
percent offal and field dressed cocksfoot from 25 to 33 percent offal. 
Turnips, Chou Moellier. Kale and Mustard 
Rape 
Prairie Grass 
Yarrow 
Separating White clover and Ryegrass 
Separating mixed oats and Ryegrass 
Slurry treating - $29.30 per tonne plus materials. 
20.00 cents per kg 
20.00 cents per kg 
64.90 cents per kg 
84.70 cents per kg 
$2.60 per sack 
$2.60 per sack 
Blending clovers and blending grass seeds - depends on time needed. 
Wheat and Ryecom 
Barley 
Field Peas and Lupins 
Garden Peas. Beans and Lentils 
Prices Exclude GST B-44 
$45.00 per tonne 
$50.00 per tonne 
$50.00 per tonne 
$62.70 per tonne 
Oats (dressing and clipping) 
Linseed 
Buchanan:; Storage Company: 
Seed Sampling for Certification 
Grading of Peas 
2.4.8 Cool Storage 
Coolpak Tirnaru Ltd: 
Berryfruit- unfrozen 
frozen 
both classes 
Fish 
$50.00 per tonne 
$65.00 per tonne or by negotiation 
$20.00 per sample 
$2.45 per tonne 
= 5 c/kg for first month 
= 4.5 c/kg for flrst month 
= 3.3 c/kg each extra month 
15 cents per carton/week (20 kg) 
or $5.00 per tonne/week 
Industrial Park Coolstore Ltd (Auckland): 
$6.50 per pallet per week or part thereof for both chiller and freezer space. 
Hornby Cold Stores Ltd: 
Base Rate 
Blast freezing 
3 c/kg/month or part thereof 
3 c/kg/month or part thereof plus storage 
Note: The base rate is the standard rate, but bins, pallets, cartons, carcases etc. are 
charged on a per item basis depending on the average weight of the contents, 
which relates back to the base rate. 
Prices vary between flrms and between customers within flrms depending on the type 
and amount of goods being stored, and the length of storage time. 
2.4.9 Seed Testing Fees 
MAFQual: 
Schedule of Seed Testing Charges 
Purity and germination combined 
Purity only 
Gennination only 
Gennination only fleld dressed (GOFD) 
Endorsed certificates for export, NZ or Orange: 
A. Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Japan, 
$76.50 
$42.30 
$42.30 
$ 30.00 
USA, Chile, China, EEC, Finland, South Africa, Switzerland, USSR $ 49.00 
B. Argentina, Colombia, Uruguay $ 37.00 
Advice before completion (e.g. interim, telex, wire purity, wire regulations) 
Copy (NZ or Orange Certificates) 
Downgrading 
Moisture 
$15.00 
$12.00 
$37.00 
$ 42.00 
B-45 Prices Exclude GST 
Seed weight determination 
Vigour (peas, prairie grass, dogstail) 
Buried seed content 
Tetrazolium 
Seed and Plant identification - Hourly rate 
Urgent tests - Purity and Germination 
- Purity or Germination 
Health: 
Bacterial Blight 
Pea Seed Borne Mosaic Virus 
Endophyte 
Blind Seed 
Ascochyta (peas, broad beans, tick beans) 
Seed Treatment Efficiency 
Other health tests 
Inoculant and Coated Seed Testing Services Tests: 
Complete inoculant test 
Semi complete inoculant test 
Reduced inoculant test 
Plant infection test 
Duplicate plant infection test 
Triplicate plant infection test 
Quadruplicate plant infection test 
Heterogeneity test 
Prices Exclude GST B-46 
$ 18.00 
$ 42.00 
$77.00 
$ 49.00 
$ 55.00 
$100.00 
$ 50.00 
$ 76.00 
$ 76.00 
$ 76.00 
$ 76.00 
$ 76.00 
$ 76.00 
$ 76.00 
$ 76.00 
$59.00 
$37.00 
$40.00 
$ 70.00 
$ 99.00 
$127.00 
$638.00 
2.5 CONTRACTING CHARGES 
2.5.1 Hay Making 
Taranaki Contractor charges are in the vicinity of $2.40 per conventional bale 
(including mowing, raking and baling). Large round bales are $10 per bale (baling 
only). 
In the Waikato area, contractor baling rates for conventional bales range from 80 
cents to $1.00 per bale. Contractor rates for baling large round bales are around 
$14.00 (15 bale equivalent). 
In the Hawkes Bay, average rates for baling conventional bales of meadow and 
lucerne hay are 80 cents per bale and 90 cents per bale for peavine hay. Large round 
bales (6ft x 4 ft) are $11.50 per bale (baling costs only for both). 
Canterbury: 
The following are the charges of one Canterbury contractor. 
Baling: 
Conventional Bales 
Round Bales 
Square Bales Big 
Medium 
6 ft dia. 4 ft wide (18 bale equiv.) 
8ftx4ftx4ft 
$2 less each reduction by 1 ft 
6ftx4ftx4ft 
33" x 33" x 6 ft 
$1 less each reduction by 1 ft 
Note: Silage Making; see section 2.5.5. 
2.5.2 Cultivation 
Typical contractor's rates'" are as follows: 
Te Pirita Enterprises: Rate per 
hectare 
Ploughing $55.00 
Plough & roll $57.60 
Chisel plough $22.20 
Grub $20.70 
Grub & harrow $23.70 
Grub and Power Harrows $30.00 
Power Harrows $14.80 
Direct Drill $45.70 
Minimum till drill $39.15 
Conventional drill $31.00 
Heavy roll (two rollers together) $18.50 
Maxitill $11.25 
90 cents/bale 
$10.50/bale 
$21.00/bale 
$17.oo/bale 
$ 8.50/bale 
'" Rates will vary between contractor and district. For example, costs quoted 
recently in the North Island were: (see over page) 
B-47 Prices Exclude GST 
Conventional Drill (pasture seed) 
Undersowing (sprayed pasture) 
2.5.3 Dipp4!g 
For budgeting purposes use 35 cents per head. 
$55.00 per ha 
$65.00 per ha 
The range is approximately 30 to 40 cents per head but varies greatly between 
contractors and may be as high as 45 cents per head where contractor supplies all 
material and labour. 
One Canterbury contractor charges: 
2.5.4 Miscellaneous Contracting 
Gorse cutting 
Shelter Belt Trimmers 
Digging of offal pits trenches drains etc 
Minimum of 8 hours work required 
2.5.5 Silage 
ewes - 24 cents plus chemical 
lambs - 21 cents plus chemical 
$52.00 per hour 
$127.00 - $132.00 per hour 
12 Tonne Machines 
6 Tonne Machines 
$56/hr 
$43/hr 
Charged in several different ways depending on contractor. 
In Canterbury, contractors charge between $250 and $280 per hour, this includes 
silage chopper, 2 trucks and payloader. On average, 35 tonnes of silage can be 
ensiled per hour. This depends on many factors such as bulk of crop, size of paddock 
and distance to stack. 
2.5.6 Windrowing 
$54.50 per hectare - above 100 mm; $56.60 with conditioner. 
$56.50 per hectare - under 100 mm; $58.60 with conditioner. 
2.5.7 Heading 
Minimum charge in all cases should not be less than $23.00 per foot front per hour. 
The following are contract prices for one Canterbury contractor. 
Wheat 
Barley 
Oats 
Peas and Lupins 
Grass Seed 
Prices Exclude GST B-48 
$123.55 - $160.62/ha 
$123.55 - $160.62/ha 
$123.55 - $160.62/ha 
$135.91- $172.97/ha 
$123.55 - $160.62/ha 
Clover and Linseed $185.33/ha 
Rates vary with the type and quality of crop and the tonnage expected from it (ie. the 
lower price is for crops on light soils with low yields). 
Smaller size paddocks and heavier crops are charged at the higher rate. 
Allowance should be made for standing time for trucks, labour and for bagging. 
Surcharge for work on hill country is taken into account in the higher price range. 
NOTE: Fencing Contractor rates see section 2.19 
Shearing rates see section 2.3.6 
Fertiliser spreading charges see section 2.7 
Spraying costs see section 2.10.12 
8-49 Prices Exclude GST 
2.6.1 Total Farm Electricity Costs 
Depending on the type of farm, typical electricity costs are as follows: 
Dairy Farms - $20 to $25 per cow per year. 
Sheep and Beef Farms - Total costs $1700 to $2500 per year. 
Irrigation - Electricity costs - see below, and also crop gross margins (Section 3) 
for examples. 
2.6.2 Regional Charges 
Manawatu - Central Power: 
Domestic Customers: 
Supply Continuous Controlled Night 
Charge 
(c/day) 
Standard contract 23.11 
Economy contract 46.22 
Time of use contract 46.22 
Non-Domestic: 
Supply 
Charge 
(c/day) 
Community contract 23.11 
Standard contract 23.11 
Time of use contract 23.11 
1 Continuous supply 7 am to 11 pm 
2 Continuous supply 11 pm to 7 am 
Supply 
(e/unit) 
8.70 
7.20 
7.90
1 
Continuous 
Supply 
(c/unit) 
11.80 
15.00 
17.(JOl 
Supply Only 
(e/unit) (e/unit) 
5.20 3.40 
5.20 3.40 
5.20 3.40
2 
Controlled Priority 
Supply Controlled 
(c/unit) (e/unit) 
5.80 
5.80 11.00 
5.80 
Irrigation: Supply Charge - 23.lle/day plus energy@ 7.6c/unit 
Connection Fee: $35.11 for new customers. 
See over page for Canterbury torrifs 
Prices Exclude GST B-50 
Night 
Only 
(e/unit) 
3.40 
3.40 
3.40
2 
Canterbury - Southpower Farm Tariffs. 
(A) General Business 
Daily Day Interruptible Night 
Supply Units Units Units 
Charge 
BBI Business unlimited 29.74 15.28 
BNI Nightsaver llpm - 7 am 29.74 15.28 4.89 
BDI Daysaver 2 hr max. 29.74 15.28 12.56 
BD2 Daysaver plus 4 hr max. 29.74 15.28 9.74 
BOIOpen24hr 60.0 15.28 7.2 
BWI Weekender 9pm to 7am 60.0 15.28 10.0 
(B) Irrigation Rates -
(i) Standard: annual capacity charge 12.9c/day/kW. less possible rebate, plus fIrst 
step energy charge (for first 500kW) of 7. 73c/kW. plus second step at 
3.36c/kW. 
(ii) Alternative: annual capacity charge 6.5c/day/kW, less possible rebate, plus 
flrst step energy charge (for fIrst 500kW) of 14.17c/kW, plus second step at 
3.36c/kW. 
2.6.3 Cost of Power Installation 
The average cost of installation for 1 kilometre of power line in rural areas is $17,000 
(this is for 11,000 volt overhead lines). Price varies depending on the distance to be 
installed i.e. the shorter the distance the more it costs per metre, up to 350 m, then 
prices start to level OUL 
B-51 Prices Exclude GST 
2.7 FERTILISER AND LIME 
2.7.1 Fertiliser 
Ravensdown Fertiliser Co-Operative Ltd: 
Notes - Suggested retail price list as at Int90 (Christchurch); 1/3/91 (Napier) 
- For bagged product in 50 kg bags add $41.60 per tonne 
- Citric Solubility figures and trace element quantities are provided at the end 
of this price list. 
Price ~r tonne bulk 
Supergro Fenilisers: 
N 
p 
K S Napier Christchurch 
0 9 0 12 Superphosphate $198.33 $207.69 
0 10 0 8 Longlife Super $198.33 $207.69 
0 9 0 16 Longlife Sulphur Super $213.40 
0 5 0 6 Di-Calcic Phos $132.08 
0 15 0 7 Hyphos S $371.50 
0 14 0 12 Hyphos Supreme $370.48 
0 14 0 11 P APR 15/Maxi Sulphur Super $301.95 
0 13 0 1 N.C. Reactive Phosphate Rock $185.85 $201.45 
0 11 0 11 Sulphur R.P.R. $204.53 
0 9 0 12 Boron Super $229.11 $234.42 
0 9 0 12 Cobalt Super $211.70 $228.38 
0 9 0 12 Molybdate Super $205.60 $218.09 
0 9 0 12 Selenium Super $209.15 $218.50 
0 9 0 12 Copper Super $240.30 
0 8 0 11 Magnesium Super $227.60 
6 7 0 16 Nitrogen Super $223.00 
0 8 0 20 Sulphur Super (10% SO ~ $216.10 $222.77 
0 7 0 28 Sulphur Super Extra $225.60 $233.58 
0 5 0 50 Maxi Sulphur Super $258.45 
0 8 0 20 Molybdate Sulphur Super $228.90 
0 7 0 28 Molybdate Sulphur Super Extra $239.82 
0 8 8 10 15% Potash $221.80 $229.84 
0 6 15 8 30%Potash* $241.18 $247.73 
0 4 25 6 50% Potash ** $266.86 $271.54 
0 6 15 8 30% Potash Molybdate Super $253.85 
0 6 10 17 20% Potash Sulphur Super $244.19 
0 6 15 14 30% Potash Sulphur Super $258.54 
* 
Sometimes known as Standard Lucerne Mix/Lucerne Maintenance 
** Sometimes known as High K Lucerne Mix 
Prices Exclude GST B-52 
Special Mixtures 
0 8 0 16 Westland Pakihi Starter $243.57 
0 8 13 10 W.Coast 25% Potash N.C. RPR Sulphur - $249.70 
0 11 0 15 W.Coast N.C. RPR Sulphur $224.64 
0 0 50 0 Potassium Chloride $337.48 
0 0 40 17 Potassium Sulphate (in Bags) $792.48 
7 6 7 14 Higro 7-6-7 $245.15 
0 0 50 0 Potassium Chloride $337.48 
Cropmasters: 
1820 0 2 Cropmaster DAP $500.14 $500.14 
2010 0 13 Cropmaster 20 $391.85 $391.87 
1510 10 8 Cropmaster 15 $402.23 $402.27 
Ammo-Phos: 
11 22 0 1 Ammophos MAP $520.94 $500.14 
9 18 7 1 Ammophos/hycrop 9-18-7 $496.02 $478.40 
8 14 13 1 Ammophos/hycrop 8-14-13 $466.95 $452.40 
8 10 20 1 Ammophos/hycrop 8-10-20 $432.66 $426.50 
8 14 13 1 Ammophos/hycrop (pea mix) - bags $455.52 
Nitrophoska: 
1210 10 1 Nitrophoska 12-10-10 $556.40 $537.89 
12 5 14 3 Nitrophoska Blue 'IE (in bags) $805.17 
12 5 14 6 Nitrophoska Blue Extra (in bags) $945.98 $919.78 
15 4 13 5 Nitrophoska Permanent (slow release) $3.25/kg(25 kg bags) 
Nitrogen Fenilisers: 
27 0 0 0 Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (in bags) $478.40 $576.06 
21 0 0 24 Ammonium Sulphate (Std) $244.82 $244.82 
21 0 0 24 Amil1ortitiII1 Sulphate (Gran.) $275.28 $275.29 
46 0 0 0 Urea (N-Rich) $404.87 $408.40 
46 0 0 0 Liquid Nitrogen 20 (Bulk/1000 titres) $319.65 
Honicultural Fenilisers (Bagged Price ($/tonne? 
N P K S Mg Napier Nelson 
16 4 16 4 0 Asparagus fertiliser $443.77 
11 3 11 10 0 Berryfruit fertiliser $424.22 
12 2 14 9 0 Kiwifruit fertiliser $476.11 
15 0 18 8 0 Kiwifruit fertiliser No P $541.63 
7 4 7 16 12 Market Garden Fertiliser $336.34 
12 3 11 9 0 Orchard fertiliser $323.23 
12 3 6 15 0 Orchard low K $290.58 
0 0 50 0 0 Potassium Chloride $337.48 
0 0 40 17 0 Potassium Sulphate $702.00 $702.00 
B-53 Prices Exclude GST 
0 9 0 12 0 Horticultural Super $281.52 
0 0 0 18 0 Calcium Sulphate $192.40 
0 0 0 23 0 Zinc Sulphate 23% Zn $830.65 
0 0 0 13 10 Magnesium Sulphate (bags) $576.06 $741.52 
0 0 0 0 11 Dolomite $218.40 (bags) $75.30 
13 0 38 0 0 Potassium Nitrate (prilled) 
0 0 0 23 0 Ferrous Sulphate 19% Fe 
0 0 0 13 0 Manganese Sulphate 32% MIl 
0 0 0 0 55 Calcined Magnesite (bags) 
Liquid Fertilisers: 
20 0 0 0 Liquidgro Liquid Nitrogen 
7 2 4 1 Liquidgro Foliar 
6 1 6 1 Liquidgro Trickle 
3 0 6 0 Liquidgro Tomato No.1 
6 0 6 0 Liquidgro Tomato No.2 
Citric Solubility: 
Superphosphate 
Longlife Super 
Reactive Rock 
Sulphur Super Extra 
Trace Elements: 
% 
8.5 
7.0 
Approx. 30.0 
7.0 
$1082.74 
$592.80 
$1467.13 
$512.41 
Napier 
The figures below indicate the quantity of the element added. 
$1082.74 
$445.54 
Nelson 
$332.59 
$655.62 
$387.71 
$386.67 
$471.85 
An application rate of the fertiliser at 250kg/ha will provide the recommended rate of 
the trace element concerned. 
Note: There is a difference between works - your local supplier should be consulted 
for the quantities added to fertiliser available in your region. Figures are 
Christchurch/Napier: 
Boron 21.3 or 25 kg per tonne 
Cobalt 1.5 or 0.5 kg per tonne 
Copper 22 or 25 kg per tonne 
Selenium 4 or 4 kg per tonne 
Molybdenum 0.5 or 0.25 kg per tonne 
Magnesium variable or 80 kg per tonne 
Prices Exclude GST B-54 
(as Sodium Borate) 
(as Cobalt Sulphate) 
(as Copper Sulphate) 
(as Sodium Selenate) 
(as Sodium Molybdate) 
(as Calcined Magnesite) 
Quinphos Fertilisers (NZ) Ltd: Ex 
Ex 
N P K S Napier Whangarei 
(avail.) 
0 12.7 0 l.5 Quinphos RPR $178 $179 
0 10.6 7.5 l.3 15% Potash RPR $214 $207 
0 10.0 10 l.2 20% Potash RPR $222 $215 
0 8.7 15 1.0 30% Potash RPR $236 $230 
0 6.3 25 0.8 50% Potash RPR $263 $261 
0 o 50 0 Muriated Potash $327 $332 
Sulphurised RPR 
0 10.0 0 6.0 Clover King Thennal $186 $178 
0 12.3 0 4.0 Clover King Low S $208 $193 
0 11.8 0 7.5 Clover King Med S $219 $206 
0 11.3 o 11.3 Clover King High S $232 $220 
Potash Plus Sulphur Blends 
0 10.5 7.5 3.4 15% K Clover King LS $228 $215 
0 9.8 10 3.2 20% K Clover King LS $234 $222 
0 8.6 15 2.8 30% K Clover King LS $248 $236 
0 6.1 25 2.0 50% K Clover King LS $272 $265 
0 10.0 7.5 6.4 15% K Clover King MS $236 $225 
0 9.4 10 6.0 20% K Clover King MS $242 $232 
0 8.3 15 5.2 30% K Clover King MS $255 $245 
0 5.9 25 3.7 50% K Clover King MS $277 $272 
0 9.6 7.5 9.6 15% K Clover King HS $245 $237 
0 9.0 10 9.0 20% K Clover King HS $252 $243 
0 7.9 15 7.9 30% K Clover King HS $263 $255 
0 5.7 25 5.7 50% K Clover King HS $283 $279 
Nitrolife 
6 9 0 8 Nitrolife "Dairy" $197 $204 
5.5 8 5 7 10% K Nitrolife "Dairy" $214 $220 
5 
0 
8 
.., 
15% K Nitrolife "Dah-y" $221 
cto .... ,,"'" 
0 I 
~"""'" 
5 7 10 6 20% K Nitrolife "Dairy" $227 $233 
4 6 15 6 30% K Nitrolife "Dairy" $239 $245 
3 5 25 4 50% K Nitrolife "Dairy" $265 $270 
5 10 0 10 Nitrolife "Beef' $198 $205 
4.5 9 5 9 10% K Nitrolife "Beef' $215 $222 
4 9 8 9 15% K Nitrolife "Beef' $222 $226 
4 8 10 8 20% K Nitrolife "Beef' $228 $232 
3.5 7 15 7 30% K Nitrolife "Beef' $240 $248 
2.5 5 25 5 50% K Nitrolife "Beef' $267 $272 
B-55 Prices Exclude GST 
Magnesium Blends "Reactamag" Range 
N P K S Mg 
o 10.0 0 1.2 4.5 
o 7.9 7.5 1.0 4.5 
o 6.9 10 0.0 4.5 
o 6.0 15 0.7 4.5 
o 9.4 0 6.0 4.2 
o 7.4 7.5 5.1 4.2 
o 6.5 10 4.8 4.2 
o 5.6 15 4.2 4.2 
Reactamag 
15% Potash Reactamag 
20% Potash Reactamag 
30% Potash Reactamag 
Reactamag S 
15% Potash Reactamag S 
20% Potash Reactamag S 
30% Potash Reactamag S 
Southland Co-op Phosphate Co.: 
$190 
$213 
$218 
$234 
$201 
$225 
$230 
$244 
$162 
$183 
$191 
$206 
$180 
$198 
$205 
$218 
Supergro Fertilisers: Price I!!<r tonne bulk 
N P K S 
0 9 0 11 Supergro superphosphate $194.69 
0 7 0 8 Supergro Serpentine Reverted Super $175.55 
0 7 0 8 Supergro Drilling Fertiliser (25% Serp.rock) $175.55 
0 6 7 7 Supergro Turnip Fertiliser $200.62 
0 7 7 9 Supergro 15% Potash Super $216.84 
0 6 7 7 Supergro 15% Potash Serpentine Super $200.62 
0 6 14 8 Supergro 30% Potash Super $233.90 
0 8 0 22 Supergro 22% Sulphur Super $215.28 
0 7 0 33 Supergro 33% Sulphur Super $230.67 
0 4 0 50 Supergro 50% Sulphur Super $254.07 
0 9 0 11 Supergro Selenium Super (2kg Se Ultra Prills) $205.71 
0 9 0 10 Supergro Boron Super (50 kg Fertiliser Borate) $249.81 
0 7 0 7 Supergro Boron Serpentine Super (50 kg Borate) $231.61 
0 9 0 11 Supergro Molybdate Super (300 grams) $203.22 
0 7 0 8 Supergro Molybdate Serpentine Super (300 grams) $184.08 
0 9 0 11 Supergro Cobalt Super (1.5 kg Cobalt Sulphate) $215.49 
0 7 0 8 Supergro Cobalt Serpentine Super (1.5 kg) $196.35 
0 9 0 10 Supergro Copper Super (25 kg Copper Sulphate) $241.48 
0 7 0 7 Supergro Copper Serpentine Super (25 kg) $222.66 
0 9 0 10 Supergro Magnesium Super (16 kg Calcined Magnes.) $204.05 
0 6 11 16 Southfert Lucerne (with boron) $265.82 
RPR Based Products: 
0 14 0 1 Southfert RPR $199.16 
0 10 0 17 Southfert Tussock (33% Sulphur Super/RPR blend) $217.46 
0 11 0 11 Southfert Double Eleven (22% Sulphur Super/RPR b1end)$209.46 
Prices Exclude GST B-56 
Southcrop High Analysis: 
18 20 0 2 Southcrop DAP 
20 10 0 13 Southcrop Green 
4 5 10 11 Southcrop Gold 
16 8 10 10 Southcrop Blue 
13 15 12 0 Southcrop Pink 
21 0 0 24 Southcrop Ammonium Sulphate 
o 0 48 0 Southcrop Muriate of Potash 
18 8 17 0 Southcrop Orchard 
26 0 0 0 Southcrop CAN 
o 0 40 17 Southcrop Sulphate of Potash 
15 7 5 4 Nitrophoska Yellow (plus 4% MgO) 
46 0 0 0 N Rich Urea (40 and 500 kg bags) 
46 0 0 0 N Rich Urea 
]3agged 
$525.70 
$425.24 
$275.08 
$412.86 
$489.09 
$317.39 
$358.18 
$446,24 
$626.81 
$880.Q7 
$489,84 
$437.63 
Bulk 
$486.20 
$385.74 
$238.68 
$373.36 
$449.59 
$277.89 
$321.78 
$406.74 
$396.76 
Trace Elements (available in standard packaging or added to Supergro range), 
Copper Sulphate (50 kg) 
Selcote extra selenium (25 kg) 
(0.5 kg/ha for 1 year) 
Zinc Sulphate (50 kg) 
Calcined Magnesite (25 kg) 
Fertiliser Borate FB48 (25 kg) 
Sulphate of Iron (50 kg) 
Rural Research Ltd: 
Nitrosol, liquid blood & bone 
NPK 
836 
H ortlink Marketing Ltd: 
Blood and Bone 
Calcium Nitrate 
Copper Sulphate 
Di Ammonium Phosphate 
Liquid fertilisers: 
Alaska 
Nitrophoska foliar 
Phostrogen 
Yates N.Z. Ltd: 
- 200 litre drum 
- 20 litre drum 
- 4 litre pail 
50 kg 
50 kg 
50 kg 
50 kg 
5 Litres 
5 Litres 
4kg 
Price per Package 
$100A3 
$ 83.87 
$ 43.76 
$ 14.84 
$ 32.40 
$ 30.51 
$770.00 
$110.00 
$ 33.50 
$33.50 
$64.13 
$97.00 
$34.14 
$27.67 
$31.05 
$48.55 
Soluble Fertilisers with Chelated Trace Elements (Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, B, Zn and Mo). 
N P K 
38 1 2 
31 4 8 
22 5 18 
Microfeed Foliar 
Microfeed 311 
Microfeed 212 
17 kg 
20 kg 
20 kg 
B-57 
$63.00 
$82.00 
$84.00 
Prices Exclude GST 
20 9 17 Microfeed 111 20 kg $94.00 
16 3 27 Microfeed 214 20 kg $85.00 
10 13 17 Microfeed 132 20 kg $97.00 
Chelated Trace Elements based on EDTA (powder) 
Vytel B.M.X. (B-Z) 25 kg $321.00 
Vytel Cobalt 14 25 kg $308.00 
V ytel Copper 14 25 kg $314.00 
Vytel Iron 13.2 25 kg $257.00 
V ytel Magnesium 6 25 kg $288.00 
Vytel Manganese 13 25 kg $288.00 
VyteiZinc15 25 kg $288.00 
Turf and Nursery specialty slow release fenilisers 
Azalon (Powder, granular) 25 kg $97.35 
ill Compound granular 25 kg $90.00 
IBDU Woodace 15 kg $92.00 
Sundry FeniliserslTrace Elements 
Calcium Nitrate 50 kg $51.40 
Potash Nitrate 50 kg $78.30 
Manganese Sulphate 1 kg $1.05 
Magnesium Sulphate 50 kg $38.00 
Soluble Boron 20.5% 25 kg $76.20 
Natumix Fertilisers Ltd: (ex Waiotira, Nonhland) Priceffonne 
N 
p 
K S CaC0
3 
Mg 
0 6 2 6 40 1 Basic $191.00 
0 6 7 6 36 .3 lO%K $220.00 
0 5 9 6 34 .3 15%K $238.00 
0 5 12 5 32 .2 20%K $252.00 
0 4 17 5 28 .2 30%K $280.00 
0.3 5.2 1 6 43 1.4 Basic $167.00 
0.27 5 6 6.7 39 1.21 lO%K $190.00 
0.25 4.5 8 5.1 37 1.2 15%K $202.00 
0.24 4.2 11 4.8 34 1.1 2O%K $221.00 
0.30 4 0.5 8 47 1.4 Basic $150.00 
0.27 3.6 6 7.5 43 1.3 lO%K $175.00 
0.25 3.4 8 6.8 40 1.2 15%K $187.50 
0.24 3.2 10 6.4 38 1.2 2O%K $200.00 
Moana Fertilisers Ltd: (Waiuku) 
N P K S CaC0
3 
Mg 
1.7 0.6 0.15 0.01 1.0 0.02 Organic Manure 200 litres $360.00 
5.0 3.6 4.70 1.5 0.7 0.50 High N.P.K. 200 litres $570.00 
Prices Exclude GST B-58 
Bell Booth Group Ltd: 
Maxicrop G.S. 
Nutrimol 
Seaweed Meal 
Elthamol 
200 litres 
20 litres 
25 kg 
17 kg 
Agsel Selenium Pellets 25 kg 
Hatuma Lime Company Ltd: 
NPKS 
040 5 Dicalcic Phosphate No.7 
o 2 123 
o 3 0 4 
Hay Mix/Dairy Blend 25% Potash 
10% Salt No.4 
15% Potassic Dicalcic Phosphate 
30% Potassic Dicalcic Phosphate 
Bagging Charges 
Blending Service 
(Min. charge $ 20.00) 
2.7.2 Lime 
Whiterock Lime Co. Ltd: (North Canterbury) 
Cost per tonne ex quarry. 
Taylor's Lime Co. Ltd: (Oamaru) 
,\lcDolUlld's Lime Ltd: (Otorohanga) 
Lime 
Hatuma Lime Co. Ltd: 
Agricultural Lime 
Cropfine Lime 
Limeflour - Bulk 
- 50 kg Bags 
Calsul - Lime and Sulphur 
B-59 
$ 975.00 
$ 170.00 
$ 75.00 
$ 130.00 
$ 52.00 
Per Tonne 
$153.00 
$229.75 
$158.00 
$197.00 
$238.90 
$ 28.00 
$ 2.50 
${fonne 
$ 13.00 
$ 15.00 
$ 18.00 
$ 16.50 
$ 24.00 
$ 53.00 
$ 96.00 
$ 98.00 
(Freight Charges To Be Added) 
Prices Exclude GST 
:f. 7 .3 ~jlreadil1g/ A pplication Costs 
Ground Spreading 
N.T. Weallans Ltd.: 
RE-te kg/ha 
50 - 125 
250 
375 
500 
625 
750 
1250 
2500 
Cwt/acre 
0.4 - 1.0 
2.0 
3.0 
4.0 
5.0 
6.0 
10.0 
20.0 
Local Transport Authority Suggested Rates (Canterbury): 
(all rates are $ per tonne) 
Kg/ha Cwt/acre Flat Grass Hill Grass Steep Hill 
or Flat Cult. Medium Cult. 
125 1 $74.94 $90.12 $112.50 
250 2 $37.01 $46.29 $ 55.60 
375 3 $26.30 $32.86 $ 39.42 
500 4 $19.15 $21.56 $ 28.79 
2500 It/a $ 6.73 $ 8.46 $ 10.13 
3750 1.5t/a $ 5.44 $6.86 $ 8.14 
5000 2t/a $4.09 $5.13 $ 6.13 
Extra: Unloading from Railway wagons $5.48!t 
Mixing of super and lime $2.64Iha 
Mixing of basic slag with lime $4.77Iha 
Sowing out with grain or grass $6.75Iha 
Aerial Spreading 
$ 7.40lha 
$25.00/t 
$22.50/t 
$ 19.50/t 
$18.00/t 
$16.40/t 
$ 8.50/t 
$6.50/t 
Steep 
Cult. 
$131.29 
$ 64.74 
$ 45.35 
$ 33.50 
$ 11.66 
$ 9.53 
$ 7.16 
The cost of aerial spreading of fertiliser varies greatly and depends very much on the 
location and difficulty of the terrain. 
Most flnns prefer to quote for individual situations rather than publish fixed rates. 
Approximate rates in North Canterbury are $45 to $55 per tonne for the aerial 
spreading of superphosphate. 
The Helicopter Line: 
All agricultural work done on a hourly rate. 
Bell Jet Ranger 
Hughes 500D 
AS 350B Squirrel 
SA 315B Lama 
Prices Exclude GST B-60 
$ 950/hr 
$ 930/hr 
$1150/hr 
$1250/hr 
2.7.4 Soil, Water, Plant and Feedstuff Testing 
M.A.F. Soil Fertility Service 
MAF Consultant Soil Fertility Report and Fertiliser Recommendation 
For Pastoral and Mixed Cropping Properties 
Prices range from $98 (l sample per farm) to $488 (10 samples per farm) with 
additional samples costing $40.50 each. 
Service includes soil tests and fertiliser advice. 
For Arable Properties. 
Prices range from $80 (l sample per farm) to $433 (10 samples per farm) with 
additional samples costing $39.50 each. 
Service includes soil tests and fertiliser advice according to crop type etc. 
For Horticultural Pr~rties 
Prices range from $70 (1 sample per farm) to $380 (10 samples per farm) with 
additional samples costing $34 each. 
Service includes soH tests and fertiliser advice according to crop type etc. 
For Small Pastoral Properties (eg. 4 ha blocks) 
Prices $60 per sample. Report outlines fertiliser programme for the block. 
Laboratory Analyses 
SoH Test ProfIles 
MAF Basic Soil Test - pH, Ca, P, K, Mg, Na 
MAF Soil Test + Sulphur - pH, Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, S 
Soilless Media Test - NH
4
? N03' pH, P, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Soluble Salts 
Glasshouse Soil Test - pH, P, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Soluble Salts 
(A 10% discount applies on 10 samples or more.) 
Individual or Additional Soil Analyses: 
Soil Acidity (pH) 
Phosphate 
Sulphur 
Cation Exchange Capacity 
Phosphate Retention 
Soluble Salts 
Mineral Nitrogen - NH
4
? N0
3 
Nitrate - N0
3 
ReserveK 
Trace Elements - Mn, Cu, Zn, Co 
Soil Texture Analysis 
Preparation cost for any combination of individual tests 
Plant Analysis ProfIles: 
(Note: additional or individual plant analyses cost approximately $9 per test.) 
Agriculture 
Animal Health ProfIle - N,P,S,Mg,Ca,Na,K,Mn,Zn,Cu,Fe,Mo 
(To provide major and trace element analyses relating to 
animal nutritional requirements.) 
$33.50 
$39.50 
$52.50 
$40.50 
$7.00 
$7.00 
$10.00 
$24.00 
$7.00 
$7.00 
$12.00 
$7.00 
$24.00 
$25.00 
$58.00 
$10 
$54.00 
B-61 Prices Exclude GST 
Suspected Copper Deficiency - CU,S,Fe,Mo $30.00 
(To provide the analytical data required to diagnose the potential 
copper deficiency of livestock.) 
Mixed Pasture Nutrition - N,P,S,Mg,Ca,K $30.00 
(To detennine the major elements in mixed pasture relating to fertiliser nutrition.) 
Clover or Lucerne - N,P,S,Mg,Ca,K,Mn,Zn,Cu,Fe,B.Mo $54.00 
(To provide the major and trace elements analysis of legumes, their nutritional 
requirements and the requirements of the nitrogen fixing rhizobial bacteria.) 
Cereal Nutrition Profile - N,P,S,Mg,Ca,K,Mn,Zn,Cu,Fe $42.00 
(To detennine the major and trace elements in cereals which are required 
for their nutrition and the production of high quality grain.) 
Horticulture 
General Profile - N,P,S,Mg,Ca,Na,K,Mn,Zn,Cu,Fe,B 
(A complete major and trace element analysis suite relating to 
the nutrition of horticultural crops.) 
Vegetables - N,P,S,Mg,Ca,K,Mn,zn,Cu,Fe,B,Mo 
(A complete analytical suite covering all major and trace elements 
relating to the nutrition of vegetable crops) 
Kiwifruit - N,P,S,Mg,Ca,Na,K,Mn,Zn,Cu,Fe,B,CI 
(A complete analytical suite covering all major and trace elements 
relating to the nutrition of kiwifruit.) 
Feed Quality Analysis Profiles: 
Pasture and Hay 
(Analysis for crude protein, estimation of metabolisable energy 
and digestibility.) 
Meals and Compound Feeds 
(Analysis for fibre, crude protein, estimation of metabolisable 
energy and digestibility.) 
Silage 
(Analysis for pH,true dry matter, crude protein, fibre, free ammonia, 
esti.T.ation of metabolisable energy and digestibility.) 
Nutrient Profile 
$48.00 
$54.00 
$57.00 
$45.00 
$62.00 
$99.00 
Individual elements or profiles the same as those for plant analysis are available (refer 
to plant analysis price list for details). 
Analytical Services Ltd: (Cambridge) 
Soil: Basic Test - pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cation Exchange Capacity 
and Base Saturation % $34.00 
Additional Test - Organic Matter, Available Nitrogen, Soluble Salts, 
P-Retention, Reserve Mg, Sulphate-S, 
Total Nitrogen, Boron, Extractable Aluminium 
and Reserve Potassium. Each $10.00 
Potting Mixes: pH, Conductivity, Nitrate-N, Ammoniacal-N, P, 
Ca, K, Mg, and Na 
Prices Exclude GST B-62 
$40.00 
Water: pH, alkalinity, free CO
2 
etc. 
- assessment of 
Nutrient Solutions: 
pH, Nitrate-N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B. 
$60.00 
$15.00 
$40.00 
Plant Tissue: Basic Test N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B $58.00 
Additional Tests Mo, Co, Sn, S04' I, CI, and Al Each $11.00 
Feedstuffs: Dry Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fibre 
Crude Fat or Oils P.O.A. 
Macro-elements, ash content, pH, NH3-Nrrotal N and moisture 
B-63 Prices Exclude GST 
2.8 FREIGHT AND CARTAGE 
2.8.1 Road Transport Rates 
Road Freight rates are normally dependent on both type of goods and distance to be 
carted. 
The following figures are for the Canterbury area - in other areas the rates may differ 
slightly. Rates are available on application to the local branch of the Road Transport 
Association (Incorporated). 
March 1990 rates ($ per tonne unless otherwise stated): 
!an 
10 30 40 50 60 70 80 
General Goods 19.97 33.34 38.90 43.87 48.53 52.55 55.71 
Bagged Lime and 
Fertiliser 14.83 25.10 27.82 32.29 36.42 39.75 42.79 
Bulk Lime 13.09 21.13 24.76 28.14 31.58 34.22 36.95 
Bulk Fertiliser 11.05 20.15 23.90 27.62 31.30 34.56 37.58 
Wool (per bale) 4.02 6.16 7.17 8.21 9.17 10.02 10.58 
Bulk Grain 11.62 19.19 25.60 25.25 27.90 30.24 32.52 
Fat lambs to wor~ 
kIn cents per head kIn cents per head 
10 59.7 90 187.0 
20 78.9 100 198.6 
30 98.4 110 214.3 
40 114.0 120 225.8 
50 130.1 130 239.4 
60 145.5 140 248.8 
70 159.9 150 262.4 
80 173.5 160 270.7 
Prices Exclude GST B-64 
Store Stock (dollars per head) 
km 
10 30 50 70 100 130 160 
Store lambs 0.489 0.829 1.113 1.36 1.69 1.97 2.28 
Hoggets 0.721 1.136 1.468 1.77 2.20 2.57 2.91 
Store sheep 0.847 1.276 1.633 1.94 2.37 2.77 3.20 
Sheep 0.92 1.403 1.851 2.25 2.76 3.23 3.69 
Weaners 2.59 5.62 7.61 9.27 11.29 12.97 14.27 
Vealers 
18 month 3.88 6.67 9.06 11.13 13.78 15.97 17.79 
Store steers 
2 yrcattle 5.60 9.38 12.65 15.79 20.10 23.80 26.87 
Store cows 
In calf cows 
Worlcs cattle 7.10 11.49 15.19 18.53 23.50 27.63 31.63 
Small Goods Rates: 
Weight up to 16km 17-32km 33-48km 49-64km over64km 
6kg $2.02 $2.30 $2.52 $2.77 $3.06 
32 kg $3.06 $3.53 $3.53 $4.53 $5.07 
102 kg $6.07 $7.08 $7.66 $10.16 $12.66 
508 kg $14.99 $20.26 $24.30 $30.38 $35.46 
968 kg $24.27 $32.91 $40.52 $48.14 $55.72 
2.8.2 Railway TransRort Rates 
Rail Rates 
Rail/reight rates are normally dependent on the type of goods, the size of the 
consignment and the distance involved. The rates below are only guidelines and in 
some cases are subject to container or wagon minima. 
Christchurch to: Auckland Wellington Dunedin 
$ per tonne $ per tonne $ per tonne 
Grain - Bulk and Bagged 116.75 88.30 45.00 
Bagged Flour and assoc. products 95.00 74.00 40.00 
Chaff - Bagged 232.00 160.00 75.00 
B-65 Prices Exclude GST 
Fertiliser - Bulk and Bagged 150.00 100.00 50.00 
Wool per Bale 40.60 26.60 10.64 
General Goods - 25kg 25.00 25.00 25.00 
- lOOkg 62.00 37.00 33.00 
- 500kg 205.75 123.25 98.75 
Wellington to: Auckland Hamilton Palmerston Nth 
$ per tonne $ per tonne $ per tonne 
Fertiliser - Bulk and Bagged 65.00 60.00 20.00 
Sawn Timber 52.00tm3 42.00/m3 13.00/m
3 
Wool per Bale 14.00 14.00 4.50 
General Goods - 25kg 25.00 25.00 25.00 
- lOOkg 46.00 42.25 25.00 
- 500kg 137.75 128.25 47.00 
Inter-Island Ferry Freight Rates 
The freight rates listed below are those which are most relevant to farmers and farm 
contractors. The corporation has a full list of rates applying to the wide variety of 
goods carried. 
Commercial vehicles (for example a 3.5 tonne truck): 
- Empty 
- loaded with any class of livestock 
- General goods 
Machinery: 
Self propelled or towed machinery on wheels, and up to 2.6m width. 
(If over 2.6m, rate varies with width ) 
Note: m* are lane metres, i.e. the length taken up on the deck of the ferry. 
2.S.3 Air Freight Rates 
Air New Zealand: 
Overnight Domestic Rates quoted ex Christchurch 
Minimum of 20 kgs: 
$/m* 
67.05 
96.50 
124.96 
$124.96 
To Rest of CantyfWestland $O.70/kg 
To Rest of S.I. & Wellington $ 1.1 O/kg 
To Auckland & Palmerston North $1.30/kg 
To Rest of North Island $1.50/kg 
For consignments between 101 and 500kgs a 20% discount applies to the above rates, 
for consignments exceeding 501kgs a 30% discount applies. 
Prices Exclude GST B-66 
Delivery Options- For each piece or for every 20kgs (whichever is greater) the price 
is: 
8.00am delivery $3.00 
9.30am delivery $2.00 
2.00pm delivery No Charge 
Saturday delivery $4.00 
(Aucldand, Wellington and Chch only) 
International 
Foodstuffs FlowerslBulbs/Seeds 
Destination (per kg) (per kg) 
Normal lOOkg 250kg 500kg 1000kg 45kg lOOkg 1000kg 
Rate/kg min min min min min 
Sydney $4.22 $2.24 $1.43 $2.09 
Melbourne $4.22 $2.24 $1.43 $2.09 
Brisbane $4.22 $2.24 $1.43 $2.09 
Perth $7.48 $2.49 $2.19 $3.50 
Singapore $12.87 $3.23 $2.90 $2.75 $3.53 
Hong Kong $14.18 $3.15 $3.01 $2.78 $3.97 $3.78 
London $18.60 $5.00 $7.43 $6.36 
Los Angeles $18.31 $4.64 $4.43 $4.17 (250kg) 
Tokyo $10.98 $4.43 $4.40 
NOTE: For Courier Services see section 2.15.3 
B-67 Prices Exclude GST 
2.9 SEEDS AND PLANTS 
2.9.1 Seeds 
Grain 
Approximate costs for seed grain are as follows: 
(treated. certified. second generation) 
Wheat 
Milling 
Feed 
Barley 
Malting 
Feed 
Oats 
Lupins Blue. White. Llaima 
Ryecorn Rahu MD Certified 
Maize Various hybrids (treated) 
Peas and Beans 
Marrowfats 
Garden 
Field 
$578 to $750/t 
$578 to $690/t 
$630/t 
$530 to $650/t 
$373 to $$450/t 
$490 to $564/t 
$449 to $480/t 
$907/t 
$ 730/t 
$700 to $1156/t 
$ 650/t 
For Waffles Process Crop Seed Prices: (see also vegetable seeds later) 
Peas $1.19/kg 
Whole Beans $7.90/kg 
Green Beans $5.70/kg 
Broad Beans $1.40/kg 
CarrotslBaby Carrots $50.oo/kg to $66.oo/kg 
Brussel Sprouts $3000/kg 
Seed is normally supplied by the Company and the cost deducted from final payout. 
Small Seeds 
The following can only be a rough guide as the small seeds market is extremely 
variable, with almost daily fluctuations in prices. All prices are per kilogram of 
certified seed. 
Rape: Range of cultivars $1.24 to $3.51/kg 
e.g. Rangi $1.25/kg. Emerald $3.oo/kg 
Swedes: Range of Cultivars $ 6.00 to $7.oo/kg 
e.g. Doon Major $7.00 
Turnips: Range of cultivars $ 6.00 to $13.78/kg 
e.g. Appin $6.oo/kg 
Prices Exclude GST B-68 
Kale: Medium stemmed varieties 
e.g. Gronner $6.76/kg 
Fodderbeet: 
Forage Brassicas: Range of cultivars 
e.g. Wairoa Brassica $3.50/k~ 
Lucerne: Range of cultivars 
e.g. Wairau $11.10/kg 
Ryegrass: Depending on c\lltivar & generation 
e.g. Nui $1.42/kg; Concord $3.16/kg Yatsyn $3.98/kg 
Cocksfoot: 
Wana and Suborto (depending on generation) 
Prairie Grass: 
Maru Phalaris: 
Fescue: 
Maku Lotus: 
Timothy: Kahu (depending on generation) 
Puna Chicory: 
Crested Dogstail: 
Clovers: 
White (depending on cultivar and generation) 
e.g. Huia $5.02/kg. Pitau $5.50/kg 
Red (depending on cultivar and generation) 
e.g. Pawera $13.64/kg. Hamua $3.60/kg 
Subterranean e.g. Mt Barker 
Refer to Section 2.9.2 for seed coating costs. 
B-69 
$4.00 to $6.76/kg 
$28.00 to $34.00/kg 
($84.00/kg uncoated) 
$3.50 to $5.16/kg 
$8.30 to $12.45/kg 
$1.00 to $3.98/kg 
$4.96 to $5.30/kg 
$2.35/kg 
$8.44 to $12.00/kg 
$6.84 to $8.l3/kg 
$26.OQ/kg 
$2.50 to $2.84/kg 
$11.24 to $12.00/kg 
$4.00 to $4.53/kg 
$4.80 to $9.29/kg 
$3.60 to $13.64/kg 
$3.91/kg 
Prices Exclude GST 
Vegetable Seeds 
Vegetable seeds vary quite markedly in price depending on cultivar and quantity 
ordered. In the majority of cases, the huge range in price for a particular vegetable is 
due to the high cost of hybrid species. The following are estimates only. (Yates N.Z. 
Ltd., Webling & Stewart.) 
Asparagus: 
Beans: 
Broad 
Butter or Wax - Golden Wax 
Dwarf French Beans 
Runner 
Beetroot: 
Broccoli Hybrid: 
Brussel Sprouts: 
Cabbage:Hybrid 
Red, Chinese 
Carrot: 
Cauliflower: 
Celery 
Cress: 
Cucumber: 
Egg Plant: 
Gherkin: 
Marrow: 
Leek: 
Lettuce: 
Onion: 
Parsley: 
Parsnip: 
Pea: 
Pumpkin: 
Radish: 
Rockmelon: 
Silver Beet: 
Spinach: 
Spring Onions: 
Squash: 
Swedes: 
Sweet Com: 
Tomato: 
Turnip: 
Watermelon: 
Prices Exclude GST B-70 
$55.00 to $454.00/500g 
$150 to $180150 kg 
$240 to $250/50 kg 
$160 to $1750/50 kg 
$190 to $388/50 kg 
$22.00 to $45.00/500g 
$450.00 to $945.00/500g 
$375 to $445.00/100g 
$304.00 to $485.00/500g 
$22.00 to $ 460.00/500g 
$30.00 to $150.00/500g 
$95.00 to $1005.00/500g 
$80.00 to $41O.00/100g 
$ 12.00 to $16.00/500g 
$30.00 to $290.00/500g 
$35.00 to $550.00/S00g 
$30.00 to $375.00/500g 
$30.00 to $120.00/500g 
$65.00 to $250.00/500g 
$40.00 to $14O.00/500g 
$42.00 to $290.00/500g 
$27.00 to $175.00/500g 
$47.00 to $175.00/500g 
$130.00 to $240.00/50kg 
$45.00 to $150.00/500g 
$12.50 to $121.00/500g 
$50.00 to $1430.00/500g 
$17.00 to $22.00/500g 
$16.00 to $21.501500g 
$55.00 to $230.00/500g 
$35.00 to $2S0.00/500g 
$1O.00/500g 
$10.00 to $3S.50/500g 
$18.00 to $245.00/500g 
$15.00 to $225.00/500g 
$27.00 to $81S.00/500g 
Flower Seeds 
Note: There can be a wide range in cost of flower seeds, depending on the variety of 
seed. 
Yates NZ Ltd: 
Carnations 
Freesia 
Aster 
Chrysanthemum 
Dahlia 
Geranium 
Gerbera 
Gypsophila 
Lobelia 
Marigold (French) 
Polyanthus 
Sweet Pea 
Wallflower 
Zinnia 
Bulbs (per 100) 
Blue Mountain Gardens: 
Iris (Juno) 
Tulips 
Narcissus 
Freesias 
2.9.2 Seed Coating 
Prebble Seeds: Seed/Coat ratio 
1:1 
1:1.75 
Ryegrass and Dogstail 
Lucerne, Red and White Clover 
Cocksfoot and Timothy 1 :1 
$ 50.00 to $54.00 per lOOg 
$72.00 per l00g 
$30.00 to $114.00 per lOOg 
$ 40.00 per 109 
$30.00 to $120.00 per lOOg 
$125.00 to $410.00 per 1000 seeds 
$27.00 to $550.00 per 1000 seeds 
$16.00 to $180.00 per l00g 
$95.00 to $135.00 per lOOg 
$25.00 to $185.00 per l00g 
$170.00 per 109 
$10.00 per l00g 
$33.15 to 38.65 per l00g 
$17.50 to $49.00 per l00g 
$160.00 
$35.00 to $45.00 
$44.00 to $55.00 
$29.00 
~ 
1.00 
1.10 
1.10 
2.9.3 Plants (see also section 2.22.1 for shelter plants) 
Fruit Trees 
Prices are per tree but based on an order of 10 trees. It should be emphasied that a 
grower buying in bulk would be able to negotiate a substantially discounted price if 
buying hundreds or thousands of the same variety. 
Almonds $8.15 Nashis 
Apples $4.50 to $6.70 Nectarines 
Apricots $6.25 to $7.65 Peaches 
Cherries $7.65 to $9.25 Pears 
Citrus $6.35 to $7.50 Persimmons 
Plums $6.40 to $7.80 Prnnes 
Quinces $6.25 to $7.65 Figs 
B-71 
$6.10 to $17.50 
$6.00 to $6.90 
$6.40 to $9.80 
$5.95 to $9.50 
$5.25 to $9.50 
$7.30 
$5.10 to $7.25 
Prices Exclude GST 
Cheddar Valley Walnuts: 
Persimmon (Fuju, Jiro, Hirotonashi, Yoko) 50 to 75 $4.50 each. 
Nut Trees: 
Cheddar Valley Walnuts: 
Pecan 
Chestnuts (Japanese) 
Hazelnuts 
Walnuts 
Hickory 
Allenton Nurseries: 
Walnuts 
Chestnuts 
Hazelnuts 
Vines: 
100 to 150 $9.00 each 
75 to 100 $19.50 to $22.00 each 
100 to 150 $17.50 to $20.00 each 
$6.50 to $12.00 each 
50 to 75 $20.00 each (grafted) 
10 to 25 $4.00 each 
$4.75 per seedling 
$4.75 per seedling, $8.95 grafted 
$4.75 per seedling, 8.98 grafted 
Feijoas 
Grapes 
Kiwifruit 
$5.35 
$4.65 to $5.60 (depending on variety) 
Cuttings $3.00 to $4.50 (male and female plant), depending on variety 
Seedlings 6 month to 2 years $1.00 to $3.00 each (in lots of 100). 
Berryfruit: 
(prices are per plant in bulk lots of 100 or more, unless otherwise stated) 
Strawberry Runner $125 per 1000 Blackcurrant $0.20 per cutting 
Raspberry $1.20 per plant Brambles $1.50 per plant 
Gooseberries $4 per plant ($1.50 in lots of 1000) 
Boysenberry $1.50 per plant 
2.9.4 Planting/Propagating Material 
Athco Industries: 
Planterbags 
64 x 64 x 150rnm 
120 x 120 x 460mm 
300 x 300 x 600rnm 
Plastic labels 125 mm 
Seedling Punnets 
Propagation Trays 
Propagation Tubes 
Prices Exclude GST 
15cm x10cm 4/6 cavity 
430 x 290 x 50rnm 
55 x 80rnm to 70 x 90mm 
B-72 
$30.00/1000 
$133.00/1000 
$1200.00/1000 
$30.00/1000 
12 to 16 cents each 
$4 each 
6 to 9 cents each 
Permathene Plastics: 
Mu1chFilm 
600mm x 500m x 30j,l 
to 1800mm x 500m x 30j.! (range) 
Pennalite Co-polymer Greenhouse Films: 
Standard rolls - 2m x 50m x 125j,1 
to 4m x 50 x 2ooj,l (range) 
Wide rolls - 6m x 25m x 125j,1 
to 12m x 50 x 2ooj.! (range) 
Hydroponic Film Co-extruded Black/White 
600mm x 200m x 200j,l 
to 5m x 50m x 125j,1 (range) 
Capillary matting 3.2m x 25m 
Hortlink Marketing: 
Planter Bags 64 x 64 x 150mm 
to 140 x 140 x 289mrn (range) 
120 x 120 x 480mm 
to 230 x 230 x 460nun (range) 
300 x 300 x 600mm 
Polythene Film:Black 125mu x 1m x 100m 
to 124mu x 4m x 50m (range) 
Clear 125mu x 1m x 100m 
to 80mu x 2m x 100m (range) 
Seedling Troughs 6" x 3" to 9" x 3" 
Seedling Pottles 
Green Pots 7.scm to 20cm 
Heater Pad 0.76 x O.76m to 1.52 x O.76m 
Mini Heater Pad 
Mist Unit (with thermostat) 
Display[Plastic Plant Labels 
12 tray unit 
20 tray unit 
Weedmat 0.91 x 50m, to 1.83 x 50m 
Weedtex 0.61 to 0.9lm squares 
Quickheat: 
Thermogro plant raising panels 290 x 290mm 
to 600 x 1520 mm 
Flight Plastic Moulders: 
Re-usable Propagating Trays 
B-73 
$56.92 to $180.23 
$149.12 to $476.96 
$251.40 to $J.541.52 
$260.D3 to $338.52 
$1106.67 
$26.10 to $112.95/1000 
$115.45 to $336.74/1000 
$1114/1000 
$37.50 to $96.37 
$44.25 to $107.16 
$106.10 to $161.68/lorJO 
$64.00/1000 
$119.70 to $862.13/1000 
$126.13 to $215.70 
$27.00 
$932.00 
$1032.00 
$45.00 to $39.78/1000 
$91.20 to $176.70 
$1.06 to $1.92 each 
$48.00 to $152.50 
$2.75 to $3.10 per 50 trays 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.10.LJV.-!'~and P~..tCont!Ql.:_ Budget Figures 
Depending on the type of farm, location and other factors, typical weed and pest 
control costs are: 
Sheep!Beef/Dairy Farms "- $700 to $2000 per year. 
Arable Fanns - see exrunples in Section 3, Gross Margins of crops, 
Orchards - see e)(ampl~s in Section 3, Gross Margins of fruit. 
See individual items 1.'1. this se.ction for accurate budgeting. 
2.10.2 W e~, Pest and Disease Control? General 
Some herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides are produced by more than one chemical 
company and come L"l a range of strengths. Hence the trade nrunes shown are to serve 
only as examples of the chemical concerned. 
No preferential endorsement by Lincoln University is implied, nor is any criticism 
implied of any chemical which does not appear in this Manual. 
The following coding has been employed to distinguish between the various 
Agrochemicai companies: 
A 
B 
C 
D 
I 
M 
BASF 
Bayer 
CibaGeigy 
DuPont 
ICI 
M01lsanto 
2.10.3 Herbicides 
N 
P 
R 
S 
W 
Y 
NuFarm 
Rhone Poulenc 
Rohm and Haas 
Shell Agriculture 
Dow Elanco (fonnerly IWD) 
Yates 
For detailed infonnation on products, active ingredients, application and dilution rates 
and for suitability of vruious chemicals for individual situations, farmers should 
consuit their local Agricultural Chemical company representative refer to 
publications such as the 1990 "N.Z.Agrichemical and Plant Protection Manual" 
(obtainable from WHAM, P.O,Box 12-342, Wellington or The Bookshop, Lincoln 
University). 
Trade Name ~.sti.ye:Wgredient (%) ~omp!mI Unit Retail 
Size Price 
2,4-D amine 2,4-D amine (40.0) W 20 litre $ 151.11 
2,4-D Ester - see Hi-Ester 2,4-D 
2,4-?DB 2,4-DB (40.0) W 20 litre $ 201.78 
Actazine 5A atrazine (50.0) W 20 litre $ 146.51 
Alicep chlorobufanl (20.0) 
chloridazon (20.0) Y 25 kg $1284.50 
Amitrole amitrole (20Jl) 
y 
20 litre $ 209.88 
Amitrole amittole (40.0) Y 20 litre $ 223.25 
Aw.i.trole 4L anutrole (40.0) N 20 litre $ 215.12 
Arnitrole 4L amitl"ole (40,0) W 20 litre $ 265.34 
Prices Exclude GST 13-74 
Asulox asulam (40.0) P 20 litre $ 431.02 
Avadex triallate (40.0) M 20 litre $318.18 
Avenge 640 difenzoquat (64.0) Y 25 kg $1075.56 
Axall bronloxyrril (7.5) P 5 litre $ 98.84 
ioxyrril (7.5) 20 litre $ 304.60 
Banve1200 MCPA(37.0), Dicamba(3.0) I 20 litre $ 371.40 
Banvine 2,4-D (20.0) W 1 litre $ 24.76 
dicamba (10.0) 5 litre $102.18 
Basagran bentazone (48.0) A 20 litre $ 555.80 
Betanal AMI1 Phenmedipham (8.3) 
desmedipham (8.3) W 5 litre $ 228.08 
Bladex cyanazine (50) S 20 litre $ 308.13 
Brasoran WP aziprotryne (50.0) C 2kg $ 123.25 
Bronlocide sodium chlorate (59.0) 
sodium borate (41.0) N 20 litre $ 323.53 
Buctril M bronloxyuil (20.0) 
MCPA(20.0) P 20 litre $ 316.09 
Buster an1n1onium phopshare (20.0) A 20 litre $ 481.86 
CaragardFW terbuthylazine (25.0) C 5 litre $ 106.92 
terbumeton (25.0) 20 litre $ 398.82 
Carbetamex carbetamide (70.0) P 5 kg $ 135.06 
Chloro-IPC chlopropham (40.0) Y 20 litre $ 363.24 
Classic DF clorimuron (25.0) D 500 g $ 198.24 
COnlbine bronloxynil (20.0) P 5 litre $ 157.14-
ioxyrril (20.0) 20 litre $ 576.74 
COn11TIando L-f1amprop S 5 litre $ 130.36 
isopropyl(20.0) 20 litre $ 463.95 
Cohort tinuron (27.9), muron (17.6) A 10 litre $ 276.28 
ComoxCWK benazolin (30.0) N 1 litre $ 60.12 
Cougar20G diflufencam (10,0) 
Isoproturon (50.0) P 5 litre $ 165.00 
Dacthal W75 chlorthal dinlethyl (75.0) Y 10 kg $ 296.18 
Dalapon - see Dowpon 740 
Dicamba20 dicamba (20.0) N 20 litre $ 423.53 
Dicambone dicamba (75.0) I 20 litre $ 259.77 
Dowpon740 dalapon (74.0) W 25 kg $P.O.A 
Dual 960EC nletolachlar (96.0) C 200 litre $5272.51 
Duplosan DP dichlorprop (60.0) A 10 litre $ 194.66 
Enide50W diphenarnid (50.0) Y 25 kg $ 655.06 
Envoy cyanazine (11.8) S 2.8 kg $ 24.70 
MCPA(53.5) 12kg $ 104.65 
Erradicane EPTC(72.0) I 18.9 litre $ 238.10 
Escort60DF nletasulfuron (60.0) D 500 g $404.76 
Express nlethylbenzoate complex (50.0) D 200g $ 39.29 
Fodderkleen chlornitrofen (20.0) W 5 litre $ 76.00 
picloram (1.25) 20 litre $ 275.34 
B-75 Prices Exclude GST 
Foresite oxadiazon (40.0) P 5 litre $ 204.06 
Fusilade fluazifop-butyl (25.0) I 5 litre $ 166.76 
Gallant haloxyfop (10.0) W 20 litre $ 720.92 
GardoprilTI FW terbuthylazine (50.0) C 20 litre $ 217.78 
Gesagard WP prometryn (50.0) C 2kg $ 62.04 
Gesamll 50WP propazine (50.0) C 2kg $ 59.76 
Glean 75DF chlorsulfuron (75.0) D 200g $ 281.24 
Glean Twin chlorsuluron/Bromoxynil D 200g $ 324.00 
Glyphosate glyphosate (36.0) N 20 litre $ 328.74 
Goal oxyflurofen (24.0) R 5 litre $ 160.17 
Gramoxone paraqua.t (20.0) I 20 litre $ 329.07 
Granstar methylbenzoate complex (75.0) D 200g $ 178.57 
Grasp trae complex (25.0) I 5 litre $ 219.71 
Grazon trichIopyr (60.0) W 20 litre $ 828.28 
Hi-Ester 2,4-D 2,4-D butyl ester(72.0) W 200 litre $1720.58 
HyvarX bromacil (80.0) D 2.5 kg $ 151.73 
Igran 500FW terbutryn (50.0) C 5 litre $ 185.71 
Karmex Diuron (80.0) D 2.5 kg $ 50.00 
Kerb50W propryzamide (50.0) R 5 litre $ 243.oI 
Krovar bromacil(4O)& diuron(4O) D 2.5 kg $ 98.84 
Lasso Mffech alachIor (48.0) M 10 litre $ 148.85 
Lexone75 DF metribuzin (75.0) D 2.5 kg $ 244.19 
Unmon WP Hnmon (50.0) D 2.0 kg $ 71.22 
Unmon DF tinmon (50.0) D 2.5 kg $ 66.67 
MCPA MCPA (37.5) N 200 litre $ 930.22 
M:CPB MCPB (40.0) N 200 litre $1516.28 
Mosskiller pentachlorophenol (PCP) S 20 litre $ 160.00 
Nortron ethofumesate (20.0) I 5 litre $ 998.75 
Paraquat paraquat (20.0) W 20 litre $ 354.20 
Permazol SDA P 20 kg $ 325.57 
SDA Herbicide dalapon (37.0) 
amitrole (25.0) 
sodium thlocynate (4.5) W 15 kg $ 297.15 
Preeg!one E diquat (6.0) I 5 litre $ 70.24 
paraquat (12.0) 20 litre $ 256.62 
Preftx D chlorthlamid (7.5) S 5.5 kg $ 59.64 
dichIobenil (6.75) 20 kg $ 197.66 
Prime Extra metolachIar (32.0) 
terbuthylazine (18.0) C 20 litre $ 285.38 
Probe 75WDG methazole (75.0) Y 10 kg $1218.24 
Proturf dichIorprop (27.4), ioxynil (5.4) 
bromoxynil (36.0) P 5 litre $ 72.85 
MCPA(11.9) 20 litre $ 269.77 
PyraminFL chloridazon( 43.0) A 3 litre $ 120.25 
Ramrod FLO propachIor (48.0) M 9.47 litre $159.66 
Reglone diquat (20.0) I 20 litre $ 353.89 
Prices Exclude GST B-76 
Ronstar SG P 25 kg sack $ 168.14 
Roundup glyphosate (36.0) M 20 litre $ 310.11 
Salvo dicamba (1.7), dichlorprop (23.3) 
MCPA (l0.7), mecoprop (21.0) S 20 litre $ 226.74 
SDA simazine,dalapon,amitrole W 15 kg $ 276.44 
Selecta 4CP A 4-CPA (40.0) W 5 litre $ 78.30 
Semeron desmetryn (25.0) C 2kg $ 125.00 
Sencor70 DF metribuzin (70.0) B 2kg $ 227.50 
Simazine simazine (50.0) N 20 litre $ 174.12 
Sinbar terbacil (80.0) D lkg $ 81.97 
Sodakem sodium chlorate (59.0) N 25 kg $ 144.12 
Spraygrow diquat (2.5) I 5 litre $ 74.88 
paraquat (15.0) 20 litre $ 275.57 
Stomp 330E pendimethalin (33.0) Y 20 litre $ 492.67 
Strel propanil (25.0) R 208 litre $2754.42 
SurtlanFLO oryzalin (75.0) P 5 litre $ 184.88 
TopogardFW terbutryn (35.0) 
terbuthylazine (15.0) C 5Utre $ 156.98 
Tordon Brush- picloram (10.0) W 20 litre $1121.86 
killer NF triclopyr (30.0) 200 litre $11220.00 
Tordon2G picloram (2.0) W 25 kg $ 246.40 
Tordon50D picloram(2.0),2,4-D(20.0) W 20 litre $ 415.62 
Torpedo diquat (10.0) I 20 litre $ 273.25 
Totril ioxynil (22.5) P 20 litre $ 759.45 
Tramat ethofumesate (20.0) 
y 
10 litre $ 364.52 
Treflan trifluralin (40.0) P 20 litre $ 197.66 
Tribunil WP methabenzthiazuron (70) . B 1.5 kg $ 82.90 
Triflur40 trifluralin (40.0) N 20 litre $ 200.00 
Trirnec dicamba (1.87) plus 
MCPA (15.0) plus 
mecoprop (60.0) I 20 iitre $ 238.77 
Tropotox Plus MCPA (2.5), MCPB (37.5) P 200 litre $1655.16 
Ustllan WP ethidimuron (70.0) B 10 kg $1697.66 
Velpar20G hexazinone (20.0) D 20 kg $ 523.25 
Velpar90 hexazinone (90.0) D 25 kg $2105.56 
VelparL hexazinone (25.0) D 20 litre $ 592.09 
Versatill clopyralid (30.0) W 20 litre $1209.30 
VindexSDA simazine (40.0), delapon (25.0) 
amitrole (12.5) 
y 
2.5 kg $ 77.32 
Vorox IDA terbuthylazine (40.0) C 2kg $ 43.60 
amitrole (12.5), dalapon (26.0) 20 kg $ 386.36 
Weedazo14L amitrole (40.0) P 5 litre $ 66.67 
ammonium thiocyanate(lO.O) 20 litre $ 226.74 
Zero quizalofop-ethyl (10.7) S 5 litre $ 296.21 
B-77 Prices Exclude GST 
2.10.4 Insecticides 
Refer to section 2.10.2 for key to Company codes. 
For detailed iJl.fonnation on products, active ingredients, application and dilution rates 
and for suitability of various chemicals for individual situations, farmers should 
consult their local Agricultural Chemical company representative or refer to 
publications such as the 1990 "N.Z.Agrichemical and Plant Protection Manual" 
(obtainable from WHAM, P.O.Box 12-342, Wellington or The Bookshop, Lincoln 
University). 
Trade Name Active Ingredient (%) Comp.rurY. Unit R.etail 
Size Price 
Actellic Dust pirimiphos-methyl (50.0) I 25 kg $ 180.52 
Actellic EC pirimiphos-methyl (50.0) I 5 litre $ 175.34 
Actellic SG pirimiphos-methyl (20.0) I 90g $ 14.11 
Ambush50EC pennethrin (50.0) I 5 litre $ 810.99 
Apollo 50 SC clofentezine (50.0) Y 2 litre $ 462.84 
Attack pirimiphos (47.5) I S litre $ 154.17 
Azinphos-methyl Azinphos-methyl (50.0) B 15 kg $ 379.50 
CarbarylSOF carbaryl (50.0) N 20 litre $ 237.23 
Carbaryl 80W carbaryl (80.0) N 15 kg $ 279.07 
Caterkill fenitrothion (60.0) N 20 litre $ 323.25 
Chlorpyrifos chlorpyrifos (48.0) N 20 litre $ 912.64 
Counter terbufos (20.0) S 20 kg $ 261.63 
DecisEC deltamethrin (2.5) N 5 litre $ 262.50 
Diazinon FLO diazinon (80.0) Y 20 litre $ 614.58 
Dichlorvos E dichlorvos (100.0) N 5 litre $ 148.81 
Dirnilin 25W diflubenzuron (25.0) N 500 g $103.53 
Dipe12X bacillus thuringiensis N 500g $ 24.70 
Disyston lOG disolfoton (10.0) B 15 kg $ 90.69 
Ekfu-net 50 Ee etrirrtfos (52~O) 
... , 
Slilre $ 176.46 
,-. 
Ekatin thiomton (25.0) N 5 litre $ 100.00 
FolidolM50 parathion-methyl (60.0) B 5 litre $ 166.34 
Folimat omethoate (58.0) B 5 litre $ 276.16 
Folicur omethoate (58.0) B 5 litre $ 290.38 
Gesapon2OG diazinon (20.0) C 22 kg $ 208.13 
Gesapon 80EC diazinon (80.0) C 20 litre $ 558.13 
Gusathion M35 azinphos methyl (25.0) 
captan (53.0) B 20 kg $420.44 
Hallmark esfenvalerate (5.0) S 1 litre $ 76.78 
Kelthane 35 dicofol (35.0) R 30 kg $ 524.13 
LannateL methomyl (20.0) D 20 litre $ 441.86 
Lorsban 40EC chlorpyrifos (40.0) W 20 litre $ 773.45 
Lorsban 50WP chlorpyrifos (50.0) W 4kg $ 209.60 
Maldison 50 EC maldison (50.0) Y 20 litre $ 182.15 
Mavrlk aquaflo fluvalinate (24.0) Y 1 litre $ 162.37 
Prices Exclude GST B-78 
Mesurol75 WP methiocarb (75.0) B 
2kg $ 225.50 
Mesurol Snail methiocarb (2.0) IS 5 kg $ 83.26 
Metasystox demeto-s-methyl (25) B 
5 litre $ 118.52 
MirallOO iazophos (10.0) C 20 kg $ 209.30 
Monitor methami.dophos (60.0) A 200 litre $5419.56 
Nemacur 400 EC fenamiphos (40.0) B 25 litre $ 954.54 
NeoTon 500 EC boropropylate (50.0) C 2 litre $ 100.00 
Nissorun WP hexythiozox (10.0) P 1 kg $ 172.09 
Nuvan 1000 EC dichlorvos (100.0) 
C 1 litre $ 25.20 
Omite30W propargite (30.0) N 4kg $ 129.70 
Orthene 75 acephate (75.0) N 10 kg $ 569.11 
Perfecthion S dimethoale (50.0) A 10 litre $ 167.21 
Peropal azocylotin (25.0) B 2kg $ 123.88 
Phorate phorate (20.0) I 15 kg $ 127.54 
Phosdrin 400 mevinphos (40.0) S 2.5 litre $ 120.09 
Pirimor 50 piriruicarb (50.0) I 500g $ 27.86 
Ripcord 20 EC cypermethrin (20.0) S 2.5 litre $ 229.64 
RogorE dimethoate (40.0) Y 20 litre $ 296.04 
Saprene triforine (18.3) plus 
acephate (11.4) N 1 litre $ 29.07 
Sevin FLO carbaryl (80.0) P 20 litre $ 240.00 
Sevin WP carbaryl (80.0) P 15 kg $ 279.00 
Surnicidin 20WP fenvalerate (20.0) S 1 kg $ 112.45 
Supracide 40 methidathion (40.0) C 5 litre $ 176.19 
Tamaron metharnidophos (60.0) B 200 litre $6022.73 
Temick 150 aldicarb (15.0) P 15 kg $567.00 
Thimet20G phorate (20.0) N 15 kg $ 112.45 
Thiodan 35EC endosulfan (35.5) N 20 litre $ 348.84 
Tokuthion EC prothiofos (50.0) B 5 litre $ 395.34 
VydateG oxamyl (10.0) D 3.8 litre $ 135.80 
~JO.5 Fungicides 
Refer to section 2.10.2 for key to Company Codes. 
TrageNam~ Active Ingredient (%) Compagr Unit Retail 
Si~ ?rice 
Aliette fosetyl-aluminium(80.0) P 1 kg $ 60.70 
Aliette Super fosetyl-aluminium(80.0) P 14.5 kg $1092.72 
Antracol 70 WP propineb (70.0) B 25 kg $ 256.75 
Apron70SD metaxyl (35.0), captan (35.0) C 20 kg $2194.66 
Bavistan FL carbendazim (50.0) A 5 litre $ 303.70 
Baycor50WP triazole (50.0) B 2kg $ 195.34 
Bayleton 5 DF triazole (5.0) B 2kg $ 94.40 
Baytan IM triadimenoi (15.0) B 10 kg $ 953.48 
Benlate 50DF benomyl (50.0) D lkg $ 66.68 
B-79 Prices Exclude GST 
Botran 75 WP dichloran (75.0) Y 2.5 kg $ 133.06 
Bravo 500F chlorothalonil (50.0) Y 20 litre $417.31 
Calirus benoda...'Tlil (50.0) A 1 kg $ 69.46 
Calixin tridemorph (75.0) A 20 litre $ 708.28 
Captan 80WP captan (80.0) Y 20 kg $ 262.91 
Cereous triadimenol (25.0) B 5 litre $ 322.67 
Champion cupric hydroxide (50.0) Y 10 kg $ 108.81 
Dithane M45 mancozeb (75.0) R 25 kg $ 243.01 
Dodine 400 dodine (40.0) N 20 litre $ 317.64 
Euparen DF dichlofluanid (50.0) B 2kg $ 133.44 
Fongarid 25 WP furalaxyl (25.0) Y 500 g $ 109.50 
Fungaflor WSP inlazalil (75.0) N lOOg $ 94.00 
Galben benalaxyl (8.0) I 5 kg $ 165.93 
mancozeb (65.0) 25 kg $ 802.20 
Gusathion M35 azinphos methyl (25.0) 
captan (53.0) B 20kg $ 420.44 
Impact flutriafol (12.5) I 5 litre $ 156.98 
Karathane dinocap (18.5) R 20 kg $ 312.29 
Kocide 606 cupric hydroxide (50.0) S 10 litre $ 103.45 
Mancozeb 80W mancozeb (80.0) N 25 kg $ 183.81 
ManebM22 maneb (80.0) R 25 kg $ 240.22 
Manex II maneb (45.0) A 10 litre $ 64.70 
Manzate 200DF mancozeb (80.0) D 22.7 kg $ 197.66 
Melprex40 Y 20 litre $ 355.70 
Nimrod bupirimate (25.0) I 10 kg $ 316.70 
Nustar flusilazol (20.0) D 500 g $ 98.55 
Octave50W prochloraz (46.2) N 500g $ 117.15 
Orthocide Dust capta., (10.0) N 25 kg $ 169.00 
OrthocideSP captan (65.0) N 25 kg $ 646.50 
Orthocide W captan (80.0) N 25 kg $ 396.75 
Pallinal rnetiram (60.0) A 20 kg $ 320.00 
pjtrot,1Jal-isopropyl (12.5) 
Pallitop metiram (3.2) A 20 kg $ 450.00 
nitrothal-isopropyl (48.0) 
Phaltan50W folpet (50.0) N 2kg $ 51.70 
25 kg $ 603.75 
PolyramDF metiram (80.0) A 25 kg $ 329.00 
PrevicurN propamocarb (60.0) Y 1 litre $ 150.40 
Ridomil MZ WP metalaxyl (8.0) C 2.5 kg $ 83.32 
mancozeb (64.0) 20 kg $ 645.97 
Ridomil5G metalaxyl (5.0) C 15 kg $ 436.77 
Rizolex tochlorfos methyl(lO.O) S 50 kg $1279.07 
RonilanFL vinclozolin (50.0) A 20 litre $1551.10 
RovralWP iprodione (50.0) P lkg $ 90.99 
RovralFlo iprodione (25.0) P 5 litre $ 212.64 
Rubigan 12EC fenarirnol (12.0) P 5 litre $ 435.80 
Prices Exclude GST 3-80 
Rubigan FLO fenarimol (12.0) P 
Saprene triforine (18.3). acephate (11.4) N 
Serinal40 FL chlozolinate (46.9) S 
Sportak 45 EC prochloraz (45.0) N 
Sulflo sulphur (80.0) Y 
Surnisclex FL procymidane (25.0) I 
Syllit Plus dodine (40.0) P 
Thiovit80W sulphur (80.0) N 
ThiramWDG thiram (80.0) N 
Tilt prop-isoconzole (25.0) C 
Topas MZ 61 WPpenconazole (25.0). 
mancozeb (60.0) C 
TopsinM-4A thiophanate-methyl (40) W 
Vincit flutriafol (5.0) 
imazalil sulphate (5.0) I 
Vitaflo 200 carboxin (20.0). thiram (20.0) N 
2.10.6 Wetting, SRreading and Marking Agents 
Refer to section 2.10.2 for key to Company Codes. 
Trade Name Active Ingredient (%) 
Alar 85 darninozide (85.0) 
Citowett alkylaryl polyglycol 
sticker/spread ether 
Contact non ionic surfactant 
Multi-fIlm X90 alkyl polyoxyethylene 
2.10.7 Penetrants 
Pulse (for Roundup herbicide) 
TritonX45 
Triton B 1956 
2.10.8 Growth Regulants 
Cultar paclobutrazol (25.0) 
Cycocel750 chlomequat (75.0) 
Ethrel chlorethepon (4.8) 
Fatol Super fatty alcohols (73.0) 
Promalin gibberellic acid (1.9) 
Terpal mepiquat chloride(30.5) 
chlorethephon (15.5) 
8-81 
ComRany: 
N 
A 
I 
W 
M 
I 
R 
I 
A 
p 
N 
N 
A 
1 litre 
1 litre 
5 litre 
5 litre 
20 litre 
20 litre 
5 litre 
30 kg 
20 kg 
5 litre 
3 kg 
5 litre 
5kg 
20 litre 
Unit 
Size 
500g 
20 litre 
20 litre 
20 litre 
5 litre 
20 litre 
208 litre 
1 litre 
200 litre 
10 litre 
200 litre 
500ml 
5 litre 
$ 83.31 
$ 29.35 
$ 459.21 
$ 218.04 
$ 97.21 
$ 892.56 
$ 78.00 
$ 121.90 
$ 273.75 
$ 400.00 
$ 67.44 
$ 158.72 
$ 344.83 
$P.O.A. 
Retail 
Price 
$ 141.00 
$ 174.42 
$ 159.77 
$ 166.20 
$ 152.91 
$ 214.93 
$1998.70 
$ 235.47 
$2222.21 
$ 463.95 
$1633.00 
$ 188.00 
$ 192.71 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.10.9 Oil Sprm 
D-C Tron Int. spraying oil 
Sunspray oils-mineral-
insecticidal (97.0) 
2.10.10 Soil Fumigant! 
Basamid G dazomet (99.0) 
Di-trapex methylisothlocyanate (2.3), 
dicloropropene (9.2) 
2.10.11 Root Forming Hormones 
Seradix 1 and 2 beta-indolyl butyric acid 
Seradix No.3 beta-indolyl butyric acid 
2.10.12 Spraying Costs? Aerial and Ground 
Aerial Spraying 
Helicopters (NZ Ltd); 
Application rate: 100 litre :: $ 62/ha 
200 litre = $121/ha 
A 
S 
S 
A 
N 
p 
p 
300 litre 
400 litre 
205 litre 
5 litre 
20 litre 
200 litre 
20 kg 
50 litre 
600g 
600g 
= $167/ha 
= $204/ha 
$ 550.00 
$ 26.05 
$ 84.60 
$ 803.00 
$ 282.70 
$ 900.00 
$ 27.00 
$ 43.90 
Aerial spraying for spot work and large blocks may be negotiated on the basis of a 
rate per flying hour as follows: 
Bell206B Jetranger 
AS350B Squirrel 
SA315B Lama 
Helicopter spraying of crops: about $550 per hour. 
Ground Spraying 
$950/hour 
$ 1150/hour 
$ 1250/hour 
Rates vary depending on chemical being used, application rate and crop being 
sprayed. 
In the region of $15.00 to $25.00 per ha. 
Prices Exclude GST B-82 
2.11 SELLING, HANDLING, PROCESSING CHARGES, AND LEVIES 
2.11.1 Yard Fees 
Usually on a per head basis and varies between the various sale yards. As an example 
the charges made for one Canterbury sale yard have been included. 
Addington: Canterbury Sale Yards Co.,Ltd 
Sheep and lambs $0.50 
Fat cattle $6.00 
Store cattle $3.60 
Dairy cows $4.10 
Calves $2.50 
Bulls 
Fat pigs 
Store pigs 
Breeding Sows with Litters 
Goats 
2.11.2 Commissions on Stock sold through a Stock and Station Agent 
Sale Yards Clearing Sales 
Sheep 5.50% Sheep 
Fat Cattle 5.50% Store Cattle 
Store Cattle 5.50% Pigs 
Vealers 5.50% Dairy Cows 
Bulls Stud 8.50% Implements and Sundry 
Dairy Cattle 7.50% Furniture 
Pigs 6.25% Horses 
Deer 5.50% Stud Cattle 
Grazing 10.00% Stud Sheep 
Goats - P/bred, Gl 8.50% Motorised plant 
- G2 to Feral 5.50% Dogs 
$6.00 
$2.50 
$1.75 
$2.50 
$0.50 
5.50% 
5.50% 
6.50% 
7.50% 
15.00% 
15.00% 
8.00% 
7.50% 
8.50% 
10.00% 
7.50% 
North Island stock firms levy approximately 14c per head for sheep and $1.40 per 
head for cattle, payable in equal amounts by vendor and buyer. 
2.11.3 Wool Charges 
The New Zealand Wool Board estimates for the 1989/90 were as follows: 
For greasy wool worth $4.54 per kilogram at auction the following are illustrative 
"Farm to Auction" costs (cents per kilogram): 
Transport to store (80 km) 
Insurance (sheep's back to store) 
Brokers charges? 
Wool Board Levy (6%) 
Cents per kg 
5.9 
0.6 
11.7 
27.3 
45.5 
? Broker's charges cover receiving, warehousing, weighing, lotting, cataloguing and 
advertising. Re-classing, binning and interlotting are not included. 
B-83 Prices Exclude GST 
2.11.4 Velvet Charges 
The F ortex Group charges for consolidation and grading costs as follows: 
- Seller charged 3.5% for consolidation and grading costs. 
- Buyer charged 2%. 
2.11.5 Killing and Inspection Charges 
Typical Charges per Head: 
(i) Lamb 13kg Carcass, 1.lkg Wool Pull 
Killing Charge 
Polythene Bag 
Wool Charge 
Pelt Charge 
Storage (6 weeks) 
Buying and Administration 
(ii) Mutton 20kg Carcass, 0.8kg Wool Pull 
Killing Charge 
Polythene Bag 
Wool Charge 
Pelt Charge 
Storage (8 weeks) 
Buying and Administration 
(iii) Pl Steer 26Okg@ 65% yield = 169kg 
Killing Charge 
Hide Charge 
Storage (8 weeks) 
Buying and Administration 
(iv) Manufacturing Cow 16Okg@ 64% yield = 102.4kg 
Killing Charge 
Hide Charge 
Storage (6 weeks) 
Buying and Administration 
Prices Exclude GST B-84 
$10.20 
$0.90 
$2.45 
$1.60 
$1.00 
$ 0.50 
$16.65 
$12.00 
$1.00 
$2.75 
$ 1.85 
$2.05 
$ 0.40 
$20.05 
$165.00 
$ 2.00 
$ 7.90 
$ 9.03 
$183.2~ 
$142.00 
$ 2.00 
$ 3.60 
$ 8.09 
$155.69 
(v) Manufactwillg atill ~35kg @ 68.5% yield:;; HHlcg 
Killing Charge 
Hide Charge 
Storage (6 week~) 
auying and Mmini~tt.!ltion 
(vi) Deer 
Killing Charge 
Headage 
Standard boning/p~lcing charge 
Storage (4 week~) . 
Meat Inspection l"!l~ 
Approximate fees are ~ follows; 
Calves $0.71 
Vealers $7.lQ 
Cows $7.lQ 
Other $7.1 () 
2.11.6 Livestock Levi?s 
L!l1Jlbs 
Sheep 
Deer 
$1.12 
$0.90 
$5.00 
$160.00 
$ 2.00 
$ 5.70 
$ 8.09 
$175.79 
$45.00 
$ 6.50 
$28.00 
$2.60 
$82.10 
The chart below lists the levy rates MAP collects for the listed organisations (effective 
October 1 1990). 
Figures are rounded. 
Levies Per Head: Cows Other Calves(not Vealers 
Adult exceeding (27 - 160) 
Cattle 27 kg) kg) 
'" Federated Farmers $0.68 $0.32 
$0 A') ct"O"l"" 
. .,. ... ..pv ? .J~ 
'" Disease Eradication $5.70 $5.70 $5.70 
Meat Producers Brd. $4.20 $4.20 $0.24 $4.20 
Total Levies $10.58 $10.22 $0.66 $10.22 
Levies ~r head: Lambs Sheep Pigs 
and Goats 
'" Federated Farmers $0.03 $0.03 $0.02 
Meat Producer Board $0.47 $0.47 
Pork Industry Board $4.50 
Total Levies $0.50 $0.50 $4.52 
B-85 Prices Exclude GST 
Note: Other Adult Cattle Includes Heifers, Steers and Bulls. Sheep Includes 
Hoggets and Rams, and other Adult Sheep. 
* A nil rate of levy applies to any animal slaughtered which is wholly 
condemned, by MAF inspectors only, for any reason following slaughter. 
Wool Board Levy - See Section 2.11.3 
Deer/Game Industry Board Levies 
Current Game Industry Board Levies are as follows: 
Venison-
28 cents/kg carcass weight on all farmed deer going through D~,er Slaughter Premises 
and 4.44 cents/kg carcass on feral deer through Game Packing Houses. 
Velvet -
$1.00/kg green weight for Fallow velvet and $5.00 per kg green weight on all velvet 
other than Fallow deer .. 
2.11.7 Herbage Seed Levy 
This levy is imposed on herbage seed collected by the M.A.F. seed testing station on 
all lines of herbage seed submitted for first testing. 
The following were the Herbage Seed Subsection levies 1990. 
Red Clover 
White Clover 
Cocksfoot 
Crested Dogstail 
Lotus 
Prairie Grass 
Italian Ryegrass 
Perennial Ryegrass 
Prices Exclude GST 
Grasslands Hamua 
Grasslands Turoa/Pawera 
Colenso 
Grasslands Huia/Pitau 
Grasslands Tahora 
Kopu 
Overseas Cultivars 
Grasslands Apanui/Sabono/W ana 
Grasslands Kara 
Lotus Comiculatus/Malru 
Grasslands Matua 
Grasslands Paroa{fama 
Moata/Concord 
Grasslands Ruanui, Nui 
Coronet/Pacific/Greenstone 
Grasslands Droughtmaster 
Yatsyn/El1ett 
Grasslands Marsden 
Progrow/Exalta 
MarathonJEmbassy 
B-86 
(Cents/kg of seed) 
1.92 
1.76 and 8.00 
3.60 
2.80 
3.12 
3.60 
3.20 
2.20 
2.40 
2.00 
6.80 and 8.00 
0.80 
0.64 and 0.96 
0.96 
0.96 
0.96 
0.96 
0.96 
0.96 
0.96 
0.96 
Hybrid Ryegrass Grasslands Ariki/Manawa 
Uncertified Ryegrass 
Timothy Grasslands Kahu 
Uncertified 
Browntop Grasslands Egmont/Sefton!Muster 
NZBrowntop 
Yorkshire Fog Massey Basyn 
Lucerne All Cultivars 
Phalaris Grasslands Maru 
Tall Fescue Grasslands Roa 
Chewings Fescue 
Amenity Grasses Fescues 
Ryegrasses 
Yarrow 
Brome Grasslands Gala 
2.11.8 Wheat and Maize Growers Levies 
Wheat Levies $2.85 per tonne 
0.96 
0.56 
1.44 
1.12 
4.80 
4.00 
2.525 
5.20 
3.20 
3.20 
2.40 
0.795 
0.636 
9.60 
0.80 
- includes levies payable by grower for wheat insurance ($1.80), economic 
research ($0.22), administration ($0.33) and plant breeding ($0.50). 
Maize Levies $0.22 per tonne 
2.11.9 Potato Levy 
The Potato Growers Federation has a compulsory levy of 0.375% of the gross value 
of potatoes. 
2.11.10 Horticultural Levies 
Annual Berryfruit Levy (As at September 1990) 
A levy is paid on the area of fruit grown. 
Less than 250 sq metres - Nil 
Over 250 sq m but not over 8000 sq m or 2000 strawberry plants 
(which ever is less) - $160.00 
8000 sq m and over - $295.00 
Blackcurrants (As at September 1990) 
A levy of 2.0 cents per kilogram shall be paid in respect of all blackcurrants sold for 
processing or export (over and above the general berryfruit levy). 
Boysenberries 
No direct levies are payable by growers to the Berry Fruit Export Council. Any levies 
are deducted from returns through the council. 
B-87 Prices Exclude GST 
Raspberries (As at January 1990) 
North Island raspberries growetS are tinder the Berry Fruit Federation annual levy (see 
above). 
South Island raspberries divided into three regions (Nelson, Canterbury and Otago), 
each with own levy system. 
Nelson: A levy of 6 cents per kg on export and locally sold produce. 
Canterbury: Levy of $10.00 per decare if a producer. To be It producer, must have a 
tenth of a hectare. 
Otago: Levy of $100 per grower per year. 
Levy on: 
Nectarines 
Apricots 
Peaches 
Plums 
Cherries 
Blueberries (Fresh) 
(Frozen) 
Table Grapes 
Avocados 
Feijoas 
Persimmons 
Buttercup Squash 
Garlic 
Citrus Fruits: 
Grower 
6c/kg 
6c/kg 
6c/kg 
6c/kg 
15c/kg 
2Oc/kg 
4c/kg 
8c/kg 
5Oc/tray 
25c/tray 
65c/tray 
5Oc/tonne 
3c/kg 
Exporter 
2c/kg 
2c/kg 
2c/kg 
2c/kg 
Se/kg 
4c/kg 
le/kg 
2c/kg 
tOe/tray 
17c/tray 
2Oc/tray 
SOc/tonne 
The Citrus Plafu,ing Council imposes a 3% levy on all citrus fruit growers. 
Orchard Levies: 
Orchard Levies apply to all fruit grown in orchard type conditions except berryfruits 
(see previous page), e.g. Kiwifruit, Pip and stonefruit: 
$25 per ha with a minimum of $120 and a maximum of $tOOO. 
Vegetables 
Compulsory Levies - Registration fee to Vegetable Federation. 
Fresh vegetables: 0.375% of gross value 
Process vegetables: 0.5625% of gross value 
Potatoes (all uses): 0.375% of gross value 
Fresh Tomatoes 0.375% of gross value 
Voluntary Levies 
Asparagus: - 1.6% of gross value on fresh domestic produce or produce for 
processing 
- 3.4c/kg on fresh export produce 
Tomatoes: - 0.5% on all fresh produce 
Prices Exclude GST B-88 
2.12 REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE 
Expenditure on repairs and maintenance varies widely between farm types, districts 
and seasons. Farm profitability or otherwise is very often a major factor. Where 
records are not available the following may be used as a guide only. 
2.12.1 Total Repairs and Maintenance per FarIl! 
Under the current economic climate and depending on the type of farm, location, 
season etc, typical total expenses per year (excluding vehicle expenses) range from: 
Dairy Farms - $4,000 to $10,000. 
Sheep and Beef Farms - $4,000 to $7,000. 
2.12.2 Repairs and Maintenance - Farm Improvements and Plant 
Where precise information is unavailable, expenditure on repairs and maintenance of 
farm improvements and plant may be estimated by using the following rates: 
Dwellings 
Farm buildings 
Piggeries 
% capital value per annum 
1 - 3% ) depending upon the 
1 - 3% ) age of the building 
2-5% 
Water supply 
Implements and plant 
Roads,tracks and culverts 
Yards and dip 
Up to 5% depending on water type 
7.5-15% depending upon use 
1 - 5% depending on locality 
2.5- 5% 
2.12.3 Repairs and Maintenance - Vehicles and Mobile Plant 
(See also section 2.13) 
Where precise information is unavailable, expenditure on repairs and maintenance of 
vehicles and mobile plant may be estimated by using the following rates: 
Cars and light trucks 
Tractors 
Mobile plant 
allow 35 cents per km 
allow $4 to $20 per hour depending on size and age (or 
80% of purchase price spread over the economic life of 
tractor - see examples in Section 2.13.2) 
allow 5% of initial value per annum. 
B-89 Prices Exclude GST 
2.13 VEHICLE EXPENSES 
2.13.L1'otal V_ehicle Running Expenses 
The following figures can be used as estimates for budgeting purposes where details 
are not available for the fann. Depending on the locality and type of farm, typical total 
vehicle running expenses (including fuel, oil, repairs and maintenance, registration 
etc) on all farm vehicles including private car use, are as follows: 
Dairy Farms - $7,000 to $10,000 
Sheep and Beef - $8,800 to $12,000 
For details see individual items in this section. 
Note: See also section 2.12.3 for estimates of the repairs and maintenance component 
of expenditure on vehicles. 
~.13.2 Tractor Running Costs 
(i) Guide for Fuel Consumption on Minimum Cultivation 
Please note this is only a guide (based on .24 litres per kw hr). 
16 HP 11.5 kW 2.76litres per hour 
30 HP 22.0 kW 5.28 litres per hour 
40 HP 30.0 kW 7.20 litres per hour 
50 HP 37.0 kW 8.88 litres per hour 
64 HP 48.0 kW 11.52litres per hour 
75 HP 55.7 kW 13.37 litres per hour 
80 HP 60.0 kW 14.40 litres per hour 
103 HP 77.2 kW 18.53 litres per hour 
160 HP 119.0 kW 28.56litres per hour 
(ii) 41 kW (55 HP) Tractor - Total Running Costs. 
Replaced after 4000 hours (6 years) 
Initial Cost $31,000; Resale Price $10,000 
Running: Average 670 hours per year 
Fixed costs per annum: 
Opportunity cost $31,000 at 8%(Real) 
Replacement cost $31,000 - $10,000 
$21,000 x sinking fund factor 
(8% for 6 years) 0.1363 
Annual licencing fee 
Insurance $46 plus .55% on balance 
over $5,000 
Total fixed cost per hour (670 hours/year) 
Variable costs per hour: 
Fuel (.24litres/kW hr) 9.84litres at 52.2c/litre 
Oil and filters 15% of fuel cost 
Prices Exclude GST 8-90 
$2,480.00 
$2,862.30 
$ 77.67 
$ 189.00 
$5.14 
$0.77 
$5,608.97 
$8.37 
Repairs and maintenance 80% of purchase price 
over ownership period (4000 hours) $6.20 
Total variable costs per hour 
Total cost (fixed and variable) per hour 
Total per ha (assuming .70 ha per hour) 
Including labour at $10 per hour Total per Ill.' 
Total per ha 
(iii) 63 kW (85 HI") Tractor - Total Running Costs. 
Replaced after 3500 hrs (6 years) 
Initial Cost $50,000; Resale Price $22,000 
Running: Average 580 hours per year 
Fixed costs per annum: 
Opportunity cost $50,000 at 8% (Real) 
Replacement cost ($50,000 - $22,000) 
$28,000 x Sinking fund factor 
(8% for 6 years) 0.1363 
Annual licencing fee 
Insurance $46 plus .55% on balance 
over $5000 
Total fixed cost/hour assuming 580 hours!yr 
Variable costs per hour: 
Fuel (.241/kW/hr) 15.12litres at 52.2cllitre 
Oil and filters 15% of fuel cost 
$4,000,00 
$ 3,816.40 
$ 77.67 
$ 293.50 
$7.89 
$1.18 
Repairs and maintenance 80% of purchase price 
over ownership period (3500 hours) $11.43 
Total variable cost per hour 
Total cost (fixed and variable) per hour 
Total per ha (assuming .90 ha per hour) 
Including labour at $10 per hour 
Total per hour 
Total per ha 
(iv) 90 kW (120 HP) Tractor - Total Running Costs. 
Replaced after 3000 hrs (6 years) 
Initial Cost $90,000; Resale price $40,000 
Running: Average 500 hours per year 
Fixed costs per annum: 
Opportunity cost $90,000 at 8% (real) 
Replacement cost ($90,000 - $40,000) 
$50,000 x sinking fund factor 
(8% for 6 years) 0.1363 
Annual licencing fee 
B-91 
$7,200.00 
$6,815.00 
$ 77.67 
$8,187.57 
$17~ 
$20.48 
$2926 
$30.48 
$43.54 
$ 14.12 
$20.:'-Q 
$34,62 
$38.46 
$44.62 
$49.58 
Prices Exclude GST 
Insurance $46 plus .55% on balance 
over $5,000 $ 513.50 
Total fixed costs per year assuming 500 hours/year 
Variable costs per hour: 
Fuel (.24litres/kWhr) 21.60 litres at 52.2c/litre $ 11.28 
Oil and filters 15% offuel cost $ 1.69 
Repairs and maintenance 80% of purchase price 
over ownership period (3000 hours) $ 24.00 
Total variable costs/hour (500 hrs/year) 
Total cost (fixed and variable) per hour 
Total per ha (assuming 1.20 ha per hour) 
Including labour at $10 per hour Total per hr 
Total per ha 
Note: Header running costs? see section 2.13.7 
7.13.3 Fuel, Oil and Grease 
Petrol - Regular (91 octane) 78.2 - 81.8 cent'. per litre. 
- Super (96 octane) 83.6 - 87.1 cents per litre. 
Diesel 
LPG 
eNG 
- 49.8 to 53.3 cents per litre (retail sales). 
- 55.1 to 59.6 cents per litre. 
- 72.9 to 76.4 cents per kg. 
Oil 
A major N.Z. group's oil prices: 
Visco 2000 
Universal Tracior Oii 
Visco 20/40 
Gear Oil 80 EP 
Hypogear 80W-90 EP 
(Transmission oil) 
Power Stroke 
(Two Stroke Oil) 
Multi-purpose grease 
Antifreeze 
Note: 7c I litre to be added for delivery. 
Prices Exclude GST B-92 
Wholesale 
Price 
$3.52/1 
$2.82/1 
$2.94/1 
$3.22/1 
$3.26/1 
$3.26/1 
$3.21/1 
$3.21/1 
$4.62/1 
$4.65/1 
$14,606.17 
$ 29.21 
$ 36.97 
$ 66.18 
$ 55.15 
$ 76.18 
$63.48 
2.13.4 Tyres and Tubes 
Firestone: - Tyres 
Truck - Steel Belted 8 to 10 ply $152 to $280 
Tractor 
Front - $127.00 to $280.00 depending on size and ply. 
Rear - $365.00 to $883.00 depending on size and ply. 
Tubes 
Light Truck Tubes 
Truck Tubes 
Tractor Tubes 
2.13.5 Licencing/Road Charges 
Annual Licencing Fees 
Cropping Machinery 
Farmers Cars 
Farmers Motorbikes - Under 60 cc 
- 61 cc and over 
Farmers Trucks up to 3500kg 
over 3500kg 2 axles 
3 axles 
4 or more axles 
Tractors exempt Class B 
Trailers up to 3500kg 
No C.O.F. Fee over 3500kg 2 axles 
3 axles 
$14.00 to $20.00 
$30.00 to $40.00 
$14.00 to $70.00 
Total 
$ 77.67 
$161.72 
$ 58.67 
$142.72 
$161.72 
$275.94 
$300.39 
$324.39 
$ 77.67 
$ 28.22 
$161.44 
$185.89 
Note: 6 month licences are available and are usually approximately 50% of the 12 
month fees. 
B-93 Prices Exclude GST 
Road User Charges 
Vehicles which must pay Road User Charges and those required to display distance 
licences are described below. 
Vehicles required to pay road user charges are: 
1. All vehicles, including trailers, whose gross laden weight exceeds 3.5 tonnes. 
2. All vehicles which are powered other than by petrol, CNG or LPG. 
Exemptions include: 
Vehicles licensed as E Class A: 
- mobile machinery never used on roads except for 
servicing at a garage or driver testing. 
Vehicles licensed as E Class B: 
- farm machinery with restricted road usage. 
Unregistered motor vehicles: 
Vehicles exempt from registration and annual licence fees. 
Two-wheeled vehicles whose gross laden weight is less 
than 1 tonne. 
Time Licences (for off-road vehicles)- Consult New Zealand Post for these charges. 
Distance Licences 
Distance licences are classified according to whether the vehicle is powered or 
unpowered, the number of tyres per axle and the axle spacing. 
As there are so many variables in the computation of rates we have given two 
examples below: 
Type 2 i.e. 2 axles with dual wheels on the rear axle 
- up to 7 tonnes gross laden weight 5000km $208.49 
- up to 10 tonnes gross laden weight 5000km $439.02 
When the distance licence is exhausted, a new licence must be obtained. The 
nominated maximum weight may be increased by either obtaining a new licence or 
obtaining a supplementary licence. 
Refunds may be obtained when: 
- An unexpired licence is replaced 
- A vehicle is permanently destroyed 
- Off-road travel has occurred 
All vehicles requiring distance licences must be fitted with an approved distance 
recorder in working order. Hubodometers are required where the gross laden weight 
exceeds 3.5 tonnes. 
2.13.6 Combine Harvester Running Costs 
112 kW (150 HP) Header Harvester - Total Running Costs: 
Economic Life 2000 hours (10 years) 200 hours per year 
Initial Cost $175,000; Resale Price $ 60,000 
Fixed costs per annum: 
Opportunity cost $175,000 at 8%(Real) 
Replacement cost ($175,000 - $60,(00) 
$115,000 x sinking fund factor 
Prices Exclude GST B-94 
$14,000.00 
(8% for 10 years) 0.0690 
Annual licence (6 months) 
Insurance $46 plus .55% on balance over $5000 
Total fixed costs per hour assuming 200 hrs/year 
Variable costs per hour: 
Fuel (.24litres/kW hr) 26.88 litres at 52.2c/litre 
Oil and filters 15% of fuel cost 
Repairs and maintenance 80% of purchase price 
over economic life (2000 hours) 
Total variable costs per hour 
Total cost (fixed and variable) per hour 
Total per ha (assuming 1.25 ha per hour) 
Including labour at $12 per hour Total per hr 
Total per ha 
B-95 
$ 7,935.00 
$ 77.67 
$ 981.00 
$14.03 
$2.10 
$70.00 
$22,993.67 
$ 114.97 
$1l6.13 
$201.10 
$160.88 
$213.10 
$170.48 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.14 PROFESSIONAL FEES 
2.14.1 Accountancy Fees 
Accountants base their fees on input of time taken in compiling returns and services 
required by their clients. 
Some of the reasons why fees vary considerably are: 
The adequacy of the presentation of farm records to the accountant by the 
farmer. 
The form of ownership - individual, company or partnership, and if there is a 
trust account involved. 
The amount of information the farmer wants: advice on management, 
financial advice, trial balances, etc. 
The degree of intensification of the farming operations. 
The amount of administration undertaken by the accountant. G.S.T. returns, 
budgetary control, receiver/payee of all income/expenditure for the farmer. 
Some approximate examples of accounting costs are as follows: 
Dairy 
Sheep and Cattle 
Cropping 
2.14.2 Farm Consultancy Cham?. 
Average 
$2,500 
$2,400 
$1,100 
Range 
$1,700 to $3,300 
$700 to $1,500 
Consultancy charges are usually based on an hourly rate. This can vary but is typically 
between $55.00 and $80.00 per hour. 
Travelling and administration expenses and computer time charges are all extra. 
Lincoln University Farm Advisory Service: 
Lincoin University operates a commercial Farm Advisory Service which provides a 
full consultancy, advisory. and rural valuation service to the public. 
A group of full-time farm management consultants, a horticultural management 
consultant and a registered valuer are available for consultancy work, property 
supervision, feasibility studies and valuations. Agricultural study tours are designed 
and conducted both in New Zealand and overseas. 
The Service includes: 
1. Regular advisory services to farmers. 
2. Executive control and administration of properties. 
3. Advice and preparation of reports on specific matters. 
4. Valuations, reports and loans recommended on rural properties. 
The consultancy and valuation fees are based on a rate $60 per hour (regularly 
serviced clients) or $65 to $75 (special or one off situations). Travel is charged at a 
rate of 5Sc per km in the first case and 65c per km in the second. 
Prices Exclude GST B-96 
Enquiries should be addressed to: The Officer in Charge, 
Farm Advisory Service, 
Lincoln University, 
Canterbury. 
Lincoln University Property Ma1Ulgemenl Service: 
The Property Ma1Ulgement Service is an independent body that promotes farming 
agreements and provides, for a fee, standard leasehold, partnership and sharefarming 
agreements for farmers and horticulturalists. 
Standard Fee $500.00 
This fee is subject to variation according to the complexity of the agreement and 
additional work involved above the cost of a standard contract. 
All travelling and incidental costs incurred will be charged in addition to the above 
fees. 
All fees are subject to review at the discretion of the Management Committee. 
Further information and registration forms may be obtained from: 
The Director, 
Property Management Service, 
Lincoln University, 
Canterbury. 
2.14.3 Legal Fees 
The former system of a New Zealand wide scale of minimum and maximum charges 
has been abolished. Fees are now worke<l out on a more appropriate basis, taking into 
account the nature of the job and expenses incurred by the solicitor or law firm. In 
general they are based on an hourly rate (in the region of $150.) Lawyers are now 
encouraged to give written estimates for the cost of a job. Anyone seeking a 
solicitor's help or advice should ask for an estimate (in writing) and both parties 
should have a dear understanding of what work that estimate is to cover. 
Stamp Duty 
Up to $50,000 - 1 % 
$50,000 to $100,000 - $500 plus 1.5% of excess over $50,000. 
Over $100,000 - $1,250 plus 2% of excess over $100,000. 
No duty is payable on the value of land or buildings to be used primarily as a 
residence. Stamp duty payable on farm properties is reduced where one or more of 
the purchasers does not hold or has not held interest in farm land exceeding $150,000. 
If all purchasers are exempt no duty is payable. 
B-97 Prices Exclude GST 
It should be emphasised these notes aTe primarily for the guidance of students. 
There is now no scale nor recommended fee relating to any real estate transaction. 
However most agents still work on a commission basis. The most common fee 
structures are in the approximate ranges: 
(a) Fann Sales; 
$375 basic fee 
Plus 3.75% commission on the fIrst $200,000 of consideration, this may vary from 3 
to 4% on circn,nSiaJlces. 
Plus 1.5% com ... lission Oil balance of consideration. 
The genera! crireli2 by which agents fix fees now relate to the level of professional 
services which the individual company offers. When vendors select intensive 
marketing programmes, higher fees may be levied. If vendors participate in 
advertising costs then lower basic fees may be rendered. Sole agencies may attract 
lesser fees than general agencies. 
(b) Auction Sales (Sales other than mortgagee sales): 
In general these are levied at the same rate as residential sales. 
The may, in addition, with the vendor's authority, charge to the vendor all 
auction advertising, nagging, other promotional costs and dispersements. 
In addition, an auctioneer may levy an offering fee if the property is not sold at 
auction or, alternatively, seek a term of sole agency after the auction sale to enable a 
sale to be concluded. 
2.14.:;~luatlon Charges 
Valuation charges are no longer subject to the minimum scale of charges as set by The 
New Zealand Institute o/Valuers. Valuers may now set their own charges which are 
usually based on an hourly rate although some valuers still charge on a percentage of 
value basis and vary depending on the degree of skill or responsibility required, 
expenses incurred and other factorse Travelling allowance (mileage) is normally 
charged at the maximum State Service. rate. 
~'cll?UI~le: 
For a valu~.tion of a 366 ha property in North Canterbury (value $430,000): 
The valuation would cost $1200 to $1500 (Approximately 14 hours involved), 
depending on time and distance involved in travel (from Christchurch), and other 
expenses. 
~.14.6 LaJ;!~JIJ!nsfel'_Fee? 
This fee is charged by the Lands and Deeds Office of The Justice Department on all 
land transactions, such as transfers, mortgages and related documents. 
The land transaction registration fee is $35.56 per document unless unusual or 
complex in which case this fee may be increased. 
Prices Exclude GST B-98 
2.15 ADMINISTRATION EXPENSES 
Refer also to Section 2.14, Professional Fees. 
2.15.1 Telephone and Toll Charge~ (Telecom) 
Network Connection Charge 
Change of customer name 
Line Rental (per month) 
Standard Residential 
Standard Business - with Local Call Charging ~ Individual 
Nonstandard Business - Bl - Individual 
Nonstandard Business - B2 - Individual 
Telephone Rental (per month) 
Standard Business Rental Phone 
Standard Residential Rental Telephone 
Older style residential telephone (flIst phone) 
Older style residential telephone (second and subsequent) 
Wiring Maintenance Charge (per month) 
Toll Charges - Refer to Telephone Directory 
2.15.2 Postage 
Surface Mail - Inland: 
Standard letters - 4Dc. 
Fast Post - SOC. 
Non-standard articles: 
Envelope size 
Medium (up to 120mm x 235mm) 
Large (up to lSOmm x 324mm) 
Extra Large (over lSOmm x 324mm) 
Parcels 
$0.40 
$0.60 
$O.SO 
$56.00 
$35.00 
$29.19 
$60A2 
$91.30 
$67.48 
$356 
$2.13 
$1.32 
$3.00 
$0.45 
$0.80 
$1.20 
$1.20 
New Zealand is divided into six zones and postage rates vary accordingly between 
zones. A 2kg parcel ranges from $3.00 to $5.50 (Standard Post), a.no $4.00 to $8.20 
(Fast Post). A 20kg parcel ranges from $9.00 to $27.10 (Standard Post), and $10.50 to 
$29.S0 (Fast Post). 
Across town delivery (by the working day): up to 20kg - $2.00 
B-99 Prices Exclude GST 
2.15.3 Courier Charges 
New Zealand Couriers: 
Courier Tickets (5/15/25 kg) 
Example Christchurch: Boundaries 
1 ticket/25kg Local-Lyttleton, Sumner, Airport, Islington, Belfast $3.00/ticket 
1 ticket/25kg Outer-Amberley, Darfield, Rakaia $3.45/ticket 
1 ticket/15kg Short-haul West Coast, Methven, Waimate, Kaikoura $5.00/ticket 
1 ticket/5kg Long-haul Rest of South Island $7.50/ticket 
1 ticket/5kg Inter-Island Stewart or North Island $14.50/ticket 
International Rates: 
Zone 1 Australia/Fiji 
2 Southeast Asia/Pacific 
3 UK, USA, Canada 
4 All Others 
T N.T. Couriers: 
Citywide ticket up to 25kg 
Regional ticket (150km radius) 
Within an Island 
Between the Islands 
Supamaill (Standard letter) 
Supamail2 (163mm x 35Omm) 
Supamail 3 (250mm x 32Omm) 
Supamail4 (325mm x 405mm) 
Supamail 5 (400mm x 45Omm) 
New Zealand Courier Post 
Weight 
0.5 kg 
1.0 kg 
Over this 
lst500gm 
$10.50 
$26.25 
$36.75 
$47.25 
Trans Tasman 
$12.00 
$18.00 
$12.00/extra kg 
Each additional 500 gm 
$8.40 
$12.60 
$18.90 
$21.00 
$3.63 
$5.00/5kg or part thereof 
$7.50/5kg or part thereof 
$14.50/5kg or part thereof 
$2.00 
$3.00 
$3.75 
$5.00 
$9.00 
The World 
$30.00 
$40.00 
$10.00/extra kg 
2.15.4 Subscriptions (Magazines/Farming Organisations) 
Some examples are: 
Magazines 
"New Zealand Farmer" - $62.67 per year. 
"Dairy Exporter" - $18.22 per year. 
"Straight Furrow" - Free. 
"Aglink" Index free, Leaflets $2.20 per copy. 
"Country Living" - $17 .78 per year or $3.11 per copy. 
Prices Exclude GST B-lOO 
Organisations 
e.g. Federated Farmers (Canterbury) (1990/91) 
Owner: 
Associate member: 
2.15.5 Travelling 
$150.00 
$50.00 
Cost of travel is fully tax deductible when the purpose is farm business. This can 
represent a large expenditure item with some systems of management or some types 
of farms, e.g. stud farms. 
2.15.6 Bank Fees and Stock Company Charges. 
(see Section 2.17 Financial Charges) 
B-101 Prices Exclude GST 
2.16 STANDING CHARGES 
2.16.1 Insurances 
Typical Charges are as follows: 
In the case of rITe insurance, rrremiums vary according to the nature of the risk and the 
value of the buildings or assets insured etc. Accident premiums vary with the nature 
of the work, etc. 
Buildings: 
House Owner's Cover -Dwellings -Brick 
-Wood 
- Outbuildings - any construction 
All Risks Dwelling Contents (regardless of construction.) 
Plant and Machinery: per $100 value (same as buildings). 
(i) Full Perils (All Risks) Cover: $0.27/$100 
All engine functioned farm machinery - $5.00/unit (for breakdown) 
per $100 value. 
$0.20 
$0.28 
$0.27 
$0.60-$0.68 
Any other farm machinery and equipment including plant, P.T.O. balers and non 
engine functioned implements anywhere in the district - $0.270/$100 
(ii) Comprehensive: 
Harvesting Equipment: $40.00 plus $0.55 per $100 over $5000 cover. 
(Mechanical damage excess from $150 to $200 is payable by the owner. Where 
internal damage to harvesting equipment occurs, an additional premium of 25% of the 
basic premium is payable.) 
Tractor: $46.00 plus $0.55 per $100 over $5000. 
N .B. - Tractor-drawn and self propelled harvesters at the same rate. 
- All these premiums plus $0.110 per $100 Earthquake and War Risk, plus GST. 
Tractor Tyre Insurance 
100% of Premium of sum insured to $3000 
75% of Premium of sum insured between $3000 and $5000 
50% of Premium of sum insured between $5000 and $iO,OOO 
40% of Premium of sum insured over $10,000 
Minimum Premium $20.00. 
Specialised Farm Equipment 
Chainsaws, tools, scanaprobe, nitrogen containers, radio telephones etc. 
All Risks: per $100 value - $0.27 
Wool: 
0.85% (When in farm building the rate is .270% - as for contents) 
General Farm Produce and Manures: whilst on the farm - $0.270/$100 
Shelter Belts (excludes live hedge fencing): Rate .270% of assessed value. 
Prices Exclude GST B-102 
Employers' Liability: 
Accident Compensation Commission - All employees will be covered by a levy paid 
to the Inland Revenue Depanment. (refer to Section 4.15.8) 
Personal Accident (owner's personal cover): 
Details vary, but a typical cover would be as follows: 
Premium $125.62 plus GST per annum for: 
Death $12,500. Total disablement from accident $100 per week. Total disablement 
from disease $100 per week. 
Public Liability - to cover legal liability arising from negligence caused by 
employees, stock, farm vehicles or rITe and explosion but excludes motor vehicles 
which should be registered under the Transport Act. 
Cover 
$100,000 
$250,000 
Forest and Rural Fires Act included. 
Premiums 
$30.00 plus GST 
$40.00 plus GST 
The premiums are based on the ownership of one property. 
Stock Insurance 
Pyne Gould Guinness 
Livestock on farm (fIre only) $0.0901$100 
The following charges are from for "loss of use by accident" . 
Pedigree bulls: $4.70 for 12 monthsl$lOO 
Run bulls: 8.00% for up to 8 months. Limit of $25,000 per animal. 
Stud rams: 14% for 12 months. 
Stud rams death only: 12% for 12 months. Limit $5.000 per animal. 
Stud Boar: 12% for 12 months. Limit $5,000 per animal. 
Deer: 7.50% for 12 months (excess of 3% of total sum insured) 
Goats: 7.00% for 12 months (excess of 3% of total sum insured) 
Crops 
Pyne Gould Guinness 
Option A: Combined perils cover over cereals for fire, windstorm, hail, flood, snow, 
frost, wandering stock and malicious damage. 
Premium rate of $23.00 per $1000 insured. 
Option B: Restricted cover available for peas and small seed crops. The cover is for 
the same elements as in option A excluding wind damage. 
Premium rate $14.00 per $1000 insured. 
Option C: Fire cover only for all crops. 
Premium rate $5.00 per $1000 insured. 
For wheat growers the cover provides a 'Top Up' over the $200 per tonne payable 
under the wheat scheme at a rate of $20.00 per $1000 insured including windstorm 
damage. They do not provide a 'Full Cover'option if required. 
B-103 Prices Exclude GST 
N.B. Wind and hail damage will not be paid unless the damage exceeds 30% of the 
expected yield. 
Excess: Fire 
Wind and Hail 
Other Losses 
NIL} 
25% 
15% 
2.16.2 Accident Compensation Commision Levy 
There are two fonns of this levy 
of 
all 
losses 
1. Levy on the farmer as an employer (% of wages paid) 
2. Levy on the farmer as a self employed person (% of taxable income) 
Both are tax deductible and are detailed in Section 4.15.8. 
2.16.3 Rates 
(see section 2.18.2 for water supply charges) 
The main classes of rates are as follows: 
- General rates for the costs involved in administering the District. 
- Special rates for ad hoc bodies, e.g. Catchment, Drainage Boards. 
Special rates for repayment of loans, raised by any local body. 
- Water supply charges where stock water is supplied by and local body, e.g. 
water races, District water schemes. 
- Pest Destruction Board rates where the farm is in a Board district. 
All districts rate on either the Capital or Land values. Water and pest destruction 
rates may be assessed on either per hectare, Capital value or Land value basis. 
Some examples are; 
Horowhenua District Council: 
The general rate levied by the ManawatuIWanganui Regional Council depends on 
fonner District Council Boundaries. 
Figures are cents in the dollar on the rateable capital value. 
Fonner Manawatu District Council 0.1222 cents in the dollar 
Fonner Horowhenua County Council 0.1407 cents in the dollar 
Fonner Foxton Borough Council 0.1107 cents in the dollar 
Fonner Levin Borough Council 0.1417 cents in the dollar 
In addition, the District Council charges its own rates. The rural sector of the county 
are presently levied with a basic rate of $60 per rateable property plus a general rate of 
between .5202 and .6090 cents in the dollar on the land value of the property. As well 
as this general rate, depending on the location and the services supplied, water 
(domestic and/or stock) or sewage rates may be applicable. 
Prices Exclude GST B-I04 
Selwyn District Council(Canterbury): 
1990/91 General Rate collected on by the District Council on behalf of the Canterbury 
Regional Council: 
(Rates are GST inclusive) 
Ellesmere 0.077534 of C.V. 
Malvern 0.080439 of C.V. 
Paparua 0.081363 of C.V. 
In addition, the Selwyn District Council collects general rates at 0.003168 to 0.005678 
(depending on district) cents in the dollar on the rateable capital value. Drainage rates 
etc. come on top of this. 
2.16.4 Rent 
Renewed Rents on Crown Renewable Leases are 4.5% of Rental Value, as from 1971. 
Short term lease rents usually assessed within the range of 4.5% to 5% of Capital 
Value. 
Pastoral Leases - 2.25% of Land Exclusive by Improvements (except for renewals 
which are 1.5% for the ftrst 11 years). 
Renewable Leases: 33 year terms, 11 year rent rests at 4.5% of Rental Value (Land 
Exclusive of Improvements plus crown improvements). A rebate of one ninth of the 
half yearly rent is made for rents paid within one month of due date (Usually 1st 
January and 1st July). 
B-105 Prices Exclude GST 
Farm First 
.... ,v ... lviinll:l Credit Account. 
Cheque access to credit 
- when you need it. 
Nil phone calls, No new approvals, Just 
write a cheque, 
Farm First Revolving Credit. 
It offers all the flexibility to give you total 
control. 
It offers highly competitive rates, 
It offers potential tax savings, 
It offers instant access by cheque, 
And it means that right now is the right time 
to review your existing loans, 
Call your nearest Bank of New Zealand 
Branch Manager to talk about your Farm First 
Revolving Credit Account. 
If~R~~1 
a FIRST FOR FARM FINANCE 
~~.j' Bank of New Zealand 
I 
2.17 FINANCIAL CHARGES 
2.17.1 Cost of Finance (see also Sections 2.17.2 and 2.173) 
Source: New Zealand Farmer, January 1991. 
Lending Organisations gave quotes (as at 28 January 1991) for a hypothetical farmer 
who required $100,000 first mortgage and sl;'l,.lllonal finance of up to $50,000. The 
average overdraft was $20,000 and was needed for seven months; with five months in 
credit (average $15,000). The hypothetical farm was a 3000 stock unit sheep and beef 
farm, with above average performance and credit risk. Land value was $400,000 and 
the seasonal loan was secured over $80,000 worth of stock and plant. 
Note: These survey notes were prepared by AgriJax - they state: 
It is important to realise the banks have quoted on a specffic package and care must be 
taken when relating this to your own situation. Thi? survey is essentially a snapshot 
of the rural lending scene where interest rates and charges are constantly under 
review. The rates quoted may be available to e)l:isting bOfl'owers or just to new 
clients. Factors other than costs are important e.g. level of service, personal 
relationships, and understanding of the business. 
The approach taken has been to ask each of the lending organisations to quote on the 
same specffic fare situation. 
Seasonal Loan ($50,000) 7 Months in Debit 
Investigation Interest Rate Other Fees Cheque Yearly 
Establishment Base Margin Per 3 Months $/Month Net Cost 
Name Fees ($) (%) (%) (%) ($) ($) 
ANZ 0 15.00 0.0 0.35 6.07 $1535 
BNZ 500 15.50 0.0 0.175 6.07 $1873 
National (Aust.) 250 15.50 0.5 0.0625 7.17 $1596 
National Standard 0 16.00 0.0 0.35 6.07 $2017 
National Revolving 0 15.90 0.0 0.00 6.07 $934 
Cre-dit 
PffiA 250 14.75 0.0 0.0 6.07* $1708 
Rural Bank 500 14.90 1.1 0.0 
6.07* $1173 
Westpac 500 14.75 0.0 0.3 9.58 $1614 
Southland Building & 
6.07* Investment Society 
350 14.75 0.5 0.0 $1231 
ASBBank 500 16.00 2.15 0.25 5.00 $2278 
Trust Banks: 
WaikatQ 250 15.30 0.0 0.1875 8.50 $1356 
B.O.P. 500 17.30 0.0 0.125 7.07 $1372 
Central 125 15.00 0.0 0.45 9.50 $2083 
Canterbury 0 14.75 0.0 0.1875 9.50 $1288 
South Canterbury 0 14.50 2.0 0.45 9.50 $2202 
OtagO 0 14.50 3.5 0.45 9.50 $2602 
B-107 
Southland 0 15.75 0.0 0.1687 10.00 $1732 
Elders 0 16.00 0.0 0.25 6.07* $1844 
Wrightson Finance 250 17.00 0.0 0.00 12.50 $1558 
Taranaki Fanners 0 18.75 2.0 0.00 6.07* $1869 
Pyne Gould Guinness 0 18.00 0.0 0.00 15.00 $1697 
Southland Fanners 0 14.00 4.0 0.00 0.00 $1485 
Issac Brokers 0 15.50 0.0 0.125 9.00 $1600 
* Denotes no cheque facility, BNZ rates used in the calculations. 
Notes - Seasonal Loan (from table above) 
1. The set up costs are spread over 5 years .. 
2. The "Other Fees" include Line, Service and Facility fees and are shown as a 
quarterly charge. Their cost is based on the maximum seasonal advance and the 
impact on the cost of borrowing can be very high if the current account is rarely in 
overdraft. With a few banks this cost can be reduced significantly if the overdraft 
limit is adjusted regularly. Some lenders do not have this type of fee. 
3. The "Yearly Net Cost" includes the yearly cost of any setup fees, the total interest 
cost of the $20,000 borrowed for the 7 months, the "Other Fees", the yearly cheque 
costs, and a credit for interest accrued during the 5 months of current account 
surplus. 
Notes - Term Loan (see table over page) 
1. The financier's establishment charges, along with additional legal and valuation 
charges of $1350 (\!!Iless advised differently) a.re spread over the 15 year term. 
2. The effect of the different repayment pedods is built into the final cost. For 
example, for a loan with a nominal interest rate of 15.00% where interest is paid 
monthly, the effective rate is 16.08%. 
3. Likewise if the principal is reduced ("rested") less often than payments, then the 
effective rate is increased slightly. 
4. The "Effective Cost %" is made up of the yearly cost of the front end fees, along 
with the effective interest costs and is expressed as a percentage of the $100,000 
loan. 
5. The "Total Combined Cost" on the extreme right combines both Seasonal and 
Term to give an overall picture. 
B-108 
Term Loan ($100,000) 15 Years 
Investigation Interest Repayment Effective Total Term 
Establishment Rate Penalty Cost & Seasonal 
Name Fees ($) (%) (%) % Cost 
ANZ SOO 15.00 no 16.2% $17693 
BNZ SOO IS.00 no 16.2% $18072 
National (Aust.) SOO 15.S0 no 16.7% $18320 
National Standard 0 14.7S no 1S.9% $17896 
National Revolving 0 15.90 no 17.2% $18136 
Credit 
PIDA 500 14.55 no 15.4% $17145 
Rural Bank 1000 15.07 no 16.3% $17429 
Westpac 1000 14.75 no 16.2% $17766 
AMP 1100 14.75 no 15.7% na 
NZl Guardian Trust 750 15.00 no 16.0% na 
Tower Corporation 1000 15.25 no 16.5% na 
Southland Building 
& Investment Soc. 750 14.75 no 15.9% $17111 
ASB Bank 1000 16.00 no 17.3% $19622 
Trust Banks: 
Waikato 500 15.30 no 16.6% $17978 
B.O.P. 1000 17.30 no 19.4% $20805 
Central 250 14.75 no 15.9% $17979 
Canterbury 500 14.75 no 15.9% $17150 
S.Canterbury 500 14.70 no 15.8% $18007 
Otago 1000 15.50 no 16.8% $19408 
Southland 500 14.90 yes 16.0% $17767 
Elders 1000 15.75 no 16.2% $18026 
Wrightson Finance 500 14./:> no 1:).~'10 $i742 1 
Taranaki Farmers(Term finance can be arranged on specific application) na 
PGGTrust 1000 15.0 yes 16.2% $17852 
Southland Farmers (term finance not available directly) na 
Issac Brokers 1500 14.50 yes 15.7% $17293 
Note: Refer to bottom of previous page for further information regarding the above 
table. 
B-I09 
2.17.2 Interest and Bank Charges (See also Section 2.17.1) 
Important Note: 
Market interest rates can change rapidly and hence those quoted below should be used 
as a guide only, and not be relied on by readers for accurate budgeting. 
Rural Bank Limited: 
Products And Services: 
Full Term Loans:- A table mortgage for up to 25 years with full repayment by the end 
of the term. Interest rates from l3.95%. 
Residual Value Loans:- A table mortgage for up to 10 years but with payments 
calculated on up to 25 years so that a residual remains at expiry of the term. Interest 
rates from l3.95%. 
Interest Only Loans:- Interest only paid during a term up to 5 years. Full repayment 
or roll-over at end of term. Interest f'cltes from l3.95%. 
FreePlan: 
A customised fmancial management account which can operate as a flexible mortgage 
or seasonal fmance account. 
Has full cheque access with cash card that can be used in money and E.F.T.P.O.S. 
machines while also providing a cheque guarantee up to $200. 
All electronic services such as direct credits, automatic payments and direct debits are 
available. 
Interest charged on debit balances from 14.95% where core debt is included and from 
15.95% where the account involves seasonal finance only. 
Interest is paid on credit balances, calculated on the total amount in credit ranging 
from 5% for up to $20,000 to 10.65% above $20,000. 
Rural Bank Visa: 
A franchised credit card available in conjunction with FreePlan. Annual fee 
$15/month. Interest paid on credit balances - 7%. Current interest rate 22.0%. 
Loan Account Fees: 
Loan Investigation Fee - 0.5% of loan or credit facility applied for. 
Loan Establishment Fee - 1.0% of loan or credit facility approved. 
- Both fees are negotiable. 
FreePlan-Account Management Fee - where cheque and card services provided: 
$1O/month 
FreePlan-Commitment Fee - 0.25% of approved credit facility per quarter on 
seasonal only accounts. . 
Stock and Station Agencies 
The finance departments of most Stock and Station Agencies have both seasonal and 
term lending facilities available. Loan facilities are offered mainly to clients but can 
be available to others if set conditions are met. 
B-110 
Pyne Gould Guinness Ltd.: 
Arranged seasonal fmance (current account) for clients at 18.5% interest rate with no 
fees or charges involved. 
Security is required on all loans above $15,000. Security may be in the fonn of stock 
and plant or second mortgage. 
Finance available up to $80,000 with appropriate security. 
Cheque fee of 25 cents per cheque used. 
Tenn loans: (Pyne Gould Guinness Trust) 
Interest rate of 14.2% (as at March 1991) with security of a first mortgage. 
$10,000 to $15,000 may be unsecured if lending conditions are met. 
Wrightson Farmers Finance Ltd.: 
Term Loans: 
Uses - land purchase, debt restructuring, purchasing of livestock, plant and machinery 
and vehicles and agricultural diversification. 
Tenn - 5 years reviewable to maximum 15 years. 
Security - Land, livestock or plant. 
Interest Rates - competitive with flexible repayment tenns to suit particular needs. 
Seasonal/Current Overdraft: 
Uses - To fund farmers' ongoing farm expenditure throughout the year, as an advance 
on income. 
Tenn - Up to 12 months, thereafter reviewed and renewed. 
Security - Instrument over livestock, crops or plant, or a mortgage over land. 
No current account transaction or overdraft fees. 
Credit interest is paid on current account daily, when in credit. 
Funding determined by personal, management and viability factors. 
Flexi-Credit Farm Facility: 
Uses - A farm credit facility in which all farm financial requirements (term and 
seasonal) are included in one single account. 
Amount - Minimum facility of $150,000 
Interest rate - the prime rate for tenn loans, plus a premium of 0.5 to 1.0%. 
Security - First mortgage on land and/or security over livestock. 
Direct access to flexi-credit account from cheque book. 
Financial Data Required: 
Current balance sheet and accounts. 
Cash flow forecast and budget. 
Personal statement of assets and liabilities. 
B-ll1 
Trading Banks 
While Trading Banks supply limited mortgage finance to assist with land purchase 
they prefer to concentrate in the field of short term seasonal and fully fluctuating 
working capital finance. 
Bank of New Zealand: 
The following are the spaveialised farm finance packages offered by the B.N.Z.: 
Farm First Mortgage: 
Uses - Purchase of land, refinancing of existing debt and other capital 
Amount 
Security -
Telm-
expenditure. 
Up to two thirds of the property valuation with no minimum. 
First mortgage over farm property. 
Purchase of land - 1I1ax. 15 years with repayments on a 20 year table. 
Purchase of livestock, plant, vehicles or other capital expenditure - 5 
years reviewable with repayments on a 20 year table. 
Repayments - Flat loan - interest only over a maximum of 5 years. 
Table - monthly or quarterly. 
Non-Table - interest payable monthly, principal repayments monthly or 
quarterly. 
Interest Rate - 14.5% per annum 
Fee - $500.00 
Early Repayment - No penalty 
Seasonal Finance: 
A concessional rate on current account seasonal finance is available where Farm First 
Mortgage is in place (see below). 
Amount - By arrangement 
Term - As per seasonal requiurements, normally reviewed annually. 
InterestRate- Base + 1.50 % per annum (Current Base Rate 15.00%, 
therefore 16.5 %). 
Farm First Revolving Credit: 
Available in conjunction with a tenn advance via Farm First Mortgage or separately, 
provided equity in farm business (land, stock, piani) exceeds 50%. 
Uses - Any farm business related expenditure. 
Amount - Minimum $50,000, maximum by arrangement (up to two thirds of 
property valuation. 
Security - Prior mortgage over farm property and/or stock mortgage, crop lien 
dairy order etc. 
Term - As per requirements, normally reviewed annually. 
Repayments - Non fixed, at borrowers option. Account to operate within approved 
credit limit. 
Interest Rate - 15.0 % (equity in farm business more than 65%) or 15.5% (equity in 
farm business 50 to 65%) 
Fees - Establishment Fee $500. 
Service commitment fee - 0.7% p.a.(less than $100,000) or 0.5% 
p.a.(more than $100,(00). 
(charged on facility limit) 
B-112 
Access-
Usual cheque account fees 
Cheque, Card, Phone 
Bank Charges and Fees: 
Cheque Accounts -
Base Fee - Cheque Account $1.80 per month ($21.60/year). 
- Nationwide account $2.00 per month ($24/year). 
Activity Fee - 20 cents per ttansaction (debit or credit) charged monthly. 
Dishonour Fee - $20.00 per dishonour. 
N .B. These two fees combine to give a Bank: Fee. 
Overdrafts -
Application Fee - 1% of the overdraft limit with a minimum of $25.00. 
Service Commitment - 1.44% p.a. charged at a rate of 0.12% per month, with a 
minimum charge of $2.40 per month. 
Auto Acess Accounts -
Activity Fee - 25 cents per ttansaction (debit or credit). 
Financial Data Required: 
Minimum requirements generally are: . 
Up to date balance sheet and accounts. 
Cash flow forecast and budget. 
Personal statement of assets and liabilities. 
Other considerations: 
Knowledge/experience in farming; character and capacity; age. 
Past borrowing record. 
Repayment capacity (debt servicing normally not exceeding 25% of gross farm 
income. 
National Bank (NZ) Ltd: 
Farm Mortgage 
Uses-
Amount-
Debt Servicing -
Security -
Term-
purchase land and buildings, refinance existing debt, purchase 
plant, machinery and other capital expenditure as well as stock (if 
a sharemilker can buy a herd). 
a) Up to 60% of the assessed market value of the land and/or 
buildings; 
b) 65% of the realistic market value of capital stock; 
c) 50% of the assessed market value of plant and machinery. 
No greater than 30% of gross farm income. 
A registered First Charge Mortgage. A First Charge Stock 
Mortgage and Dairy Order may also be needed. 
Land and Buildings minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 25 
years. 
Livestock, Plant and Machinery no minimum with a maximum of 
10 years. 
Repayment Options - 1. A Flat loan - interest only, charged monthly. 
B-I13 
2. Table Loan - repayments of interest and principal in equal 
monthly or quarterly instalments. 
3. Non-Table Loan - Principal repayments monthly, quarterly or at 
other pre-arranged intervals. 
Fees - $250 application fee when application is lodged. Refunded when 
loan is uplifted. 
Farm Bonus Account - for surplus credit funds from seasonal cashflows. 
Earning interest on surplus money reducing borrowing costs. 
Supporting Information Required:-
Budget and cashflow forecast evidencing ability to service the 
debt. 
Copies of last three years financial accounts. 
Statement of financial position etc. 
Revolving Credit Account: 
Uses - Incorporates all debt into one account. Can draw against the 
Amount 
Security -
facility with a cheque book with a preset limit agreed upon by 
both parties. 
There is no minimum or maximum. 
registered First Charge Mortgage, First Charge Stock Mortgage 
and a Dairy order may also be needed. 
Term - Reviewed annually. 
Repayments - Optional, as long as operate within agreed limit. 
Fees - $250 application fee when application is lodged. 
Supporting Information Required: 
The same as for the Farm Mortgage (see above). 
Seasonal Finance: 
Seasonal finance is also available via an overdraft facility. The amount will depend 
on seasonal requirements and the ability to repay. The seasonal finance will be 
available at a lower interest rate if the client holds a Farm Mortgage with the bank or 
the property is mortgage free. 
Interest Rate - 16.00% p.a. (lower rate) fixed until 31 May 1991. 
Primary Industries Bank of Austra1ia: 
Interest only loans - must be an agriculturally based loan. 
Minimum loan = $150,000 with no maximum, for 5 years and can be renewed. 
Establishment Fee 0.5%, payable on acceptance. 
Interest Rate Options - Variable Rate Price 
- 3 Monthly Repricing 
- Fixed Rate Pricing 
Freephone for current interest rate 0800 657-722 
B-1l4 
A.N.Z.: 
Farm Finance Loan: 
This facility is primarily for fann purchase and/or re-fmancing, but can be extended 
to cover other capital items viz fann buildings, machinery, fencing and livestock. 
Amount: Limited to 60% of valuation. Charges desirably should not exceed 25% of 
gross fann income. Security is by way of registered fust mortgage. 
TermJRepayment options flexible. 
Interest Rate: 14% 
Approval fee: 1 % - minimum of $200. maximum of $500 (where no inspection 
required). 
Interest Reduction Facility: 
When a fanner is paid for crop, wool or stock sales, there may be surplus funds to 
invest. Interest from this is then taxable. However these surplus funds can be used 
to reduce a Fann Purchase loan, reducing the annual interest bill. Funds are on call. 
SharemilkerlShare!armer Livestock and Machinery Loan: 
Amount: Limited to fair market value of the stock. 
Security by way of a registered instrument of security over stock and plant. 
TermJRepayment options flexible, up to 5 years. 
Interest Rate: 14.5% 
Approval fee - same as Fann Finance Loan except that, where a loan application is 
accompanied by financial documentation prepared by a dairy company or farm 
consultant, up to 50% of the approval fee may be rebated. 
Farm Equity Credit Line: 
This is a revolving credit cheque account facilty for normal cashflow fluctuations. 
Complementary to the 'Fann Finance Package' and terms/conditions are similar. 
Minimum amount $5000, interest rate 14% (charged monthly), line fee of 0.35% 
per quarter. 
Seasonal Finance: 
Where First Mortgage security over the farm property is not held by the bank, 
seasonal fmance is available by way of an overdraft. 
Amount and interest rate negotiable. As a guide to interest rate - 1 to 3% above the 
IndeX Lending Rate (Currently 14.75%). 
Approval fee: 1 % (minimum $50, maximum $500) plus line fee: 0.35% per quarter. 
Bank Charges: 
Base Fee - $5.40 per quarter March, June, September and December. 
Ledger Activity Fee - 25 cents per chargeable transaction. 
Plus costs of cheque books etc. 
B-115 
Trustee Savings Banks 
The parent company of Trust Bank Group, Trust Bank New Zealand Limited, owns 
all the shares of the nine regional Trust Bank members. In tum, Trust Bank New 
Zealand Limited is owned by nine community trusts. 
Any dividend from the profits of the nine regional Trust Banks, is paid to Trust Bank 
New Zealand Ltd., which in turn pays a dividend to its nine community trust 
shareholders. The Trust provides community grants and donations in its region from 
this dividend. 
The Farm lending policy varies with the institution, but the following summarises 
Trust Bank Canterbury's policy: 
Term Lending: 
Interest Only:- Are available and can be converted to a table or reducing 
payment loan. 
Table:-
Reducing: 
Interest Rate 
Available for terms from 3 to 25 years. 
Available for terms from 3 to 25 years. 
- For Rural Lending from 14% p.a. (as at March 1991). 
Fees: 
- Administration fee negotiable (usually $500 to $10(0) 
Security Margin: 
- Trust Bank lends up to 60% of the value of land and buildings 
Repayments: 
- Loan repayments monthly. Principal payments can be made at any time without 
penalty. 
Seasonal Lending: 
(Rural Flexi Mortgage Finance Package) 
- Covers both mortgage and seasonal finance. Loan is drawn from, as required, by 
cheque. 
Interest Rate: 
- From 14% p.a. (as at March 1991). 
Fees 
- There is an annual service fee of 0.75% of the total loan limit approved with a 
minimum charge of $375. 
- Base Fee - $2.00 per month. 
- Activity Fee - 30 cents per cheque. 
- Average for a farm is 25 transactions per month = $9.50 per month. 
Credit Interest: 
- up to 10% p.a. is paid on credit balances. 
Requirements for Lending: 
Completed statement of position, cashflow budget, formal application, most recent set 
of farm accounts. 
B-116 
Westpac Banking Corporation: 
West pac Agribusiness is a financial service designed specifically to help people on the 
land. 
West pac Farm Mongage Package: 
This package allows the consolidation of all loans into one mortgage at fl1'St mortgage 
rates. Repayments take into account the variable nature of income. Payments can be 
spread over 15 years and it is possible to pay interest only in the first two years. 
Seasonal finance, credit. line facilities and farm insurance is also available along with 
options for sharefarmers. * 
Farm Mongage Package Interest Rates (as at 413191): 
Seasonal Finance: 
From 14.0% p.a. if Farm Credit Line (see below), otherwise from 15%. 
Term Loan: 
From 14% 
Farm Credit Line (see below): 
From 14.0% p.a. 
Sharefarming (see below): 
Overdraft - 15.5% 
Term Loan - From 15.5% 
* These rates are not necessarily the finance rate. Other fees also have to be included. 
West pac Farm Credit Line: 
This package can be used to incorporate seasonal and term finance in a single 
overdraft account that is cheque book operated. 
Amount - Minimum of $50,000 to a maximum of $500,000. The total 
Term-
Interest Rate -
Debt Servicing -
Security Required 
Repayment Terms -
Fees -
Share/arming: 
borrowings must not exceed 50% of the property's valuation. 
Up to 15 years. 
See above. 
20% of gross income, net of stock purchases. 
A registered first farm mortgage over the property. 
Drawings and repayments are discretionary but within a 
prearranged limit. 
Establishment Fee of 1 % of the amount borrowed. 
Service Commitment Fee of 0.3% charged quarterly on balance 
or limit (whatever is greater) of the Credit Line facility. 
A Property Inspection Fee may be applicable in some instances. 
Sharefarmers who intend to gain full farm ownership can take advantage of Westpac' S 
Farm Mortgage finance, either by way of a Term Loan or an Overdraft facility. 
Eligibility - Demonstrate a sound savings record and a commitment to 
gaining full farm ownership. 
Amount - No set restriction on amount but will depend on ability to 
service debt and security available. 
B-1l7 
Term-
Debt Servicing 
Repayments -
Interest Rate -
Security Required-
Fees -
Up to 6 years for a Term Loan where repayments are calculated 
on a principall!hlli interest basis. 
Up to 5 years for a Term Loan where repayments are calculated 
on a principal and interest basis. 
To be within 30% of gross income. 
Term Loans are to be paid monthly. An interest only option is 
available for the first six months in some cases. 
Overdraft facility is to be reviewed annually. 
See above. 
A stock mortgage and/or chattel security (over a car, tractor etc) 
is usually required. 
An Establishment Fee which is 1 % of borrowings. 
A Service Commitment Fee of 0.3% is charged quarterly on the 
balance or limit (whichever is the greater) of the overdraft 
facility. 
Westpac Farm Mortgage: 
Uses - To purchase a new farm, refinance/amalgamate existing 
Eligibility -
Amount-
Term-
Debt Servicing -
Interest Rate -
Security Required 
Fees-
Bank Charges: 
borrowings under one mortgage, farm development or capital 
expenditure and seasonal finance. 
First mortgage security over the farm property and meet the 
Banks lending criteria. 
Up to 70% of the Bank's value of the farm property with the 
proviso that you can service the debt within the Bank's 
guidelines. 
Current account overdraft reviewed annually. 
15 year maximum on term loans and an interest only option is 
available for the flrst 2 to 3 years. 
Set within 20 to 30% of gross income, net of stock purchases. 
See above. 
A registered fIrst mortgage over the farm. 
Establishment Fee of 1 % of borrowings. 
Service Commitment Fee of 0.3% per quarter on balance or 
limit (whichever is greater) of the Seasonal Finance overdraft. 
In some cases a Property Inspection Fee may be applicable. 
Personal Cheque Accounts - Base Fee $5.50 
Activity Fee 25 cents per transaction, charged quarterly. 
(First 5 transactions free) 
Bank Cheques - $3.50 per cheque at customer's request. 
Electronic Banking Service Charges -
Automatic Payments 20 cents per transaction, $2.50 for 
establishing Automatic Payment, $2.00 for changing existing 
automatic payments. 
B-118 
Solicitors and Trust Companies 
The Trustees Act defines where and to what extent these funds can be invested (e.g. 
first mortgage on land up to 2/3 of a registered valuer's value) unless there are special 
provisions in the will of Trust investment which govern investment. 
Solicitors and trust companies provide medium term debt finance (3 to 5 years) often 
renewable or at least able to be refmanced. 
Solicitors generally lend a flat mortgage, some trust companies may include 
repayment provisions. 
Generally lend up to 50% of valuation on first mortgage or on second mortgage with 
Rural Bank: guarantee. 
Interest rate varies and is currently between 13% and 22%. 
Other Institutions 
Under certain circumstances several other institutions will lend money for land, stock 
and plant purchase, development or other agricultural and related projects. These 
include Building Societies, Dairy Companies (usually clients only) and Life Insurance 
Companies. Interest rates and terms are usually negotiated for individual situations. 
B-119 
2.17.3 Cost of Servicing Table Mortga~ 
(Annual Payments on Amortised Loans with Equal Total Payments). 
The annual payment (interest and principal combined) per $1000 borrowed on a table 
mortgage, is set out below: 
Repayments of Principal and Interest Per $1000 Borrowed 
Terms of Loan: 
Years (Mortgage Term) 
5 10 15 20 25 
Interest $p.a, $p.a. $p,a. $p.a. $p.a. 
Rate 
5% 230.97 129.50 96.34 80.24 70.95 
6% 237.40 135.87 102.96 87.18 78.23 
7% 243.89 142.38 109.79 94.39 85.81 
8% 250.46 149.03 116.83 101.85 93.68 
9% 257.09 155.82 124.06 109.55 101.81 
10% 263.80 162.75 131.47 117.46 110.17 
10.5% 267.18 166.26 135.25 121.49 114.43 
11% 270.57 169.80 139.07 125.58 118.74 
11.5% 273.98 173.38 142.92 129.70 123.10 
12% 277.41 176.98 146.82 133.88 127.50 
12.5% 280.85 180.62 150.76 138.10 131.94 
13% 284.31 184.29 154.74 142.35 136.43 
13.5% 287.79 187.99 157.76 146.65 140.95 
14% 291.28 191.71 162.81 150.99 145.50 
14.5% 294.79 195.47 166.90 155.36 150.08 
15% 298.32 199.25 171.02 159.76 154.70 
15.5% 301.85 203.06 175.17 164.20 159.34 
16% 305.41 206.90 179.36 168.67 164.D1 
16.5% 308.98 210.77 183.57 173.16 168.71 
17% 312.56 214.66 187.82 177.69 173.42 
17.5% 316.16 218.57 192.10 182.24 178.16 
18% 319.78 222.51 196.40 186.82 182.92 
18.5% 323.41 226.48 200.73 191.42 187.69 
19% 327.05 230.47 205.09 196.05 192.49 
19.5% 330.71 234.49 209.47 200.69 197.30 
20% 334.38 238.52 213.88 205.36 202.12 
21% 341.77 246.67 222.77 214.74 211.80 
22% 349.21 254.90 231.74 224.20 221.54 
23% 356.70 263.21 240.79 233.72 231.31 
24% 364.25 271.60 249.92 243.29 241.11 
25% 371.85 280.D7 259.12 252.92 250.95 
Note: If payments are made more frequently, for example quarterly (4 times per 
year), the total yearly figures may be slightly less than those shown in the 
table. 
B-120 
2.18 WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE. 
2.18.1 Water Supply Costs 
The complete cost of a new stock water supply system for a farm depends on an 
extremely large number of variables, and may range from $10,000 to $30,000 or more 
depending on the farm. 
2.18.2 Stock Water Supply Charges 
Community Water SuWly Schemes 
Charges vary for different schemes. A Canterbury example is given below (Selwyn 
District -1990): 
Restricted on per unit basis - defined area 
Malvern Hills Rural Water Supply 
Application 
plus capital charge and actual cost to point of supply 
Selwyn Rural Water Supply . 
Application 
plus capital charge and actual cost to point of supply 
Darfield Rural Water Supply 
20mm metered ruralIresidential (just connection) 
35mm restricted Rural A & B extensions 
. Water Race Charges (Selwyn District - Canterbury, 1990) 
- Malvern Water Race: 
- Properties up to 12 ha 
- Properties over 12 ha 
(Own cleaning of races required) 
- Other Areas vary from $35 to $100/1000 litres/day 
- Canterbury Regional Council - Paparua 
Area (ha) Charges 
40 - $146.56 plus 
80 - $277.53 plus 
121 - $396.23 plus 
161 - $497.92 plus 
202 - $587.96 plus 
242 - $659.45 plus 
283 - $720.76 plus 
323 - $763.87 plus 
364 - $794.63 plus 
Over 404 $808.49 plus 
$1.6371 per additional .5 ha to 80ha 
$1.4554 per additional .5 ha to 121ha 
$1.2733 per additional .5 ha to 161ha 
$1.0917 per additional .5 ha to 202ha 
$0.9096 per additional .5 ha to 242ha 
$0.7276 per additional.5 ha to 283ha 
$0.5457 per additional .5 ha to 323ha 
$0.3640 per additional .5 ha to 364ha 
$0.1819 per additional.5 ha to 404ha 
$0.1516 per additional.5 ha 
$50.00 
$45.45/ha 
$50.00 
$45.45/ha 
$50.00 
$2550.00 
$60.00/yr 
$5.00/ha 
B-121 Prices Exclude GST 
2.18.3 Concrete Water Troul!bs 
McKendrys: 
Round - Sheep 180 to 900 litres 
- Cattle 1020 to 2840 litres 
Oblong 180 to 550 litres 
Pig Troughs 90 to 180 litres 
Humes: 
Litres Gallons 
Circular: 
CB500 500 110 
CB750 750 165 
CBl000 1000 220 
CB2500 2500 550 
Rectangular: 
RB270 270 60 
RB410 410 90 
Cement Products Ltd: 
Litres (Gal.} Height 
Oblong Troughs 
270(60) 370 nun 
200 (45) 380 nun 
36( 8) 170 nun 
Circular Troughs 
225 (50) 310mm 
450 (100) 460 nun 
1125 (250) 510mm 
Note: PVC pipe c:ostiDp : section 2.18.8 
2.18.4 Tanks 
Concrete 
Humes: 
Height(mm) 
380 
380 
600 
600 
380 
380 
Weight 
340 kg 
280 kg 
80 kg 
240 kg 
480 kg 
1040 kg 
Litres 
11275 
9100 
6800 
4550 
Gallons 
2500 
2000 
1500 
1000 
Diame~m) 
2.72 
Height(m) 
2.16 
2.25 2.76 
2.13 2.75 
2.13 1.90 
Prices Exdude GST B-I22 
$86 to $187 
$192 to $620 
$86 to $156 
$44.50 to $58.00 
$153.00 
$216.00 
$240.00 
$415.00 
$131.00 
$167.00 
Price 
$106.67 
$ 86.56 
$35.56 
$ 83.56 
$126.22 
$195.56 
$ Price 
$1379.00 
$1334.00 
$1125.00 
$1005.00 
C.& F.lndustries: 
1700 litres 
2700litres 
3600litres 
1200 high Tank Stands 
Each additional metre height 
McKendrys: 
1820 litres 
4450 litres 
13650 litres 
22730 litres 
Cement Products Ltd: 
Litres (Gal.) 
900(200) 
1800 ( 400) 
2700 ( 600) 
3600(800) 
4500(1000) 
9100(2000) 
13600 (3000) 
18200 (4000) 
22800 (5000) 
Flat Top Tanks 
Timber Tanks 
Diameter(m) 
1.20 
1.45 
1.75 
1.90 
1.90 
2.74 
2.74 
3.42 
3.42 
McAlpines: (Price Includes Installation) 
Capacity 
Litres (gallons) 
11219 (2500) 
23693 (5000) 
34404 (7000) 
46419 (10000) 
68462 (15000) 
94600 (20000) 
Reservoirs 
150000 (33000) 
250000 (55000) 
363000 (80000) 
454000 (100000) 
Height(m) 
1.15 
1.22 
1.22 
1.22 
1.83 
1.83 
2.44 
2.28 
2.74 
0.5 nun PVC lined 
$4166 
$5268 
$5804 
$6570 
$7648 
$9009 
$13436 
. $29281 
$34909 
$42045 
$548.00 
$700.00 
$834.00 
$533.00 
$47.00 
$610.00 
$880.00 
$1550.00 
$2130.00 
Price 
$520.00 
$780.00 
$900.00 
$996.00 
$1067.00 
$1460.00 
$1582.00 
$1867.00 
$1938.00 
$227.00 
BUIDloilined 
$4274 
$5440 
$6303 
$7033 
$8576 
$10566 
$15272 
$31975 
$37962 
$45957 
Note: Price includes total construction cost, but does not include freight, travelling 
time, fill, or accommodation (where necessary). 
B-123 Prices Exclude GST 
Golden Hills: 
Kitset Tanks 
3,400 litres 
4,500 litres 
8,400 litres 
2.18.S Well Drilling 
McMillan Water Wells Ltd (Canterbury): 
Price for Drilling Wells 
2 inch (5Omm) 
4 inch (100mm) 
5 inch (125mm) 
6 inch (15Omm) 
8 inch (200mm) 
Winch (25Omm) 
12 inch (300mm) 
Price/m 
$90.00 
$150.00 
$170.00 
$212.00 
$252.00 
$280.00 
$350.00 
$600.00 
$618.00 
$707.00 
Stainless Steel Screen 
Price per metre 
N/A 
$300.00 
$336.00 
$360.00 
$456.00 
$600.00 
$660.00 
Developing and Test Pumping is charged at $115.00 per hour. 
Crane Hire for pump removal e.t.c., $75.00 per hour with 1 man 
$90.00 per hour with 2 men 
2.18.6 Well Liners 
Humes: 
Well liners are priced at: 
Diameter 
600mm 
750mm 
900mm 
1050mm 
2.18.7 Pumps and Windmills 
Bertolini (Diaphram Pumps) 
Medium to High Pressure 
Model 
25 S 
PA408 
PA508 
PA530 
PA 708 
Prices Exclude GST 
Max. Continuous 
Working Pressure 
18 Bar (270 psi) 
40 Bar (600 psi) 
46 Bar (600 psi) 
50 Bar (600 psi) 
50 Bar (750 psi) 
B-I24 
Price/metre 
$68.00 
$109.00 
$145.00 
$218.00 
Litres/Minute 
25 
40 
50 
55 
70 
90 
125 
150 
Price 
$499.00 
$660.00 
$740.00 
$ 834.00 
$1050.00 
$1550.00 
$1675.00 
$1840.00 
Low Pressure 15 Bar (220 psi) 65 to 250 $620 to $2400 
Motorised (electric/petrol) 15 Bar (220 psi) 15 
(electrical) 20 Bar (300 psi) 20 
4 Stroke 20 Bar (300 psi) 25 
40 Bar (600 psi) 40 
Ceramic Plunger 50 Bar (700 psi) 30 
70 Bar (1000 psi) 60 
70 
90 
145 
Onga (NZ) Ltd - Davies Pumps: 
Prices for various pressure systems vary according to tank size. 
Fann 
Shallow Well Jet Pumps 
ModelJJ5oo 750W 2O-4Opsi AP 50 tank 
JJ600 llooW 2O-5Opsi AP 50 tank 
OJ7oo 1500W 2O-7Opsi AP 80 tank 
01800 2400W 30-11Opsi AP 80 x 2 tanks 
Deep Well - add the following to the above pumps: 
4/5/6" deep well injectors 
Hi Flow Self Priming Centrifugal Pumps 
-Moulded high pressure 
Model413 400W 21psi 240V 
415 750W 31psi 240V 
112 1100W 37psi 240/415V 
143 2400W 60psi 240i4i5V 
-Moulded high capacity 
Model 140/146 11OO/l500W 31/35psi 240/415V 
-Cast iron head 
Model 182 1500W 50psi 240/415V 
185 6000W 77psi 415V 
-Sump pump Series 12 
Model 121 750W 29psi 240V 
122 1100W 30psi 240/415V 
-Submersible sump pump with level switch 
ModelS13oo 550W 18I/min up to 3.8m head 
B-I25 
$790 
$928.00 
$1450.00 
$2191 to $2400 
$829.00 
$1592.00 
$1699.00 
$1840.00 
$2527.00 
$995 
$1190 
$1670 
$2290 
$190/$210/$280 
$290 
$370 
$580/$610 
$1170/$840 
$620 to $810 
$990/$970 
$2070 
$580 
$750/$790 
$300 
Prices Exclude GST 
General Purpose 
Davies B 1 Piston Pump (300 GPH) 
Davies Cl Piston Pump (500 GPH) 
Power Equipment Ltd: 
Honda Pumps 
Model WB 20 (water) 2 inch dia. 
Model WB 30 (water) 3 inch dia. 
MacEwens Machinery Limited: 
500 Itt/min. 
1000 Itt/min. 
Centrifugal pumps - Cast iron casing/impeller, stainless steel shaft. 
$795 
$1680 
$995.00 
$1195.00 
Note: Listed below is a wide range of pumps to suit a variety of farm and 
horticultural situations. Capacities range from 2 to 740 m
3
/h, and head from 
100 to 2 m. Further details are available from local suppliers. 
ZLN 32-125 to 32-250 
ZLN 40-125 to 40-250 . 
ZLN 50-125 to 50-315 
ZLN 65-125 to 65-315 
ZLN 80-160 to 80-400 
ZLN 100-160 to 100-400 
ZLN 125-200 to 125-400 
ZLN 150-200 to 150-400 
ZLN200-250 
Multistage pump PHA 34 IP 
PHA351P 
Challenger submersible up to 5m
3
Jbr (18 gal/min) 
Salmson Vertical multistage pumps 19m
3
Jbr (66 gal/min) 
Single phase 0.55 to 1.1 kW 
3 Phase 0.55 to 4 kW 
Tsurmi pumps - submersible 
Drainage: Single phase 0.1 to 0.8 kW 
3 phase 0.8 to 11 kW 
Sewage: various models 0.4 to 3.7 kW 
Ag-Equipment Specialists Ltd: 
Hawk high pressure pumps 
1740 psi 
3000 psi 
8 to 111tt/min 
12.5 to 301tt/min 
Williamson Industries Ltd. 
Hi-Flo Rampumps 
Model 
Rampl200 
Rampl000 
Prices Exclude GST 
Drive Pipe Size 
300mm 
250mm 
B-I26 
Litres/Second 
115 
85 
$970 to $1,120 
$980 to $1,280 
$990 to $1,820 
$1,150 to $2,180 
$1,560 to $2,750 
$1,820 to $2,980 
$1,920 to $3,120 
$2,400 to $3,900 
$4,200 
$645.45 
$737.11 
$766 
$730 to $1151 
$690 to $2116 
$233 to $2883 
$754 to $9055 
$807 to $7021 
$670 
$875 to $1320 
Price 
$14,985 
$12,985 
Ramp800 
Ramp600 
Ramp400 
Ramp250 
Ramp150 
Pipeline Supplies Ltd: 
200mm 
125-15Omm 
80-100mm 
50-65mm 
25-4Omm 
50 
18-27 
6-11 
2.2-4.1 
0.3-0.9 
$ 8,950 
$ 6,885 
$4,385 
$ 3,485 
$1,895 
Dosmatic Plus Water Driven Chemical Metering Pump $900.00 
Windmills 
Jolly Windmill Company: 
Windmill and pole 
Diameter(m) Price 
1.8 $1,500 
2 $2,450 
2.4 $3,900 
2.6 $5,200 
3.0 $6,200 
Automatic Reservoir Shut-off Valve 
25mm 
32mm 
Installation Costs: 
Pump, footvalve, and fllter 
Bore(mm) Price 
40 Household $490 
40 High Pressure $650 
50 High Pressure $750 
65 High Pressure $950 
$70 
$120 
Min. installation charge if customer assists $250 
Min. installation charge if done soley by company $350 
2.1S.8 P.V.C. Pipe and Fittings 
Dynex Extrusions Ltd: 
'Waterrnaster' Low Density Polythene Pipe 
Internal Diameter 
15/20/25mm 
32/4O/50mm 
MICO Wakefield Sl. Ltd: 
Price per 100m 
(delivefPA) 
$ 36.30/$ 69.24/$ 85.51 
$105.74/$127.83/$170.44 
Low Density Polythene Pipe (For low pressure water systems) -
Working Pressure Size(mm) 
900 kpa (13Opsi) 
800 kpa (1l6psi) 
650 kpa (9Opsi) 
500 kpa (75psi) 
450 kpa (65psi) 
300 kpa (5Opsi) 
15 
20 
25 
32 
40 
50 
B-121 
Price Per 
100 metre coil 
$66.93 
$118.46 
$150.62 
$186.64 
$215.64 
$276.74 
Prices Exclude GST 
High Density Polythene Pipe (Price per 100 metre coil) 
Class C 
Size(rom) 
15 
20 
25 
Fittings 
9OOkpa(l30psi) 
$ 69.18 
$112.02 
$162.16 
Size(rom) 
32 
40 
50 
9OOkpa(130psi) 
$229.94 
$305.28 
$568.30 
Most pipe fittings (tee/elbow joints, connectors, reducers, plugs etc) cost from 50 
cents to $3 each depending on size and complexity. 
The cost of these, although relatively small, should not be ignored when designing or 
budgeting for water supply systems. 
2.18.9 Irrigator Models and Equipment 
Rainer Irrigation Limited: 
Travelling Irrigators 
Briggs Model 250 Roto Rainer & Hose Trailer 
With Turbine Drive 
Briggs Model 250 Linear Rain Turbine Drive plus 
Sin Hose Trailer 
Briggs Model 125 Roto Rainer & 4.5in Hose Trailer 
125 Linear Rain Turbine Drive & Hose Trailer 
Briggs Model 80 Roto Rainer & 3.5in Hose Trailer 
Briggs Model 80 Linear Rain & 3.5in Hose Trailer 
Briggs Model 50 Diesel Drive Roto Rainer & Linear Rain 
Briggs Model 25 Roto Rainer & 2.5in Hose Trailer 
Briggs Model 10 Roto Rainer 
Briggs Model 10 Hose Trailer 
Briggs Model 80, 125, or 250 Hose Trailer 
$34950 
$39950 
$41275 
$25987 
$32737 
$21940 
$26840 
$18400 
$12450 
$3655 
$3250 to $3495 
$5000 
N.B. Hose lengths vary according to water supply and farm layout. 
Ajax-Southern Cross (N,Z) Ltd: 
Irrigator complete with sprinklers, hose (Angus), hose ends, starting coupling. 
PCC (Model 30) 50 rom x 100 m Angus Hose with Naan 255/31 Sprinkler $6500 
TCD2000 
TCE3000 
TCL 7500 
TCM9000 
Hoses 
With Power Winder $8000 
63 rom x 150 m with SR 100 gun $15000 
89 rom x 150 m with SR 150 gun wth Purge Unit $21000 
114 rom x 150 m Angus Hose with P 200 gun $37500 
102 rom x 300 m Angus Hose with P 200 gun $53900 
Angus Hose45 rom to 89 rom 
102 rom to 152 rom 
$21.00 to $53.00 per mette 
$69.00 to $107.00 per mette 
Prices Exclude GST B-128 
Sprinklers (each) 
Naan 223/96 
2033/96 
254/96 
5033/91 
11 to 62 Iitres/rnin 
42 to 76litres/rnin 
18 to 124litres/rnin 
14 to 42 Iitres/rnin (plastic) 
Pump Units Complete With Motor 
R Series Pumps 
40x 32 - 230 
65 x 50 - 230 
80x 65 - 230 
80x65-280 
100 x 80 - 280 
125 x 100 - 280 
Traileo Irrigators: 
11 kW (8hp) 
18.5kW (14hp) 
30kW (22hp) 
37kW (28hp) 
45 kW (34hp) 
75 kW (56hp) 
T 150 45 mm x 100 m Hose 
T 200 65 mm x 150 m Hose 
T 300 80 mm x 150 m Hose 
Duncan Industries DML: 
(Rain-Beau Irrigators) 
Mk I Travelling Effluent Irrigator 
Mk IT Travelling Water Irrigator 
Mk IV and "Combie" models 
9 Ips (120g/rnin) @ 70m 
20 Ips (264g/min) @ 60m 
28 Ips (370g/min) @ 70m 
25 Ips (330g/min) @ 90m 
40 Ips (529g/min) @ 75m 
65 Ips (859g/min) @ 90m 
150 m cable 
150mcable 
Hose Winder Reels (2 wheel type) for water irrigators 
Hose Winder Reels (3 wheel type) for water irrigators 
Pipeline Supplies Ltd: 
Micro Irrigation -
Micro Flapper Drippers 
Plassim Tipaz Dripper 
Roberts Spot Spitters 
Single, 5 or 10 outlets 
Self-regulated dripper 
Above ground 115 mm 90 to 360 degree Mini to High Flow Rate 
$29.00 
$ 34.00 
$47.00 
$ 18.00 
$ 3,928 
$ 4,686 
$ 7,718 
$ 9,018 
$14,590 
$18,602 
$ 8500.00 
$12000.00 
$21000.00 
$2250.00 
$2686.00 
$P.O.A. 
$1784.00 
$1979.00 
$ per item 
$0.36 
$0.28 
Short 58 mm 90 to 160 degree Mini to Medium Flow Rate 
$0.36 
$0.20 
$0.20 Drop-In Bubbler With lead weight/Mini flow 
Underground Top 90 to 360 degreeMini to High Flow Rate 
Underground Stakes 178 to 350 mm Stakes for 3.2 mm tubing 
N.B. Stake and top required for complete underground unit. 
Roberts Spot Spinners 
Spot Spinners 
Underground Stakes 350 mm Stakes for 4.8 mm tubing 
Roberts Spinner Sprinklers 
4.8 mm FPT with No.2 to 7 Nozzle 
Replacement Nozzles No.2 to 7 
$0.16 
$0.46 to $106 
$2.00 
$1.06 
$6.40 
$0.80 
B-129 Prices Exclude GST 
Mini Klick Rain Sensor Shuts off sprinklers when it rains 
Sediment Filters 
Spin Down filters 
MIca Wakefield SJ.Ltd: 
19.1 mm 24 to 1000 
25 mm 24 to 1000 
38 mm 24 to 1000 
51 mm 24 to 1000 
$76.40 
$77.55 to $102.00 
$77.55 to $102.00 
$103.05 to $151.45 
$168.35 to $226.20 
Lateral Tubing (lOOm Coils) 
Diameter 
Micro Tubing (200m Coils) 
Diameter 
13mm 
16mm 
19mm 
$38.24 
$49.17 
$73.50 
Dynex Extrusions Ltd: 
Micro-irrigation:- Lateral Tube 
Diameter Length Price 
0.9 mm 200 m $ 6.24 
10 mm 100 m $15.46 
13 mm 100 m $20.97 
Microbore Drip Tube 
Diameter Length Price 
0.9 mm 200 m $6.24 
1.3 mm 200 m $6.24 
6 mm x 4 mm Riser Tube 
2.18.10 Irrigation Charges 
0.7mm 
0.9mm 
Diameter 
16mm 
19mm 
100m 
Length 
100m 
100m 
$10.62 
$31.68 
$34.42 
Price 
$25.20 
$33.01 
Charges for irrigation vary depending on the length of time the scheme has been in 
operation, the size of the scheme, the source of water and the number of farmers 
participating in the scheme. 
Some examples of water charges for the 1990/91 season for community irrigation 
schemes in the South Island are as follows: 
Scheme 
Amuri Irrigation Co. 
- Borderdyke 
- Spray 
$28/ha/yr 
$4O/llsec/annum 
- Up front cost to buy irrigation rights 
$25/ha developed 
$lO/ha undeveloped 
Prices Exclude GST B-130 
Morven, Glenavy and Ikawai Districts 1990/91 
- Borderdyke $20/ha for 1st 600 mm plus $1.20/1000 m
3 
over 600 mm 
- Spray $ 12/ha 
Lower Waitaki $11 per ha or $5.50 a l000m
3 
for continuous supply. 
(Source: "NZ. Farmer" January 1991) 
Scale of Charges for Administration, Monitoring and Supervision of Water Rights -
Canterbury Regional Council: 
(i) Water Right Application Costs: The basic fee is $200 for the first water right and 
and subsequent applications are at the rate of $75 per water right. 
(ii) Annual Charges: 
1. For each right or group of related rights authorising the abstraction of 
groundwater water other than in 2 below. $40 
2. For each right or group of related rights authorising the abstraction, diversion, 
damming or discharge of water from/to rivers and streams other than in 3 below, 
or abstraction of groundwater hydraulically connected to rivers and streams. $80 
3. For each right or group of related rights authorising the abstraction, diversion, 
damming or discharge of water from/to rivers for the following: 
Rate of use from 500 up to but not including 700 littes per second $125 
Rate of use from 500 up to but not including 1000 litres per second $400 
Rate of use from 1000 up to but not including 3000 litres per second $800 
Community irrigation schemes $2000 to $12000 
4. For each right to dicharge 
- more than 2 m
3 
per day of septic tank, dairy shed or 
piggery effluent - on to land 
2.18.11 Border Dyke Irrigation 
Doug Hood Ltd: 
1. Earthworks 
- into water 
$80 
$200 
Cost varies with the amount of earth moving involved but average cost for Canterbury 
conditions would be $900 to $1100 per ha. 
This cost includes: - All levelling 
- Construction of levees 
- Construction of supply and head races 
B-131 Prices Exclude GST 
2. Structures 
Concrete Dams 
Depends on flow rate of water and will vary depending on water flow but average 
$180. 
Sills 
Standard sills (2.5 m boards) cost between $50 and $65 each. 
There are various other designs which would generally be more expensive. 
Weirs 
Average $250 to $350 each. 
Access Crossings 
For a 6 metre crossing. cost including installation and pipes: 
300mm diameter pipe 
750mm diameter pipe 
Head walls - for a 6m crossing, pipe diameter 75Omm: 
2.18.12 Drainage and Subsoiling Costs 
$ 74 a metre 
$205 a metre 
$250 a metre 
The cost of intensive pipe/tile and mole drainage depends on a very large number of 
variables, and may range from $1600 to $2500 or more per hectare, depending on the 
farm. 
Subsoiling Cost - Usually about $30 to $50 a hectare. 
(Source: ?Straight Furrow" August 1990.) 
Fieid Tiies: 
Boyes: 
l00mm 
150mm 
250mm 
Marley: 
Drainflo Land Drainage (corrugated punched or unpunched) 
Diameter Coil Length 
65 mm 30 and 150m 
110 mm 50 and 100m 
160mm 45m 
Prices Exclude GST B-132 
$ 5.00/metre 
$ 7.00/metre 
$ 15.40/metre 
$ per Metre 
$ 1.81 
$ 3.05 
$ 6.15 
Fittings 
Junctions 
Reducers 
Straight Couplings 
Diameter 
110 and l60mm 
110 and l60mm 
110 and 160mm 
Price 
$7.26 and $10.03 
$9.85 
$3.24 and $4.67 
Regions north of Christchurch pay freight. Regions south of, and including, 
Christchurch freight paid. 
MICO Wakefield Ltd: 
Novaflow Diameter 
65mm 
1l0mm 
160mm 
Concrete Culvert Pipes 
McKendrys: 150 to 375 mm x 900 mm 
450 to 900 mm x 900 mm 
Lengths 
30 to 150 m 
30 to 100m 
45m 
Cement Products Ltd: 150 to 300 mm x 915 mm 
380 to 600 mm x 915 mm 
Backfill Shingle 
(Per cubic metre) $12 to $15 in the trench. 
One cubic metre backfills approximately 15 metres of drain. 
2.18.13 Septic Tanks 
McKendrys: 3300 litres 
Humes:2730 to 3300 litres (plus fittings) 
Cement Products Ltd: 2700 litres 
B-133 
$ per metre 
$2.50 
$4.27 
$8.53 
$20.00 to $34.00 
$40.00 to $86.00 
$11.56 to $18.22 
$28.44 to $48.89 
$550.00 
$626.00 to $905.00 
$617.78 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.19 FENCING COSTS 
2.19.1 Guide to Fencing Costs (1990/91) 
Labour: 
Fencing contractors charge out at around $28/hour (not including travel). The price for 
fencing on hill country is determined by such things as contour, ease of digging, ease 
of access, remoteness of site, size of job and number of strainers and angles required. 
Contract: 
One Canterbury contractor charges the following: (labour and materials) 
To erect a standard 8 wire fence on hill country 
To erect a 7 wire fence on flat country 
To erect a 5 wire electric fence on hill country 
To erect a deer fence 
Cost of Materials for standard fences: (Source: Gallagher Electronics Ltd.) 
(see also sections 2.19.2, 2.19.3 and 2.19.8 onward) 
$8.50/m 
$7.80/m 
$3.80/m 
$ 14.50/m 
(i) 10 wire conventional fence on undulating to hill country, using No.2 strainer 
posts every 100 metres and No.2 round posts at 3 metres apart 
Cost per Ian = $2,431 
With 5 battens per post Cost per Ian = $4,387 
(ii) 5 wire fibreglass fence on undulating to hill country, at 5 m spacings 
Cost per Ian = $1,279 
Note: this cost does not include the Energizer unit and accessories. 
(see section 2.19.8) 
(iii) 5 electric wire, batten and insulator fence on undulating to hill country, 
at 5 metre spacings Cost per Ian = $1,886 
Note: this cost does not include the Energizer unit and accessories. 
(iv) 5 wire (electric) insultimber fence on undulating to hill country. 1 post and 
3 droppers per 16 metres. Cost per Ian = $1,595 
Note: this cost does not include the Energizer unit and accessories. 
(v) 5 wire electric, No.2 quarter round posts with insulators and insultimber 
droppers on undulating to hill country. Spacings - 1 quarter round post and 
3 droppers per 16 metres. Cost per Ian = $1,447 
Note: this cost does not include the Energizer unit and accessories. 
Prices Exclude GST B-134 
Cost of Materials for Deer Fences: 
(see also section 2.19.2 onward) 
(i) Boundary fence for flat to rolling country -
Spacings: Posts, every 5 metres 
Strainers, every 200 metres 
Materials Required for 400 metres 
Posts 2.7m x 125mm 
Strainers 3.7m x 175mm 
Stays 2.7m x 115mm 
Stay blocks 200mm x 50mm x O.5m 
2.5mmH.T. wire 
150mm x 1900m netting 13 line 
Gate 3.66 x 1900mm 
(ii) Internal Deer Fencing -
Fence Design A: 
Six wire electric, no netting 
80@$11.73 
3@ $29.51 
3@$9.47 
3@$3.11 
?1200m at $O.0744/m 
400m@ $346.70/100m 
1 @ $161.54 
$ 938.40 
$ 88.53 
$ 28.41 
$ 9.33 
$ 89.28 
$1386.80 
$ 16l.50 
per 400 metres $2702.25 
Cost per metre $6.76 
Spacings: Flat country, posts up to 30 metres 
Droppers up to 8 metres 
Tie downs: where necessary, tie downs should be constructed using droppers rather 
than posts. This will reduce costs and maintain a degree of flexibility in the fence. 
Materials Required for 1000 metres: 
Posts 2.7m x 125mm 
Droppers l000mm x 40mm x 50mm 
Strainers 3.Om x 175mm 
Stays 2.7m x 115mm 
Stay blocks 200mm x 50mm x O.5m 
2.5mm H.T. wire (1 coil = 648m) 
Plastic strain ins ulators 
Joint Clamps 
Cut-out switch 
Gate breaks (flexible connectors) 
Gates 
Fence DesignB: 
30@$11.73 $35l.90 
l00@ $1.28 $128.00 
9 @ $29.51 $265.55 
9 @ $9.47 $ 85.23 
9 @ $3.11 $ 27.99 
9.4 coils @ $48.20 $453.08 
48 @ $0.70 $ 33.60 
24 @ $0.57 $ 13.68 
1 @ $5.63 $ 5.63 
4 @ $2.85 $ 11.40 
4 @ $161.50 $646.00 
cost per 1000 m $2022.02 
Cost per metre = $2.02 
Consists of 3 live wires above 800mm 7 line netting. 
The netting provides an excellent physical barrier for young stock and yet the fence is 
still inexpensive and quick to erect. 
Spacings: same as for the above fence. 
B-135 Prices Exclude GST 
Materials required for 1000 metres 
Posts 2.7m x 125mm 
Droppers 1.52m insultimber 
Strainer posts 2.7m x 200mm 
Stays 2.7m x 115mm 
Stay blocks 200mm x 50mm x O.5m 
2.5mm H.T. wire (648m/coil) 
Wire netting 
(800mm x 300mm, 7 line) 
Plastic strain insulators 
Joint clamps 
Cut-out switch 
Gate breaks (flexible connectors) 
Gates 3.66m x 1900m 
2.19~ Wire 
(see also 2.19.5) 
Wiremakers Ltd.: 
Gallge of JVire 
Flexspan: (Mild Steel) 
3.55mm (No.9) 
4.00mm (No.8) 
Hispan: (High Tensile Steel) 
2.00mm 
2.50mm 
3.15mm 
Span 7 (High Tensile Cable) 
30@ $11.73 
l00@ $8.50 
9@$26.89 
9@$9.47 
9@$3.11 
4.7@ $48.20/coil 
$351.90 
$850.00 
$242.01 
$ 85.23 
$ 27.99 
$226.54 
lOOOm@ 123.45/100m $1234.50 
24@ $0.70 $ 18.90 
12 @ $0.57 $ 6.84 
1 @ $5.63 $ 5.63 
4 @ $2.85 $ 11.40 
4@ $161.50 $647.20 
cost per 1000 m $3708.14 
253 metres 
648 metres 
Cost per metre = $3.71 
$ per 25kg coil 
$59.00 
$51.45 
$67.25 
$48.20 
$57.45 
Price Per Metre 
250m coil 500m coil l000m coil 
4.8mm 
6.Omm 
7.5mm 
9.5mm 
Barbed 
IowaPattem 
Reverse Twist HT 
$0.40 $0.40 
$0.55 
$0.70 
$1.02 
$0.55 $0.50 
$0.65 
75 mm spacings 
150 mm spacings 
RTlOO/RT 150 
220 metres (approx.) 
260 metres (approx.) 
Prices Exclude GST B-136 
1500mcoil 
$0.35 
$65.50/25kg coil 
$65.50/25kg coil 
$79.65/500 metre 
Hurricane: 
Barbed Wire 2.5mm standard 25kgreel 
Reverse Twist 1.6mm HT 
HTR lOOmm/150mm 500m Reels 
Lacing Wire 2.Omm, lOkg coils 
1.6mm, lOkg coils 
2.19.3 Posts/StrainersIDroppersIBattenslStays 
(see also section 2.19.11) 
McVicar Timber Group Ltd: 
Fencing Posts 1 Stays -
1/2-Round 1.8/2.4/2.7 m 
Posts 
Deer Posts 
Stays 
75 to 150 mm x 1.8 m pointed 
125 mm x 2.7 m pointed 
75 -100mmx2.4m 
Hort. posts 
75 - 100 mmx 2.7 m 
1.8m/2.4/2.7m 
Strainers -
175mm to 200mm x 2.1 m pointed 
175mm to 225mm x 2.4 m pointed 
200mm. x 2.7 m pointed 
Stay Blocks -
200 mm x 75 x 0.5 m 
200 mm x 50x 0.5 m 
150mm x 50 x 0.5 m 
Droppers!Battens -
50mm x 40mm x 1m 
50mm x 40mm x 1.2m 
RA.Shearing Contractors Ltd: (1990 Prices) 
Comer Posts 1.8/2.4/2.7 metres 
Droppers - 7 and 8 wire 
Intermediates 5'6" to 6' 
Pailing Posts 1.8/2.4/2.7 metres 
Gate Posts - sheep yards 
Stays 8' and 9' 
Stayblock small/large/exra large 
Strainers various sizes 
B-137 
$65.50/reel 
$79.65/reel 
$28.15 
$33.20 
$5.96/$8.22/$9.47 
$5.29 to $ 7.91 
$14.75 
$ 8.36 
$8.84 
$4.351$6.71/$6.98 
$15.91 to $17.86 
$19.91 to $23.87 
$26.89 
$4.66 
$3.11 
$2.26 
$1.11 
$1.28 
$15.66 to $21.38 
$1.05 to $1.14 
$8.48 to $8.74 
$11.50 to $17.23 
$13.99 
$13.25 to 13.61 
$4.38 to $6.24 
$27.99 to $41.95 
Prices Exclude GST 
Cyclone: 
Lightening Fence Droppers -
Dimensions 914 mm to 1003 mm 
Gallagher: 
Insultimber -
Post, No.1 
Droppers 
Tie Downs 
Deer post 
Deer post dropper 
Wiremakers Ltd: 
1520 x. 38 x 38mm 
940 x 38 x 26mm 
700 x 38 x 26mm 
2100 x 50 x 50mm 
1520 x 38 x 26mm 
$ 83.15 to $105.65 per 100 
$7.65 
$3.51 
$1.94 
$6.80 
$5.20 
Waratahs 
1.65 m 
1.80m 
$7.50 each 
$7.95 each 
Hurricane: 
Fencing Standards (Waratah) 
1500mm 
16SOmm 
1800mm 
2.19.4 Gates 
Wooden 
McVicar: 
Hurdles: 
Gates: 
McAlpines: 
1.8 m and 2.1 m 
3.6 m and 4.2 m 
Price/Waratah 
$6.69 
$7.60 
$8.05 
$29.82 and $31.82 
$81.60 and $85.56 
Hurdles: 
Gates: 
1.8/2.1/2.4/3.0 m x .99 m 
1.8/2.1/2.4/3.0/3.6/4.2 m x .94 m 
$30.49 to $33.69 
$72.00 to $104.00 
Wiremakers Ltd: 
1 m x 3.0S/3.33/3.66/4.27 m 
1.9 m x 3.02/3.66/4.27 m (deer gates) 
Cyclone: 
Farm Gates 
Economy 
Standard 
3.0Sm to 4.27m 
3.0Sm to 4.27m 
Deer Gates 
1900mm 
lSSOmm 
3.05m med wt to 4.27m med wt 
3.0Sm med wt to 4.87m med wt 
Prices Exclude GST B-138 
$78.10 to $84.55 
$139.10 to $177.20 
$82.95 to $86.2S 
$84.0S to $130.95 
$141.88 to $174.65 
$135.35 to $193.20 
Aabaas Bros.: 
Angle iron barred gates 
16 it $175.54 
14 ft $169.78 
12 ft $153.33 
10 ft $140.18 
8 ft $117.69 
6 ft $ 97.59 
Galvanised Steel 
Standard $182.89 
Special 
Special Heavy 
180 Barred $148.96 
Stressmaster 
Stressmaster heavy 
Sheep yard gates 
10 ft $132.09 
8 ft $110.49 
6 ft $ 91.02 
Length (metres) 
3.35 3.6.? 
$107.02 $ 98.84 
$113.60 
$136.00 
$158.45 $155.74 
$166.74 
$161.19 
$102.89 
$146.67 
$188.26 
$177.44 
$184.15 
Economy Farm Gates 3.66/4.27 m length $75.55 to $78.67 
Deer Gates 
3.05 m x 1900 mm 
3.66 m x 1900 mm 
4.27 m x 1900 mm 
Hurricane: 
Farm Gates 
Economy 
Standard 
Standard Cross Comer Braced 
Heavyweight 
Heavyweight Cross Comer Braced 
Standard Pairs 
Stockmaster (South Island (S.I.? 
Stockmaster Heavyweight (S.I.) 
Barred (Central North Island) 
Deer Gates 1900mm 
1550mm 
Length 
3.05-4.25m 
3.05-4.25m 
3.66-4.88m 
3.05-3.66m 
3.66-4.88m 
3.66-4.88m 
3.66-4.88m 
3.66-4.88m 
3.05-4.27m 
3.05-4.27m 
3.05-4.27m 
B-I39 
$176.05 
$200.41 
$216.67 
Price 
$ 82.95-$ 79.65 
$ 84.05-$130.95 
$122.25-$138.60 
$125.50-$139.70 
$157.55-$188.80 
$139.70-$158.25 
$125.50-$176.80 
$129.90-$199.70 
$120.05-$151.70 
$14l.88-$174.65 
$135.35-$180.10 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.19.5 Wire Netting 
Wiremakers: Cyclone 
Twinlock Field 
9 line 980 rom high, 300 rom spacings 
8 line 900 rom high, 150/300 rom spacings 
8 line 800 rom high, 150/300 rom spacings 
7 line 900 rom high, 150/300 rom spacings 
7 line 800 rom high, 150/300 rom spacings 
7 line 725 rom high, 150/300 rom spacings 
6 line 700 rom high, 150/300 rom spacings 
Tightlock Field 
7 line 900 rom high, 150/300 rom spacings 
8 line 900 rom high, 150/300 rom spacings 
Tightlock Deer 
17 line 1900 rom high, 150 rom spacings 
15 line 1550 rom high, 150 rom spacings 
13 line 1900 rom high, 150/300 ~ spacings 
11 line 1550 rom high, 150/300 rom spacings 
Top-up Fence 
7 line 900 rom high, 600 rom spacings 
5 line 595 rom high, 600 rom spacings 
(Note: All netting is High Tensile (lIT) unless otherwise stated.) 
Farm Mesh - 75rom x 150mm x 4rom diameter galvanised wire 
850/1150 rom wide roll, 30 metres 
Silo Mesh - Standard silo of 5m diameter x 2354rom high 
75romx 75 rom x4romdiam., 16mx2365romroll size 
Chain Link Netting - Galvanised (prices per square metre) 
50rom mesh size x 2.5rom (wire diameter) x 9OO/1800mm 
Hurricane: 
Farm Fence 
High Tensile Boundary Staytight 
7 and 8 line 915 rom 150/300 rom spacing 
Hinge Joint 
8 line 815 rom 150/300 rom spacing 
7 line 815 rom 150/300 rom spacing 
6 and 7 line 712 rom 150/300 rom spacing 
Prices Exclude GST B-I40 
per 100 metres 
$165.30 
$188.35/$144.35 
$187.35/$141.05 
$173.351$134.55 
$170.85/$123.45 
$167.55/$123.45 
$149.85/$114.65 
$188.30/$134.80 
$196.90/$144.45 
$400.20 
$363.70 
$346.70/$240.75 
$280.35/$208.65 
$187.25 
$139.10 
$181.85/$225.95 
$353.55 
$5.25/m2 
per 100 metres 
$134.80 to $196.98 
$136.95 to $188.35 
$123.45 to $173.35 
$114.65 to $167.55 
Goat Fence 
12 and 18 line 1065/1270 mm 150/300 mm spacing 
Medium Weight Pig 8 line 815 mm 150 mm spacing 
Sheep 7 line 915 mm 300 mm spacing 
Low Cost 8 line 815 mm 300 mm spacing 
$208.80 to $280.70 
$191.80 
$138.85 
$147.15 
Light Weight - Utility Electric 5 line 530 mm 150/300 mm spacing 
Docking 8 line 815 mm 150 mm spacing 
$90.40 to $119 
$84.20 
$59.80 
$93.20 
Lamb Proof 6 line 508 mm 150 mm spacing 
Superlight 13 line 835 mm 150 mm spacing 
Deer Fence 
Stay tight 13 line 1905 mm 150 mm spacing 
Hinge Joint 
11 line 1545 mm 150/300 mm spacing 
12 line 1830/1905 mm 150 mm spacing 
11 line 1545 mm 150/300 mm spacing 
Fawn Fence 12 to 19 line 610/1395 mm 150 mm spacing 
2.19.6 Fencing Tools and Equipment 
Straining Equipment 
Wiremakers: 
Hayes Wire Strainers -
Hayes Permanent (Pack of 25) 
Hayes Insulated Permanent (pack of 25) 
Wire Tightener (pack of 50) 
Clip-in Insulator (Pack of 50) 
Tightening Handle - Permanent 
Wire Tightening Handle 
Chain Grab Smooth Grip 
Chain Grab Boundary Fence 
Clamps (Steel) Bounda-ry fence 
Hardwood Strainer Boards - Deer 
Steel Strainer Clamps 1.2, 1.9 and 2.4 metre 
Tension Indicator 
Chain Grab Strainer 
Box of 25 strainers 
Staple Pick 
Allflex N.2. Ltd: 
Sure Strain Chain Wire Strainer 
Fence Tension Indicator 
Spring Clip Permanent Wire Strainerrrightener 
B-141 
$346.70 to $400.20 
$208.65 to $280.35 
$307.00 to $328.49 
$195.80 to $265.36 
$177.45 to $292.00 
Price per Item 
$1.80 
$2.70 
$1.90 
$0.90 
$ 3.85 
$ 5.55 
$ 52.50 
$80.90 
$ 61.80 
$117.95 
$115.00 to 145.00 
$16.85 
$56.44 
$50.00 
$15.75 
$59.00 
$17.00 
$1.80 
Prices Exclude GST 
Hurricane: 
Boundary Fence Clamp 
Deer Fence Clamp 
Goat Fence Clamp 
Pull Down Tool with Chain 
Pull Down Tool without Chain 
Post and Standard Drivers 
Hayes: 
Post Rammer Pipe or Wooden Handles 
Standard Driver 352 Tubular 
Gallagher: 
Insultimber Driver 
Hydraulic Ram Heavy Duty 
Standard Model 181 to 227kg hammer 
Delux Fully Hydraulic . 181 to 227kg hammer 
Post and Standard Removers 
Donalds: "Muscle Mate" post puller 
Hayes: Standard Lifter 
Wire Reels 
Hayes: 
Adjustable/Collapsible - Spike/Y -Foot 
Single Tier Standard - Spike/Y-Foot 
Deluxe 
Post Hole Diggers 
Aitchison Industries: 
Mate Post Hole Diggers 
85 cc motorised powerhead 
100 cc motorised powerhead 
Auger (Length 76 cm) 
Single blade 1500 series and Double blade 1700 series 
Size 
50.8(76.2/101.8/127.0 mm 
152.4/177.8/228.6/254 mm 
Gallagher: Post Hole Digger (Auger extra) 
Augers 
150mm to 600mm (6" to 24") 
Solo: 
Prices Exclude GST B-142 
$ 74.15 
$117.95 
$ 98.85 
$49.35 
$10.50 
$19.l0 
$44.95 
$106.78 
$3,196 to $3,396 
$4.980 to $5,180 
$92.56 
$74.15 
$58.85/$70.00 
$58.85/$70.00 
$99.00 
$ 985.00 
$1095.00 
Retail Price 
$152.42 to $205.57 
$223.42 to $294.42 
$2,195 
$380 to $1290 
$802.55 
2.19.7 Cattle Stops 
C & F Industries: 
Type 50, 3.6 m x 2.1 m Heavy Duty 
3.6 m Concrete Surround 
McKendrys: 
2.25 m x 1.2/1.5/1.8m 
3.6 m Heavy Duty 
2.19.8 Electric Fence Energisers 
Gallagher: 
Mains Powered Energiser MSOO 
Battery Powered B600 Super Battery 
Solar Powered B150 Solar Kit 10 Watt 
Donaghys: (Wholesale) 
$1223.00 
$474.00 
$350.00 to $520.00 
$1,223 
$515.06 
$405.34 
$753.77 
Mains Powered StaflX Model SM8000 Dual Purpose - Super 230V $543.00 
$345.00 
$334.00 
$172.50 
StaflX Model SM4000 Dual Purpose - 230V 
StaflX Model SB 1500 Dual Purpose - 12V external battery 
StaflX Model SB 1200 Dual Purpose - 12V ext.battery 
StaflX Model SB500 Strip Grazer 12V ext. battery/6 into D cells 
Reel Energizer 
2.19.9 Insulators 
Donaghys: (StaflX) 
Plastic - IOmm (For Livestrand) 
Wooden Post 
Rod Insulator 10 mm 
Nail Insulator 
S200 Strain 
XtraStrain 
Trilock - wire stand off - outrigger 
Watershed Insulators 
Insulock 
Stafix S200 Strainer Insulator 
Hayes: 
Electric Fence Outriggers - Packs of 25 
150 mm top or side of post 
400 mm top or side of post 
B-143 
$64.45 
$75.00 
$ per item 
(h .. Il-) 
,...,_ ......... , 
$ 0.31 
0.18 
0.22 
0.18 
0.39 
0.70 
1.10 
$0.14 
$0.21 
$0.39 
$/pack 
$33.75 
$36.25 
Prices Exclude GST 
.2.19.10 Electric Fence Reels and Wire 
Donaghys: (Wholesale) 
'Stafix' Self Insulated Reel 
Reels (Self Insulating) -
200/350/500 m prewound livestrand 
Three in one Reel prewnd 3 x 200, 6 wire live strand 
Mounting Post (Self Insulating) to fit 1-3 reels 
Reels (pre-wound) 
Power winder complete, 12 Volt battery drive 
6 wire 'Uvestrand Super 6' 200/350/500m spools 
Hottape 200 m reel 
Poly tape 100/200/400 m 
'Flexinet' Netting Sheep 25/50 m Coils 
Horse/Goat 
Rabbit 
Wiremakers Ltd.: - Electric Fence Wire 
2.00 mm/1.6Omm (Soft) 
Gallagher: 
Reel Strip Grazing - Small/Medium 
- Large 
Reel Stand - Deer ( 1-4 reels) 
Lead connectors Single/Multi reels 
2.19.11 Electric Fence Standards 
Donaghys: 
Stafix - multiwire plastic standard 
- steel pigstail standard H type 
Stopstock Fibre Glass pigstail Standard 
Fibre Glass rod and Clips 9 and 12 mm x .85 to 2mm 
Gallagher: 
Tread in polymer multiwire 
Fibreglass -
Post 1200 x 10 mm (Orange) 
Post 1370 x 13 mm (White) 
Post 1500 x 10 mm (Orange) 
Post 2000 x 10 mm (Orange/White) 
Quick Clips 10 mm/13 mm 
Pressure Plate (for 10 and 13 mm) 
Cap, Driver 
Prices Exclude GST B-I44 
$ 20.89 
$47.39 to $78.00 
$92.36 
$11.74 
$16.43 to $24.00 
$78.00 
$10.80 to $26.50 
$18.40 
$10.00/$18.75/$37.50 
$47.46 to $105.00 
$99.00 
$89.70 
$28.15/$33.20 per 10 kg 
$25.85 to $42.54 
$50.68 to $54.30 
$19.49 to $25.07 
$3.35 to $9.06 
Each 
$2.06 
$2.05 
$1.80 
$1.50 to $5.30 
Each 
$2.83 
$2.81 
$5.27 
$3.47 
$4.57/$7.62 
$0.16/$0.18 
$0.53 
$7.42 
Hayes: 
TypeK 
TypeS 
TypeT 
2.19.12 Electric Fence Cable 
$ each 
$3.75 
$1.50 
$2.60 
Gallagher: - Cable, Undergate 1.6 mm, 50 m Double Insulated $20.59 
$26.25 StaflX: - Underground Cable 50 m x 2.5 mm, or 100 m x 1.6 mm 
2.19.13 Electric Fencing Accessories 
Gallagher: 
Testers -
Meter, Digital (D.V.M.) 
Live lite tester 
Wire testing tool 
Pliers/side cutters 
Batteries - Dry Cell 
Rechargeable 2 per unit required 
Low loss 
Earthing Equipment: 
Stake, Earthing, Galvanised pipe, 2m 
Cut out switch 
Donaghys: Staflx 
Cut out switches (each) 
Stopstock Cut Off Switch 
Gate Breaks - standard 
- heavy duty 
2.19.14 Staples 
Hurricane: 
Plain 4.00 to 2.00mm 
Barbed 4.00 to 2.8Omm 
Hot Dipped Galvanised Staples 
Barbed 4.00 to 2.8Omm 
Concrete Post Staples 
B-145 
$97.97 
$30.37 
$5.17 
$39.14 
$54.30 
$28.44 
$335.10 
$16.16 
$7.00 
$5.63 
$5.20 
$2.85 
$2.95 
$64.90 to $75.90 per 25 kg case 
$67.45 to $74.70 per 25 kg case 
$77.15 to $83.85 per 25 kg case 
$74.60 per 20 kg bag 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.20 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT COSTS 
Note: At present, many manufacturers and importers of farm machinery do not have 
fixed price lists.In many instances, especially for larger models, machinery will be 
imported only when specifically ordered by a client, and the price will be negotiated 
on an individual basis. Trade-in provisions and financing arrangements, also 
negotiated on an individual basis, may alter fmal prices considerably. 
2.20.1 Average Prices for Farm Vehicles 
N.B. Please refer to later sections for details of specific models. 
Tractors 
30 to 37 kW (40 to 50 HP) 
37 to 52 kW (50 to 70 HP) 
52 to 75 kW (70 to 100 HP) 
Over 75 kW (100 HP) 
Farm Bikes 
2 wheel 
4 wheel 
Trucks ami vans 
Average Price 
$25,000 
$36,200 
$50,000 
$71,750 
$19,869 to $34,436 
$26,700 to $49,889 
$37,811 to $77,049 
$55,490 to $163,000 
$2,316 to $3,820 
$3,280 to $7,640 
There are a range of models with differing cab/deck arrangements, mostly with a 
choice of fuel type and 4WD option. 
1.5 to 3.5 tonne 
2WD vehicles 
4WD vehicles 
Forage Harvesters 
Depending on size and capacity 
Precision chop models 
Loader Wagons 
Combine Harvesters 
Many now are imported only when required 
2.20.2 TLactors 
Ford New Holland: 
2 Wheel Drive 
37.0 kW (50 HP) to 57.0 kW (76 HP) 
64.0 kW (86 l-IP) to 75.8 kW (105 HP) 
4 Wheel Drive 
42.0 kW (57 HP) to 57.0 kW (76 HP) 
64.0 kW (86 HP) to 75.8 kW (105 HP) 
87.0 kW (117 HP to 122.0 kW (163 HP) 
Prices Exclude GST B-l46 
$21,240 to $36,436 
$14,663 to $31,141 
$18,218 to $58,950 
$ 6,950 to $54,134 
$33,600 to $49,600 
$ 9,460 to $62,850 
$148,000 to $275,766 
$28,550 to $39,371 
$43,190 to $62,431 
$33,366 to $46,275 
$50,007 to $72,846 
$84,693 to $163,000 
1.1. Case: 
Agricultural 
2 wheel drive 52 to 72 HP 
4 wheel drive 
72 to 105 HP AlC Cab 
52 to72HP 
72 to 105 HP AlC Cab 
Horticultural 
2wd/4wd 56 to 10HP 
Massey Fergusson: 
3000 Series 
Autotronic Models -
3060 to 3080 4WD, 86 to 110 HP 
Datatronic Models-
3065 to 3095 4WD, 92 to 120 HP 
300 Series Models -
390 2WD, 12 speed, 86 HP 
390 4WD, 12 speed, 86 HP 
398/399 4WD,93 to 102 HP, Cab AlC 
362 
362 
315 
2WD, 12 speed, 68 HP 
4WD, 12 speed, 68 HP 
4WD, 8/12 speed, 18 HP 
MF 240 Series Models -
240DB/WB 2WD, 8 Speed, 41 HP 
lohnDeere: 
34 to 56 HP (no cab) 
15 to 95 HP 4WD 
Iseki 
TA Series Models -
TA 530F to TA 531F 
TA 545T to TA 550T 
TA 545F to TA 550F 
SX Series Models -
SX 65T to SX 85T 
SX 65F to SX 95F 
2WD 
$21,008 to $36,240 
$42,161 to $66,970 
4WD,33 to 42 HP 
2WD, 50 to 58 HP 
4WD, 50 to 58 HP 
2WD, 65 to 85 liP 
4WD, 65 to 105 HP 
B-141 
$26,100 to $31,811 
$41,181 to $62,980 
$35,259 to $43,789 
$53,165 to $71,150 
$29,900 to $ 38,600 
$69,981 to $83,425 
$11.049 to $93,350 
$41,809 to $54,967 
$49,848 to $59,951 
$69,728 to $14,803 
$36,191 to $42,155 
$43,535 to $49,889 
$45,990 to $56,290 
$21,546 to $29,910 
4WD 
$34,436 to $43,554 
$49,995 to $90,158 
$19915 to $32500 
$25900 to $35300 
$30150 to $38900 
$34150 to $44150 
$38900 to $55490 
Prices Exclude GST 
Kubota 
L Series Models -
Agricultural 
L2850 to L3250 2/4WD, 34 to 40 HP 
Turf 
L2850 to L3250 2/4WD, 34 to 40 HP 
Horticultural 
L4150 to L5450 4WD, 50 to 58 HP 
M30 Series Models -
M4030 to M7030 4WD, 53 to 77 lIP 
M50 Series Models -
M4950 to M7950 4WD, 58 to 88 HP 
M7950/M8950 4WD, Cab (NC) 88 to 103 HP 
2.20.3 Farm Bikes and Bike Trailers 
Honda: 
2 Wheeler llO to 200cc 
3 Wheeler 
4x4/4x2 Wheelers 
Suzuki: 
Fann- "Mudbug" models 125/185 
LTFI60L4W/4WD 
Dual Purpose - 185 to 250cc 
Yamaha: 
2 Wheeler 100 to 200 cc 
4 Wheeler 100 to 350 cc 
YFM350F4WD 
Kawasaki: 
KV 175 2 wheeler 
KLF 220 2WD 
KLF 3002WD/4WD 
Farm Bike Trailers 
Smiths Attachments - (freight paid) 
All trailer prices include balloon tyres and ball coupling. 
4' x 3' to 6' x 4' trailer 
Stock Crate 
5' x 3'8' Hay Trailer 
Mini silage feeder 
Grain feeders 5 bag capacity 
Prices Exclude GST B-148 
$19,869 to $22,803 
$19,997 to $22,980 
$30,861 to $36,721 
$33,858 to $39,984 
$37,798 to $45,821 
$59,900 to $65,528 
$2,666 to $3,820 
$4,080 
$6,281 to $7,110 
$2,3lO to $2,996 
$4,262 to $7,640 
$2,316 to $5,688 
$2,568 to $3,552 
$3,280 to $6,392 
$7,288 
$2,664 
$5,320 
$6,579/$7,555 
$622 to $1178 
$231.12 to $328.89 
$1004.43 
$5066.67 
$773.34 to $1173.34 
Quinn-Ba/eboys Ltd: 
Farm Bike Trailer 1.5m x 1.2m deck $1285 
2.20.4 Average Prices for )i'arDl Equipment 
N.B. Please refer to later sections for details of specific models. 
Average Price 
Mowers 
Drum or Disc $7,800 $1,790 to $30,950 
(these may have a conditioner attach~ or as an optional extra) 
Sickle bar $3,220 
Mower Conditioners $28,000 $6,570 to $36,990 
Hay Rakes 
Hay Balers 
Conventional 
Big balers - Round 
- Square 
Ploughs 
Depending on the number 9f(prrOWS 
and tractor mounting 
Discs 
Cultivators 
Depending on the number of ty1)es, 
and tractor mounting 
Rotary models 
Harrows 
Power Harrows 
Rollers 
lIeavy rollers 
Cambridge rollers 
Drills 
2.20.5 Mowers and Toppers 
Kuhn: 
$7,800 
$32,100 
$35,900 
$126,380 
$ 8,500 
$6,000 
$6,500 
$9,700 
$300 
$20,000 
$11,500 
$4,000 
$14,000 
GMD 44 Multi-Disc Mower -Manual or Hydraulic 
GMD 66 Multi-Disc Mower - Hydraulic 
B-149 
$1,790 to $30,950 
$27,900 to $119,760 
$31,900 to $ 44,426 
$119,760 to $133,000 
$4,093 to $25,058 
$3,810 to $10,160 
$1,170 to $26,890 
$2,670 to $19,629 
up to $750 
$10,171 to $29,465 
$6,000 to $16,000 
$2,810 to $28,950 
$8,310 to $29,560 
$7,390 to $7,817 
$9,630 to $10,135 
Prices Exclude GST 
F A367 Sicldebar Mower - 5ft, 6in 
CZaas: 
WM165N2 Drum each 3 knives 
WM185N2 Drum each 3 knives 
With Conditioner 
1.65m 
1.85m 
WM2lON2 Drum each with 4 knives 2.1m width 
with conditioner 
Gallagher: 
Rotomow/Pulveriser 1.85m/2.15m width 
LeZy: 
165 
205 
240 
280 
Vicon: 
CM Disc Mower 3 Blades/Disc 
ZM Trailed Disc Mower-Swather 
Feco: PZ Haymowers-
Cutting width 
1.65m 
2.05m 
2.4m 
2.8m 
1.65 to 2.4 m 
2.42t03.2m 
Models CM 165 to CM 212 - drum mowers 
Model CM 265A - trailed drum mower 
Reese Engineering: 
1600 Mini Twin 1.6 m cut 
2070 Standard Twin 2.07 m cut 
2400 Maxi Twin 2.4 m cut 
2070 W Extended Frame Model 
3100 trailed mower 3.1 mcut 
Power Farming: 
Rotary Grass Mowers Hi Speed 1520mm 6O"cut 
Turfmaster Parkmowers Mid-Mow 1520mm 6O"cut 
Heavy Duty Rotary Slasher 60HP PTO, 1520mm 6O"cut,4 blades 
Heavy Duty Mulcher-Flailmower, 2200rnm!87" cut 
Giltrap: (Incudes freight) 
1.2m to 1.5m cutting width 
2.3m to 3.Om cutting width 
Prices Exclude GST 
South Is. 
$1,990 to $3,030 
$6,200 to $7,790 
B-150 
$3,220 
$ 5,590 
$ 7,980 
$11,270 
$11,555 
$14,845 
$5,945 to $6,490 
$6,670 
$8,490 
$9,645 
$11,295 
$6,990 to $9,490 
$26,990 to $30,950 
$ 5,990 to $9,990 
$22,995 
$4,460 
$5,360 
$6,630 
$5,500 
$11,500 
$2,395 
$2,995 
$ 3,780 
$ 6,995 
North Is. 
$1,790 to $2,830 
$5,950 to $7,440 
Howard: 
LD Rotoslasher (2 blade) 45 HP required 
MD Rotoslasher (4 blade) 70 HP required 
HD Rotoslasher (4 Blade) 90 HP required 
EHD Rotoslasher (2 Blade) 
Mower Conditioners 
Taarup: TI07 Mower Conditioner 
Kuhn: FC 202 - 300 
Claas: 
WM300 trailed 4 drum 3 knives per drum 3.04m width 
Feeo: 
Falazat trailed mower conditioners 
Tulloch: 
Krone AM 242z 3 point linkage mower conditioner 
JF GMS2400D 2.4 metre trailed mower conditioner 
Vieon: 
6 to 8 disc mower conditioner 
Reese Engineering: UFO, 2.07m cut 
2.20.6 Hay Making Equipment 
(see Section 2.20.10 for silage wagons etc.) 
Hay Rakes and Tedders 
LeZy Lotus Tedder/Windrowers: 
300 Combi 2 Rake Wheels, 3m working width 
600 Stabilo Combi 4 Rake Wheels, 6m working width 
Lotus Tedder 
520 Stabilo 4 rake Wheels, 5.2m working width 
Kuhn: 
Gyrotedder 
Gyrorake 
Feeo: 
Tedder-Rake 
Tedders 
Rakes 
B-151 
$1,839 to $2,042 
$2,992 to $3,173 
$3,688 to $3,986 
$5,057 to $7,393 
$29,359 
$16,020 to $35,222 
$28,835 
$28,990 to $32,560 
$17,300 
$34,000 
$28,990 to $36,990 
$7,640 
$4,990 
$13,555 
$10,555 
$7,710 to $14,650 
$5,030 to $8,150 
$6,426 to $11,650 
$8,690 to $12,990 
$5,250 to $ 9,990 
Prices Exclude GST 
Tulloch: 
Gehl PR 414 9' 6" parallel bar rake, ground drive 
Gehl WR 21916' finger wheel rake 
Reese Engineering Ltd: 
UFO tedder/rake TRCD/TRSS models 
Hayzip 40 tedder rake 
Conventional Balers 
Ford New Holland: NH 570 Rectangular Baler 
Vicon: 
RP 1201S/RP 1281S Var/Chamber 
Claas: 
Markant 65 pickup width 1.85m 
Big Balers - Square 
Claas: 
Square Baler pickup width 2m (requires lOOHP) 
Vicon: MP 800 c/w hydraulic brakes 
Ford New Holland: Medium Rectangular NH Dlooo 
Big Round Round 
lohnDeere: 435 Round Baler 4' x 6' 
Ford New Holland: NH 848 and NH855 models 
Vicon: 
RP 120 14x4 
6x4 
Tulloch: 
Gehl RB1470 Variable chamberround baler 
Claas: Round Balers 
Rollant 46, Bale chamber 1.2 m x 1.2 m 
Rollant 66, Bale chamber 1.5 m x 1.2 m 
Baling Twine 
Donaghys: 
Sisal - Binder Twine, 8 spools per bale 
- Heavy Baler, 4 spools per bale 
Prices Exclude GST B-152 
$10,640 
$10,860 
$4,800/$5,720 
$5,400 
$28,884 
$33,950/$37,950 
$27,900 
$133,000 
$119,760 
$120,777 
$37,547 
$32,273 and $44,426 
$33,950 
$37,950 
$34,800 
$31,900 
$34,900 
$111.00/bale 
$ 127.99/bale 
- Natural Big Round, 4 spools per bale 
Big Round Nilage twine, 4 spools per bale 
Hay Handling Equipment 
Aabaas Bros: 
Hay Feeders 1 - 15 bale capacity 
Duncan: 
Read Sidewinder - 3 Point Linkage 1.52m 
Mark 111 - 2 Bale Trailing 1.83m 
Giltrap Engineering: 
Round Bale Feeder 
Duncan Industries Ltd: 
FM1200 Single bale side feeders 
Multi-bale feeders 2-3 Bales 
3 pt linkage Bale Fork 
Front end loader forks 
Reese Engineering: 
Round bale fork set (basic unit) 
North Island 
$3,950 
1200 kg capacity 
1600 kg capacity 
1200 kg capacity 
1600 kg capacity 
Silabale ( dual purpose) 
Extras - front end loader adaptor 
- fold away transport tray 
- Hi Lift adaptor 
Hay Moisture Tester 
P D.Q. Products Ltd: Delmhorst 
2.20.7 Spray EQuipment 
Croplands Equipment Ltd: 
Cropliner Range of Trailed Sprayers -
620 to 920 mm fan, 90 to 150 11m pump, 1000 to 2000 litres 
Fieni Airblast-Standard Fieni 620 to 920 mm 
Mini-Trailed Sprayers (non-motorized) 700 litre tank -
Attachment Pump 
Nil AR 70 litres/minute 
Braglia AR 70/90 litres/minute 
620mm Fan AR 70/90 litres/minute 
720 mm fan AR 70/90 litres/minute 
B-153 
$ 153.78/bale 
$ 138.49/bale 
$150 to $900 
$5,750 
$8,878 
South Island 
$4,180 
$4,895 to $5,095 
$7,500 to $8,200 
$699 
$912 
$795 
$960 
$2,340 
$780 
$220 
$330 
$730 
$320 
$11,140 to $14,715 
$3,150 to $4,655 
$4,550 
$5,400/$6,000 
$8,1001$8,700 
$8,750/$9,350 
Prices Exclude GST 
Tractor mounw,d 
Attachment 
Nil 
Sprayhead 
620mmFan 
nOmmFan 
820mrnFan 
C.B, Norwood: 
12 Volt electric models?-
Compakt (130 I) 
Pump 
AR 90 litres/minute 
AR 90 Htres/mirmte 
AR 90 litres/minute 
AR 90 litres/minute 
AR 90 litres/rninute 
Tractor(3PL) 
Compakt (280 1) 4m boom 
Farmpak (540 I) om boom 
$1,356 
PTO and Engine models-
280 litre 3PL, 250psi (Tractor) 
T-Bar Horticulta,al Sprayers-
500 litres 
$3,500 
$4,350 
$7,110 
$7,914 
$8,339 
Flatdeck 
$950 
$1,196 
$1,452 
Compakt 2801, 580psi -Tractor(3pl) 
-Trailer 
Farmpak 540 1, 725psi -Tractor(3pl) 
-Trail.er 
700 litres 
$3,800 
$4,650 
$7,419 
$8,214 
$8,649 
Trailer 
$1,723 
$1,886 
-Trailer plus 8 lIP 4 stroke 
$2,240 
$3,217 
$2,845 
$3,282 
$3,520 
Handgun Spraye:rs 
C.B. Norwood: 
Daxit Mini Electric Spray(~rs -
Economy Handgun W/53 litre tank 
Wheeled Handgun 20/53 litre 
DH Handgun sprayer with accurrmiator 53 litre 
Trailer mounted models 
Sprayridcr models-
45 to 100 litre, 3 or 4 wheeler 
Waterblasters 
Ag-Equipmem Specialists: 
Hurricane Complete, tractor driven, 200/500 litre 
Tornado HC45 Complete, 11 hp Honda Petrol Engine 
Wet Sandblast Attachment 
Detergent attachment kit 
Croplands Equipment Co.: 
Portable (electric) 1000 to 1500 psi, 8 to 10 litres/minute 
Motorised 1595 to 2900 psi, 11 to 15 litres/minute 
Prices Exclude GS'f 8-154 
$441/$535 
$635/$857 to $973 
$628 
$676 to $889 
$667 to $736 
$2,795 to $4,425 
$4,195 
$245 
$95 
$990 to $1,250 
$2,050 to $4,200 
2.20.8 Tractor Trays 
Giltraps: 
1.980 m x 1.220 m (6ft 6in x 4ft) 
2.130 m x 1.370 m (7ft x 4ft 6in) 
2.20.9 Trailers 
Tray Only 
$810 
$850 
North Island 
Giltraps:1.5 tonne trailer 2.40 x 1.83 deck 
2 tonne tip trailer 2.75 x 1.83 deck 
3 tonne tip trailer 2.75 x 2.3 deck 
5 tonne tip trailer 3.65 x 2.3 deck 
5 tonne tip trailer - on tandems 
2.20.10 Silage WagonsIForage Harvesters 
Silage Wagons 
$3,400 
$3,850 
$4,550 
$5,580 
$7,400 
Complete 
$1060 
$1100 
South Island 
$4,090 
$4,500 
$5,250 
$6,280 
$8,HX) 
Giltrap Engineering: (Freight Included) add $800 to South Island Dm'CiIElses 
Front-centre Feed Wagons-
Pto or hydraulic - 4.0/5.5n.5 cU.m 
Hydraulic only - 5.5n.5/9.5 cU.m 
Pto only 7.519.5 cU.m 
$9,460 to $U,290 
$11,680 to $15,880 
$12,130 to $15,4>:)0 
Giltrap/Gallagher Combination Harvester/Feed Wagons i.37m cut 
North IsJ!!ml South I~!1IJld 
8.25 m
3 
$24,400 $25,250 
10.25 m
3 
cross conveyor $28,000 $28,850 
11.5 m
3 
$25,290 $26,14D 
15 m
3 
$29,390 $30,290 
Cross Conveyor models (North Island prices - add $800 for South Island) 
9A19B Model30X 5 cu m Standard P.T.O{Hydraulic $12,900/$13,220 
lON1OB Model45X 6.75 cu m Standard P.T.O}Hydraulic $14,040/$14,370 
llNllC Model60X 8.75 cu m on tandems P.T.O./Hydraulic $18,080/$18,030 
Claas: 
Silage loader wagons 
Model 335S 28 Cu m Bin, 45mm cutting length 
Model 335P 31 Cu m Bin, 45 mm cut length 
Model 445P and 445S 33 Cu M Bin 45mm cut length 
Smiths Attachments: 
Mini silage feeder for motorcycle 
B-155 
$59,300 
$49,900 
$55,700 and $62,850 
$5,066 
Prices Exclude GST 
Forage Harvesters 
Omary (Giltrap Engineering): 
FH2P.130 1.3 metre working width 
FH2P.150 1.5 metre working width 
Gallagher: 
Fine cut - 1.35 m central mounted models 
- 1.85 m central mounted model 
Multicut - 1.35 m central mounted models 
- 1.85 m central mounted model 
John Deere: 
New Holland: NH 718n19 
Feco: 
PZ Machines: PZ Schylla flywheel type, high capacity 
PZ Maize chopper MH 160SU 
Precision-chop Forage Harvesters 
Tulloch: 
JFFCT800 
JFFCTlloo 
Trailed 1.6 pickup, electric controls, 50 to 100 lIP 
Trailed Forage Harvester,e1ectric controls, 
1000rpm, 2.1m pickup, 90-150 lIP 
Claas: 
Jaguar 75 - 1.75 m pickup, 85 to 150 lIP 
Jaguar 51 - 1.62 m pickup, 75 to 100 lIP 
SilagelHay Covers 
(see also Section 2.20.23) 
Visqueen silage wrap film, 1500 m roll 
Agpac Plastics Ltd: 
Agtuf - extra wide, super tough polythene film 
6m x 40 m Black 
12 m x 50 m Black/White 
12 x 25 m Black/White 
Agtuf - one piece silage covers Black/White 
Agtuf - Balage Tubing 4.46m x 65m (l.3m Round bale width) 
Prices Exclude GST B-156 
$6,950 
$7,550 
$8,725 to $8,995 
$9,985 
$9,280 to $9,690 
$10,580 
$38,806 
$25,240 to $54,134 
$39,990 
$29,945 
$34,600 
$47,600 
$49,600 
$33,600 
$128 
$261.45 
$654.15 
$327.60 
$1.85/square metre 
$287.00 
Permathene Plastics Ltd: 
Covers-
B & A Silage Covers 
6m x 8m x 125" to 8m x 15m x 125" 
8m x 25m x 125" to 12m x 20m x 125" 
6m x 8m x 250" to 8m x 15m x 250" 
8m x 25m x 250" to 12m x 20m x 250" 
(Cut to length and custom made sheet service available) 
Silothene Silage/Hay Covers 
$ 55.04 to $137.60 
$229.34 to $286.67 
$ 90.88 to $227.20 
$378.67 to $473.34 
6m x 8m x 300" to 10m x 15m x 300" $168.96 to $422.40 
6m x 25m x 300" to 12m x 20m x 300m $704.00 to $880.00 
Baleage Tubing 20 bale coverage per roll superstrength fIlm (for round bale covering) 
4.46m circumference x 65m x 125" (1.42 dia) $297.92 
5.6Om circumference x 65m x 125" (1.78 dia) $374.12 
2.20.11 Grain and Other Feedout Equipment 
Dan Cosgroves: 
Feed silo grain trailer 5.5 to 8 tonnes 
Giltrap: 
$2,500 to $2,900 
Magnesium dusting applicator - 10 kg capacity 12 volt switch and mounting brackets 
to be fItted to feedwagons $624 
Smiths Attachments: 
Small Grain Feeder for motorcycle 
Mini silage feeder for motorcycle 
2.20.12 Fertiliser and Manure Spreaders and Topdressers 
Kuhn: (1990 Price) 
Fertiliser Spreader ciw Agitator ZN 600 
Aitchison Industries: (1990 Prices) 
Oscillating Pipe-Mounted Capacity 350 to 1130 kg 
Precision Spinner, Mounted 
Capacity 350 to 1130 kg 
Trailing Trolley 
North Island 
South Island 
Ground trailed towed by 3 or 4 wheeler 
100 kg capacity 
Garden Maxi - PTO drive and electric 100 kg 
B-157 
North Is. 
$1,060 
$928 
$1,173 
$5,066 
$3,560 
$2,409 to $3,545 
$1,300 to $3,128 
$1,450 to $3,325 
$453 
South Is. 
$1,150 
$978 
Prices Exclude GST 
DML Model 2000 (2T Super) 
Model 3000 (3T Super) 
Power Farming: 
Spun Steel Hopper -
Eurospand Models -
273L 230 It. capacity (300kg), 6 - 12m spreading width 
403L 350 It. capacity (420kg), 6 - 12m spreading width 
503L 450 It. capacity (540kg), 6 - 12m spreading width 
733R Heavy Duty 780 kg 650 It.capacity, 6 - 18 m spreading width 
Polyethylene Hoppers -
B/S Broadspectrum Models - Spinner Spreaders 
XL Series 
XL400 385 It. capacity (460kg) 
XL500 450 It. capacity (540kg) 
Oscillating tube spreaders 
P Series 
P406 
P556 
P706 
P906 
390 It. capacity (470kg) 2 - 20m spreading width 
540 It. capacity (650kg) 2 - 20m spreading width 
690 It. capacity (830kg) 2 - 20m spreading width 
890 It. capacity (1070kg) 2 - 20m spreading width 
Hopper Cover 
Feco: 
Spectra 1000 
Spectra 1250 
Spectra 1500 
Vicon: 
PS202M 
PS403M 
PS603M 
Lely: 
1400CH 
2400CBH 
TPL 1000 litre (2Ocwt) 
TPL 1250 litre (25cwt) 
Trailing 1500 litre (3Ocwt) 
(200 litre/4cwt capacity) 
(400 litre/Scwt capacity) 
(600 litre/l2cwt capacity) 
Capacity 
600kg 
1300kg 
Spreading width 
6to2Om 
6 to 30m 
Prices Exclude GST B-158 
$7,360 
$7,990 
$990 
$1,090 
$1,190 
$2,180 
$1,390 
$1,490 
$2,980 
$3,390 
$3,690 
$3,990 
$95 
$ 6,590 
$ 6,850 
$10,600 
$2,299 
$3,390 
$3.797 
$3,980 
$5,980 
2.20.13 Trucks and Utilities <Light Commercials) 
Daihatsu: 
Diesel Delta Trucks 
1.5 to 3.5 tonne 2 and 4 WD with single or double cabs 
4WD SWB Ferroza/Rocky 5 speed 
$21,240 to $32,884 
$22,218 to $28,000 
Ford: 
Courier Petrol or diesel 
Falcon Models 
Econovan Models 
Mazda: 
2WDB2000 
2WDB2200 
4WD B2600 P/Steering 
T3500 2 Tonne cab/chassis 
T3500 3.5 Tonne 
Cab and Chassis 
$15,554 
$17,329 
$18,218 
T3500 2.75 Tonne Double Cab 7 Seater 
Nissan: 
Navara Models .75 to 1 tonne 
2.0 to 2.6 litre, 2WD and 4WD 5 speed 
Patrol Hardtop 4WD (diesel and petrol) 
Pathfinder 4WD 
Land Rover: 
2.5 litre 2.3-2.8m chassis 4 cylinder range of cabs 
3.5 litre 2.3-2.8m chassis V8 range of cabs 
Toyota: 
4WD 
Choice of cab types, petrol or diesel 
2.8 diesel or 3.0 V6 petrol option 
Landcruiser SWB petrol or diesel 
Landcruiser L WB petrol or diesel 
2WD 
Choice of cab types, petrol or diesel 
Suzuki: 
4WDVitara 
Samurai 
Holden (Blackwell Motors): 
Utilities VG Model 3.8litre 
5.0 litre 
B-159 
$15,907 to $25,862 
$22,662 to $24,884 
$18,218 to $21,418 
Pickup 
$17,151 
$18,929 
$21,418 
$26,836 
$29,769 
$36,436 
$19,550 to $31,000 
$42,500 to $58,950 
$36,900 
$31,022 to $48,888 
$33,689 to $44,444 
Hi-Lux models 2.2 and 2.4 litre 
$24,440 to $35,734 
$27,552 to $49,334 
$34,845 to $39,023 
$33,956 to $45,997 
Hi-Lux models 1.8 to 2.4 litre 
$14,663 to $26,667 
$22,902 to $24,311 
$17.036 to $17,195 
$23,996 to $27,818 
$29,996 to $31,141 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.20.14 Cultivation and Planting Implements 
Ploughs 
Belgrave Implements: 
Trailing Mole plough/Swivelling Mole drain plough 
Combination 
Duncan: (1990 Prices) 
535 Royale Mounted Plough 3/4 furrow c/w landwheel 
Single furrow extension 
562 Semi-trailed Plough 6-8 Furrow c/w rigid skeith 
Single furrow extension 
c/w rigid skeith 
c/w cushion skeith 
Clough: 
2000 TRI-LINE Series 
4 to 6 Furrow (In-furrow) 
7 to 9 Furrow (On-land) 
1000 TRI-LINE Series 
3 to 5 Furrow 
Klough: (1990 Prices) 
Multi Plough - 3 and 4 Furrow 
Semi-mounted Auto Reset 5 and 6 Furrow 
Model 850 Plough Mounted 3 and 4 Furrow 
Model 850 Plough Semi-mounted 4 to 6 Furrow 
Model 860 Plough Semi-mounted 5 to 8 Furrow 
Specialty Machinery Ltd: 
Agric Ploughs 
Model TH3 3 Furrow Hydraulic Reversable Disc Plough 
Model CH4 4 Furrow 
Model PHS 5 Furrow 
Chisel Ploughs and Subsoilers 
Clough: 
Goliath Chisel plough/cultivator 
7 tine (2.7 m) to 15 tine (4.3 m) 
960 3 Row Ridger 
300 Panaerator subtillage plough 3 to 7 legs 
(with coulters and roller crumbIer) 
Prices Exclude GST B-I60 
$824 to $986 
$1,116 
$4,865 to $5,440 
$1,140 
$13,000 to $16,398 
$1,555 
$1,630 
$12,907 to $16,375 
$21,177 to $25,058 
$4,578 to $6,469 
$5,773 to $7,235 
$12,898 to $14,680 
$4,093 to $4,900 
$8,086 to $10,400 
$10,164 to $15,103 
$ 6,985 
$11,890 
$14,665 
$5,511 to $8,057 
$1,783 
$5,019 to $9,088 
Howard: 
-Chisel plough, Heavy Duty 5 tine 
-Paraplow 
1100 Series 3 leg standard legs and disc assembly 
1800 Series 6 leg standard legs and disc assembly 
Aitchison: 
No. tines Frame width Price 
$2,494 
$ 7,506 
$18,475 
metres without coulters with coulters 
Single Beam Model 
1 1.22 $1,183 
2 1.22 $1,616 
2 1.83 $1,762 
3 1.83 $2,195 
4 1.83 $2,628 
Optional extra - crumbIer roller (1.83) 
- vibrator 
Double Beam Model 
3 1.83 $2,249 
4 1.83 $2,682 
5 1.83 $3,115 
5 2.40 $3,361 
7 2.40 $4,227 
9 2.40 $5,093 
Optional extra - crumbIer roller (1.83/2.4 metres) 
- vibrator 
Klough: (1990 Prices) 
Soil aerator Tines 
3 
5 
7 
Leg assembly - $495 
Discs 
D.Cosgrove: 
With Coulters 
$2,640 
$3,850 
$5,039 
Trailing Discs - 32 and 36 Blade 
Duncan: 
Standard Century Disc 8' and 9' 
800 Mounted Disc 7' to 9' 
B-161 
$1,439 
$2,128 
$2,274 
$2,963 
$3,652 
$890 
$1,580 
$3,017 
$3,706 
$4,395 
$4,641 
$6,019 
$7,397 
$1,068 to $1,250 
Without Coulters 
$3,500 
$5,290 
$7,055 
$1,580 
$9,080 to $10,160 
$5,870 to $6,475 
$5,722 to $6,225 
Prices Exclude GST 
Klough: (1990 Prices) 
Disc plough Standard 26" Disc blades 2 to 5 furrow 
Cultivators 
Duncan: 
634 Rotacrumbler 2053m to 4.13m, 22 to 38 tines c/w crumbIer 
635 Contura 4.25m to 6.2Om, 42 to 62 Tines 
630 Single Bar Cultivator 3.Om to 3.6m, 11 to 17 tine 
630 2 Bar Cultivator 3.5m and 5.Om, 17 and 25 tine 
Clough: 
Standard Frame 925 Mini-Till Models. 
106m to 2.6, 13 to 17 tine 
Helper Tines - extra $12.18 
923 Wide Line Trailing Maxi-Till 
With CrumbIer 
$1,660 to $1,996 
5.5 to 7.8m, 54 and 82 tine $14,170 to $16,281 
920 Mounted Maxi-Till Standard Models 
253 to 4.13m , 22 and 38 tine $3,410 to $3,210 
929 Contura - Foldup mounted Maxi-till 
4.25 to 6.2m, 42 to 62 tine, comes with crumbier 
Lely: 
Roterra 
1.5m to 205m, 60 to 100 lIP required 
3.0m to 4.5m, 100 to 275 HP required 
Belgrave Implements: 
Griffin Slicer - ground aerator 
1.42m (3 ft) wide 
L83m (6 ft) wide 
Gallagher: 
Subsoiler and Shakeaerator 
6" Knives 
$1,763 
$2,752 
104m to 2.4m, 2-4 shank - Pasture model 
- Arable model 
AlL: 
Wideline Foldup Cultivator 
4.2/4.8 m 
6.0n.2m 
Prices Exclude GST 
42/46 tine 
58nO tine 
without crumbIer 
roller 
$5,078/$5,436 
$6,237/$6,725 
B-162 
$3810 to $6865 
$2,410 to $3,216 
$5,970 to $7,110 
$3,080 to $4,055 
$4,290 to $5,590 
Less CrumbIer 
$1,170 to $1,321 
$11,576 to $13,408 
$1,770 to $2,460 
$5,970 to $7,110 
$6,350 to $11,250 
$12,250 to $26,890 
9" Knives 
$1,841 
$2,910 
$4,250 to $6,760 
$2,495 to $4,390 
with crumbIer 
roller 
$5,774/$6,352 
$7,345/$8,237 
Rotary Cultivators 
Howard: 
HR4 
HR8 
HR12 
HR20 
HR30 
HR40 
Duncan: 
30HP 
50HP 
60HP 
78HP 
l00HP 
140HP 
105 em to 125 em 
80 em to 125 em 
1.15 m to 1.8 m 
1.3 m to 2.05 m 
1.55 m to 3.05 m 
2.05 m to 3.05 om 
$2,847 to $2,972 
$3,525 to $3,820 
$4,457 to $4,945 
$5,604 to $7,530 
$8,134 to $13,422 
$13,859 to $19,269 
636 Wideline Trailing Rota CrumbIer 
5.5m, 54 Tine, 
7.1m, 64 T"me, 
with crumbIer $14,170, less crumbIer $11,576 
with crumbIer $15,026, less crumbIer $12,347 
Feco: 
CrumbIer Roller 3000 3 metre ground driven 
Kuhn (Dan Cosgrove): 
EL 25 105 and 130 em cut 
EL 80 205 em eut 
Power Equipment: 
Self propelled rotary hoe 7 HP 
Agric: 
Quasar 3 in 1 Shredder Tillar Mulcher Models PT40 to PT70 
Power Harrows 
Kuhn: HR Series models -
HR 300 1M to HR 400 1M Packer, Level, Cam Dutch 
HR 25 1M PackerLevei. Dutch 
HR 400 ID Packer, Level 
HR 301M CrumbIer, Level, Cam Clutch 
Howard: 
HK20 
HK30 
HK40 
2.5mwidth 
3.05mwidth 
4.0mwidth 
Harrows (conventional): 
Howard: 
Finger Harrows 15/16/17/18 run 
19/20/23 run 
8-163 
$7,990 
$3,350 to $3,850 
$9,870 
$2,390 
$5,410 to $6,665 
$23,160 to $29,310 
$17,940 
$22,350 
$18,980 
$10,171 to $14,959 
$19,778 to $22,321 
$23,637 to $29,465 
$530 to $640 
$660 to $745 
Prices Exclude GST 
Duncan: (1990 Prices) 
Zig-Zag Harrows 
Self-clearing Harrows 
Drill Covering Harrows 
I leaf (less drawbar) 
4 leaf bar 
1 leaf (less drawbar) 
3 leaf bar only 
5 leaf bar only 
Single leaf (less bar) 
4 leaf bar and sliders 
3/4/5 leaves - bar and sliders 
Rollers? Cambridge Rollers 
Tulloch-Vaderstad: (1990 Prices) 
6 to 10m hydraulic folding to 3m width 
Austins Foundry Limited: (Timaru) 
4.00m (13ft) Standard to Extra Heavy Rings (26") 
3.65m (12ft) Standard to Extra Heavy Rings (26") 
3.35m (11ft) Standard to Extra Heavy Rings (26") 
3.05m (lOft) Standard to Extra Heavy Rings (26") 
2.8Om (9ft) Standard to Extra Heavy Rings (26") 
2.8Om (10ft) 
2.8Om (10ft) 
VeeRing Seeder Roller (26") 
Heavy Flat Rings (30") 
Field Rollers 
Duncan: 
2.7m/3.Om (9' /lO')Standard Rings (630 mm/26") 
3.Om (10') Deep 'V' Rings 
Belgrave Implements: 
3 pt linkage gang rollers, 3 drums 
Heavy Rollers 
Water Ballast Heavy Rollers 
Drills and Seed Boxes 
Duncan: 
712 Agvance 15 to 23 Run Hoe Coulter 
734 Multiseeder Triple Disc SID 15 Run to 23 Run 
750 Tillseeder (seed and Fertiliser) 11 Run and 15 Run 
Eclipse Sowing Box 15 to 23 Run Front/Rear 
Aitchison Industries: (freight included). 
Seedmatic 2000 Series Linkage Drill -Seed Only 
12,16, and 20 row 1.8/2.44/3.Om 
Prices Exclude GST B-I64 
$310 
$229 
$194 
$226 
$339 
$129 
$80 
$460 to $752 
$16,480 to $28,950 
$3,635 to $4,450 
$3,465 to $4,240 
$3,300 to $4,030 
$2,970 to $3,820 
$2,810 to $3,600 
$3,690 
$5,575 
$3,600 to $3,780 
$4,255 
$3,481 
from $6,000 to $16,000 
$13,680 to $16,758 
$21,820 to $29,560 
$8,749 to $9,740 
$ 2,178 to $ 2,940 
$8,561 to $9,949 
Seedmatic 2100 Series Multiseeder - Seed Only 
1.98m/2.44m,/3.00m 
Seedmatic 2100 Series Linkage Drills - Seed and Fertiliser 
12 to 20 row, 1.8m to 3.Om 
Seedmatic 2100 "T" Trailed Series - Seed and Fertiliser 
12,16, and 20 row, 1.8m to 3.Om 
Seedmatic 1100 Coulter Trailed Drill - Seed and Fertiliser 
12 to 20 row, 1.8m to 3.Om 
Push Disc Drills 
"PD" 2000 series 
16 and 20 row 2.44 and 3.00 m 
"PD" 2100 series 
16 and 20 row 2.44 and 3.00 m 
Tulloch: 
Air Seed Drill 
Linkage 
$15,393 to $20,182 
$17,487 to $22,483 
Accord Pneumatic: 4.5m working width, 32 coulters 
- seed only 
- seed and fertiliser 
Vicon: 
$8,310 to $9,849 
$10,156 to $12,250 
$11,339 to $14,750 
$13,800 to $17,459 
Trailed 
$17,893 to $22,682 
$19,987 to $24,983 
$22,200 
$26,500 
LZ301 
LZ451 
(3m, 32 run, 125mm spacings) 
(4.5m, 32 run, l40mm spacing) 
$15,690 
$19,990 
Lely: Polymat pneumatic drill 300N 3 m width 
400N 4 m width 
Precision Drills 
Howard: 
Stanhay Precision Drill 
Punched Belt Model S981 Single unit 
S981 2 to 6 Row 
Pneumatic model single line 4 and 6 row 
double line 4 and 6 row 
triple line 4 and 6 row 
Specialty Machinery Ltd:(Marton) 
Hand Push Seeder 
Tractor Mounted Seeder 1 row 
c/w floating cradle, 
hitch and tool bar 
B-165 
2 row 
4 row 
$16,250 
$18,550 
$1,688 
$8,662 to $15,990 
$23,074 to $29,759 
$23,859 to $30,936 
$24,381 to $31,720 
$940.00 
$1,308.00 
$2,393.00 
$8,183.00 
Prices Exclude GST 
Transplanters 
Howard: 
Super Prefer Transplanter 1 or 2 row machine 
Lannen Plant Systems: 
RT-2 Transplanters Single Row 
Two Row 
(prices ex. Christchurch/Auckland) 
Specialty Machinery Ltd:(Marton) 
Model 15 - Flexible Disk Transplanter 
(ideal for small plants) 
Multiflex Planting System 
Hassia: 
2 Row Potato Planters 
1 row 
2 row 
1 row 
2 row 
4 row 
Model OLE 2 c/w fert 62.5. 75 or 90cm spacing 
$2.307 or $4.015 
$5,600 
$12.700 
$2.766.00 
$5.309.00 
$2,213.00 
$4,203.00 
$8.183.00 
Model OLO 2 c/w fert 62.5. 75 or 90cm spacing Paralleogram Furrows 
Model OLB 2D - same as above but with Hydraulic Tip Hopper 
$9.550 
$10.120 
$14,275 
Tree planting auger 
Aitchison Industries: 
152mm to 304mm diameter. adjustable from 0.43m to 0.61m long. 
replaceable cutter and Tungsten Carbide tip $140.10 to $182.50 
38 cm extentions to fit all above $62.90 
2.20.15 Combine HarvestersIHeaders 
Claas: 
DOM 685 
DOM 98 
DOMI081 
15' Cutter Bar 
17' Cutter Bar 
20' Cutter Bar 
lohnDeere: JD 107 (1990 price) 
Ford New Holland: 
120 HP Mech. Drive 
150 HP Hyd. Drive 
250 HP Hyd. Drive 
8000 Series M - 3.66 to 4.58 m (12 to 15 ft) 
TX Series H - 6.1 m (20 ft) 
TF44 Series H - 6.1 and 7.3 m (20 and 24 ft) 
Prices Exclude GST B-166 
$149.620 
$218.226 
$275.766 
$148.000 
$155.840 to $191.027 
$264,075 
$267.755 and $271.000 
2.20.16 Lifters, Diggers and Harvesters 
ASA -UFT: - for a wide range of vegetables, flowers and bulbs. 
Hydraulic Combi Harvesters 
Top lifting Carrots 
Two row 
Lifting Potatoes - driven by tractor remote control 
Lifting Onions - driven by tractor remote control 
Potato Harvester 1 row 
Potato and Onion Harvester 2 row 
Green Bean Harvester 
Green Bean Grader 
Lifter for Leeks and Bulbs 
Onion Turner 
Mini Harvesters 
Toplifting Carrots and other root crops 
Lifting Carrots without tops 
For Onions with sorting table and bin platform 
2.20.17 Windrowers 
Claas: 
3.3 mwidth 
3.8 mwidth 
Lely Lotus Tedder/Windrowers: 
300 Combi 2 Rake Wheels, 3m working width 
600 Stabilo Combi 4 Rake Wheels, 6m working width 
2.20.18 Maize Choppers 
Feco: 
PZ Machines: Model MH 80S Single Row 
Model 1060SU Double Row Reversable Mountings 
Claas: 
Single Row Maize Choppers (Jaguar 35) 
2.20.19 Farm Bulldozers 
Gough Gough and Hamer: Caterpillar range 
D3C 54kw (73HP)ID4C 63kW (84HP) 
AG4/AG6 72kw(125 HP) to 179 kW(240 HP) 
Challenger 65 201kw/270 gross HP 
B-167 
$58,325 to $76,591 
$126,200 
$26,884 
$24,020 
$48,155 
$70,750 
$61,905 
$8,844 
$2,432 
$4,865 
$34,784 
$25,215 
$25,010 
$5,825 to $6,985 
$8,185 
$4,990 
$13,555 
$9,990 
$29,945 
$ 16,625 
$99,000 and $121,000 
$179,000 and $285,000 
$267,000 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.20.20 Lift Trucks (Fork Lifts) 
For orchard, cool store and general lifting work. 
Gough, Gough & Hamer Ltd. 
Hyster Lift Trucks 
(Lift Heights from 3.8m to 7.Om) 
Side shift and Fork options, Prices include all standard equipment. 
Petrol/Diesel 
1.5 tonne to 3.0 tonne 
4.0 tonne/5.0 tonne 
Hyster Electric (Cold Store Application) 
1.5 tonne 
2.5 tonne/3.0 tonne 
2.20.21 Other Farm/Orchard Equipment 
See also section 2.19.6, fencing equipment. 
Chainsaws 
$30,000 to $39,000 
$56,000/$65,000 
$38,000 
$54,000/$58,000 
Where chainsaws have variable bar lengths available, price quoted is for smallest bar. 
Russell Thomas Engineers: 
Sachs-Dolmar 
33cc/43cc 
51cc/52cc/6Occ/68ce 
85ce/95cc/118ce 
McCulloch: 
Bar Size 
14"/15" 
15"/18"/21 " 
21 "/24"/30"/33"/37"/44" 
32ce/35cc 14"/16" 
57ce/6Occ 16"120" 
7Occ/82cc 20"/24" 
Electric 1250W 14" 
Power Cut Saws 35ce/6Occ 7"/12" Masonary Disc 
Titan: 
35ce/35ce 
51ce/57cc 
70cc 
Brushcutterstrrimmers 
Russel Thomas Engineers: 
14"/16" 
16"120"/24" 
20"/24" 
$ 408.00 to $ 692.44 
$ 701.33 to $ 896.89 
$1145.78 to $1493.33 
$310.22 to $408.00 
$612.44 to $62133 
$656.89 to $799.11 
$212.44 
$390.22/$879.11 
$443.56 to $505.78 
$612.44 to $674.67 
$852.44 to $861.33 
McCulloch Brushcutter 21ce to 38cc Flexi/Solid Shaft 
Hedge trimmer 21ce 
$355 to $710 
$532.44 
Prices Exclude GST B-168 
Feco: 
Kaaz Brushcutters -
V24 24cc, 23Omm, 8 tooth blade 
V35-T180 35cc, c/w blade 
V520-T240 5Occ, c/w blade 
Knapsack Brushcutters 
BL-T170 32cc to 5Occ, c/w blade 
Kaaz Hedge Trimmers -
TMIOC-T150 
TM30B-T130 
Vine Trimmers 
Gallagher: 
15.9cc, Double Sided Blade 
22.6cc, Double Sided Blade 
Vineyard trimmers 900 mm horizontal bar/1500 mm cutter bar 
Kiwifruit vine trimmer 1800 mm cutter bar 
Leaf remover (vineyard) - complete unit 
Quinn-Baleboys LId: 
Vine Trimmer 
Forklifts 
Quin-Baleboys: 
Lift Height 
2 Stage l.5m 
3 Stage 
4 Stage 
1.9m 
2.0/lAm 
3.0/3.3m 
2.59m 
2.59m 
Options Available: 
Unit Only 
$4,870 to $12,960 
Lift Capacity 
750-1250 kg 
1500 - 2000 kg 
4501750 kg 
750 - 1250 - 2000 kg 
1000 - 1250 kg 
1000 kg 
Bin Forks 1500 kg 
Sideshift - fitted to forklift (including hydraulics) 
Front Mounting 
Rotating Forks 
Bin Tipper 1500 TIp 
B-169 
$355 
$621 
$755 
$649 
$499 
$621 
$2,530/$2,880 
$3,145 
$3,500 
Fitted to tractor 
$5,450 to $14,980 
$2,400 to $2,800 
$3,800 to $4,500 
$1,850/$2,550 
$3,160 to $4,900 
$4,100 to $4,500 
$5,200 
$570 
$1260 
$2350 
P.O.A. 
$2955 
Prices Exclude GST 
Portable Generators and Welders 
Lincoln Electric: 
140 MSIAC225S (415 volt) 
Tractapac (basic) 
Weldanpower 175/225 Petrol 
Weldanpower 175/225 Diesel 
Honda Power Equipment: 
EM 650 550v AC output 12v DC 8.3 Amps 
EG1900X 1900v AC output 
EB3000X 3000v AC output 
EB4500X 4500v AC output 12v DC 8.3 Amps 
HA4000E 5500v AC output 
Suzuki Generators: 
SV 1800 petrol dual voltage (120/240 V) 1.8 kV N6{) Hz 
SV 2200 petrol dual voltage (120/240 V) 2.2 kV N6{) Hz 
SV 4000 petrol dual voltage (120/240 V) 4.0 kV N6{) Hz 
Turfcare: 
2 stroke AC/DC 
Heavy duty AC/DC 
Silent type 
Ladders 
Tagar Metal Services Ltd: 
Alluminium Ladders 
Height 
1.2m 
2.1m 
2.7m 
Pruning Equipment 
Hortlink Marketing Ltd: 
Forest Pruning Ladder 
Lopping Shears 
27" Heavy Duty Brushcutter 
Forest Pruning Saw 
Pasture Probes 
Mosaic Systems Ltd: 
Pasture Probe version 3 or 4 
Prices Exclude GST 
1.8mt04.2m 
B-170 
$475 to $977 
$1,685 
$ 3,123 to $4,500 
$ 4,816 to $8,066 
$1,155 
$1,655 
$2,395 
$2,665 
$2,925 
$1,243.56 
$1,332.44 
$2,043.56 
$750 
$1,155 to $1,530 
$1,335 
Price 
$198.56 
$268.28 
$319.34 
$145.35 to $149.00 
$48.34 
$85.85 
$48.00 
$1,350 or $1,350 
Specialty Machinery Limited: (Marton) 
Polythene Layer 600-12OOm rolls 3 point linkage 
Hand Weeder - left and right hand weed hoes & 2 ducks foot cultivators 
$1,380 
$260 
$550.00 Bagging-off Units 2 Bag 
2.20.22 Safety Equipment 
Croplands Equipment Ltd: 
Air Hood c/w Arbin Tractor Mounted Filter and Portable Filter 
Air Hood c/w Arbin Tractor Mounted FJlter 
Air Hood c/w Portable FJlter 
Klean Air Hood only 
Arbin Tractor Mounted Filter only 
New Zealand Safety (Wormald): 
$2,050 
$1,090 
$980 
$440 
$930 
Chemical spray suit (polylaminated. elastic cuff, with hood) $47.85 
Crop spraying helmets 
Dust master (motorised) $577.00 
AHSO Airstream Helmet (Racool product) - complete respiratory protection $750.13 
Welding helmet $3l.35 
Hortlink Marketing Ltd: 
Poly Laminated Jackets 
Trousers 
Poly Coveralls 
Earmuffs 
Respirator (chemical) Hood with visor 
Air Supply Mask 
Fire Extinguishers: 
New Zealand Safety (Wormald): 
Dry powder (A, B, and C classification) 
1.0 kg/2.25 kg 
4.5 kg/9.0 kg 
Antiexplosive containers 
Safety Cans for liquids (petrol and diesel) 
2 gallon (9.1 litre) 
4 gallon (18.2 litre) 
B-171 
$22.35 
$18.00 
$37.90 
$11.80 to $12.21 
$44.06 
$6l.31 
$90.401$218.30 
$290.901$400.50 
$189.79 
$198.32 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.20.23 Protection (Crop) 
Frost Alarm - No longer manufactured but can be constructed with separate 
components for around $400.00. 
Permathene Plastics Ltd: 
Birdnetting 3mx5Om 
3mx 100m 
Carnation and flower netting - quoted to requirements. 
Marix frost protection 2m x l00m/4m x 100m 
2m x l000m/4m x l000m 
Manx thermal screening 2m x l00m/4m x 100m 
Croplands Equipment Ltd: 
Purivox Bird Scarers - Operate from propane gas. 
Triplex c/w Timer (protecting 1 to 2 ha.) 
Triplex Caroused c/w Timer (protecting 4 to 5 ha.) 
Electro-Tek Engineering Ltd: 
Zon Scarecrow - Complete unit 
- gun only 
- timer only 
- tripod 
Tarpaulins 
Straightline Canvas: 
Hay Covers - carnbicon (50 sq. metres) 
Trucks - canvas 
- carnbicon 
-PVC 
Permathene Plastics: 
Tarpaulins Heavyweight reinforced vinyl - made to measure 
All Purpose Supercovers 
- Heavy duty Polythene with Permtab Eyelets at 1 metre centres 
1.8m x 1.2m to 1.8m x 3.Om 
3.6m x 2.4m to 3.6m x 4.8m 
3.6m x 5.5m to 5.5m x 9.1m 
$134.69 
$254.75 
$120.00/$240.00 
$1044.52/$2089.04 
$282.31/$565.61 
$995.00 
$1,295.00 
$720.00 
$355.00 
$231.00 
$134.00 
$ 8.60/ sq. metre 
$23.20/ sq. metre 
$10.40/ sq. metre 
$19.10/ sq. metre 
$ 12.20 to $ 23.37 
$ 41.25 to $ 73.31 
$ 83.16 to $137,01 
- Heavy duty woven polythene, rope reinforced hem and brass eyelets 
1.8m x 2.4m to 3.6m x 2.4m $ 25.61 to $ 50.46 
3.6m x 3.Om to 3.6m x 6.1m $ 61.88 to $107.72 
All Purpose Supercover Rolls Standard 
1.83m x 100m Assorted colours 
Prices Exclude GST B-l72 
$466.65 
2.21 BUILDINGS 
2.21.1 Building Permit Charges 
Palmerston North City Corporation Charges: 
Permit Value Fee 
(Up to and including) 
$1,500 
$3,000 
$5,000 
$10,000 
$20,000 
$30,000 
$40,000 
$50,000 
$60,000 
Planning Fees Garages 
Dwellings 
Commercial 
$48 
$96 
$144 
$225 
$355 
$436 
$517 
$598 
$678 
Permit Value 
$80,000 
$100,000 
$120,000 
$140,000 
$160,000 
$200,000 
$250,000 
$300,000 
Every Additional $50,000 
Note: These do not include plumbing and drainage planning fees 
Vehicle crossings 
Selwyn District Council (Canterbury): 
Permit Value Fee 
$0 to $3,000 $57.77 
$3,001 to $4,000 $66.67 
$4,001 to $5,000 $75.56 
$5,001 to $6,000 $84.44 
$6,001 to $7,000 $97.78 
$7,001 to $8,000 $106.67 
$8,001 to $9,000 $120.00 
$9,001 to $10,000 $128.89 
$10,001 to $15,000 $168.89 
Permit Value 
$15,001 to $20,000 
$20,001 to $30,000 
$30,001 to $40,000 
$40,001 to $50,000 
$50,001 to $60,000 
$60,001 to $70,000 
$70,001 to $80,000 
$80,001 to $90,000 
$90,001 to $100,000 
Fee 
$760 
$841 
$922 
$1,003 
$1,084 
$1,165 
$1,246 
1,327 
$81 
$8.00 
$17.00 
$31.00 
$545.00 
Fee 
$213.33 
$266.67 
$320.00 
$400.00 
$480.00 
$533.33 
$568.89 
$608.89 
$640.00 
Values in excess of $100,000 and not exceeding $500,000 will be assessed at $720 
plus $3.56 per every additional $1,000 or part thereof. 
Values in excess of $500,000 will be assessed at $2,062.22 plus $0.89 per every 
additional $1,000 or part thereof. 
Note: These do not include plumbing and drainage planning fees 
Building Research Levy 
For values over $20,000 - $1.02/$1,000. This figure applies to the whole building 
value and includes all building costs including plumbing and drainage e.g a building 
valued at $20,300 incurs a levy of $21.47. 
B-173 Prices Exclude GST 
2.21.2 Bridges 
c.& F. Industries (Ex Depot Carterton): 
3.6m x 3.3m wide $ 1,207 
6.Om x 3.8m wide $ 4,908 
9.Om x 3.8m wide $ 7,081 
12 m x 3.8m wide $10,134 
2.21.3 Dairy Sheds 
15 m x 3.8m wide 
18 mx3.8m wide 
21 m x 3.8m wide 
24 m x 3.8m wide 
$14,395 
$18,434 
$22,485 
$28,780 
The cost of building dairy sheds varies considerably depending on type of shed, 
availability of materials and labour, building site (completely new or conversion of 
existing shed), access to electricity and water, to name but a few factors. 
Alfa-Laval: 
Complete milking plant, from cluster to delivery line including jetter wash system but 
excluding water heaters, plumbing and electrical. 
Economy 
Standard 
Hiflo specification 
Triovac 
Colostrum Divert System 
Turn-Styles: 
Standard Prices -
Tum-Style platforms, sizes 20 to 60 bails 
Price varies with number of bails $1540 to $1350 (60 bails) 
$ per cluster 
$1500 
$1750 
$1950 
$2100 
$760 
This is the installed price including all rollers, dial a speed controller, drive unit and 
standard bails. 
Tum-Style FIexitop (TM) 
The FIexi-top can be purchased as a complete package including yards, office, store, 
platform, roof, walls and all concrete or any of the individual components. 
Number of bails 20 40 60 
FIexi-top Platform, 
Roof and Walls $2,110 per bail $2,100 per bail $2,000 per bail 
Complete packages which involve all buildings, platform, and yards generally are in 
the range of $4,200 to $4,600/bail. 
Prices Exclude GST B-174 
Turn-Style components 
Turn-Style Drive Standard 
Heavy Duty 
Dial a speed controller 
2.21.4 Deer complex buDding costs: 
Approximate range (including pen) 
2.21.5 FertiUser Bins 
C.& F.lndustries: 
Sliding Arch Fertiliser Bins: 
2 Bays 50 tonnes capacity 
3 Bays 80 tonnes capacity 
4 Bays 110 tonnes capacity 
McKendrys: 
Modular Construction Concrete Bins -
2m x 2m Concrete Slabs including brackets 
Columns 
2.21.6 Garages 
Profile Buildings Ltd: 
Garage I Workshop and Office 
6.0 x 3.6m Single Garage 
6.0 x 6.Om Double Garage 
9.0 x 6.Om (Side Entry) Deluxe 
10.2x7.2m 
$6,200 
$8,700 
$1,850 
$7,500 - $15,000 
$10,494 
$12,808 
$15,128 
$200 
$125 
Galvanised 
$3,090 
$4,309 
$5,545 
$ 6,893 
Note: Prices provide a timber framing, colorsteel cladding, windows, side door 2.6m, 
Tilta door and concrete floor which is based on the site being clear of all 
vegetation and level. 
The 9.0 x 6.0 (side entry) Deluxe includes a lined and insulated room of 18 
square metres with aluminium joinery. Suitable for a farm office, workshop or 
living quarters. 
B-175 Prices Exclude GST 
2.21.7 Grain Silos 
Refer also to Section 2.19.5, Silo Mesh. 
Dan Cosgrove Ltd: (Silos must be bolted to concrete base.) 
Model Diam Ovrall Bushel Metric Tonnes Capacity Wholesale 
(m) Hght Capcty Wheat Barley m
3 
Price 
(m) 
12/3 3.66 3.51 837 22 19 29.50' $2,672 
12/6 3.66 5.95 1566 42 36 55.16 $3,488 
15/4 4.58 4.59 1733 46 39 61.06 $3,479 
18/5 5.49 5.67 310'2 83 71 109.27 $5,0'34 
21/6 6.41 6.74 5049 136 116 177.85 $7,238 
24/5 7.32 6.20 5276 154 131 201.70' $7,792 
24n 7.32 5.71 7662 206 176 269.86 $9,901 
24/9 7.32 9.45 9609 260 221 338.00 $12,005 
Note: Price includes free delivery 80' kilometres from Timaru only. $2.20' per 
kilometre thereafter. 
Transportable silos 
Diam. Height Bushell Wheat Barley Oats Maize 
m m Capacity t t t t 
121 3.66 3.31 452 13 10' 8 12 $3,822 
122 3.66 4.21 695 20 15 13 18 $4,0'17 
123 3.66 4.93 938 27 21 17 24 $4,375 
124 3.66 5.74 1191 33 27 22 30' $4,825 
125 3.66 6.55 1424 40 32 26 37 $5,117 
126 3.66 7.36 1667 46 38 31 43 $5,499 
Note: Price includes free delivery 80' kIn from Timaru to Rakaia. $2.20 per kilometre 
thereafter. 
When a pilot vehicle is required it is to be supplied by client. 
Silos come complete with external wall ladder and bagging-off chute. 
2.21.8 Greenhouses and Growing Tunnels 
Tunnelhouses 
Tunnel World Ltd: Kitsets (including freight) 
Caps - 3.Om width x 2m to 8m length 
- 3.Om width x 10m to 30m length 
- 4.Om width x 2m to 8m length 
- 4.Om width x 10m to 30m length 
Prices Exclude GST B-176 
$363 to $773 
$918 to $2,359 
$400 to $994 
$1,166 to $3,105 
Commercial Units 
- 6.3m width x 2.2m side height (3.4 m mid height). 
- single cover $46.00 per square metre 
- twin skinned $53.00 per square metre 
Greenhouse Film 
Permathene Plastics Ltd: 
Greenhouse dueting Film 
Graphlon (Reinforced) 
Greenhouse Distributors Ltd: 
305 or 460 mm x SO", x l00/lOOm $53.19 to $160.40 
610mm x SO", x l00/200m $106.381$212.77 
l000mm x SOll/I25", x 50m $68.731$107.17 
1m or 2m x 100m clear 
4m or 6m x 25 m clear 
7.8mor 10.7mx25 MClear 
$590 or $1,180 
$695 or $1,390 
$1,911 or $1911.25 
Infrasol2663 layer co-extruded Greenhouse FIlm (150",) 
6m/8m/1Om/12m/14m (width) x 50m (length) $532.00 to $1,242.50 
$2.10/m
2 
Cut length price 
Agphane 101 -
2m or 4m x 50m rolls 
Cut price length 
Infrane X30 -
2m to 5m width, 100m length 
Cut price length 2 m only 
Rain cover - roof 
Single vent 
Crop King 
Glasshouse Equipment 
Exal Glasshouse Equipment Ltd: 
Irrigation Controllers 
$218.55 or $416.21 
$2.82 per m
2 
$95.87 to $318.50 
$O.69/m
2 
$1.70 per square foot ($18.28 per square metre) 
$2.93 per square foot ($31.51 per square metre) 
$2.90 per square foot ($31.18 per square metre) 
8 station, twin programme, battery backup $350.00 
Soil Warming Cables 
20' ,75 watt, suit 5 sq.ft. 
40', 150 watt, suit 10 sq.ft 
80' , 300 watt, suit 20 sq ft 
160', 600 watt, suit 40 sqft 
267' 1000 watt, suit 67 sq ft 
Fan Electric Air Heaters 
10 to 20 kW standard 12 to 15" blade 
30 to 60 kW standard 15 to 18" blade 
B-I77 
$55.90 
$84.50 
$133.90 
$239.20 
$407.50 
$800 to $1,250 
$1,450 to $2,300 
Prices Exclude GST 
Ventilation Fans 
EM 30 
EM 48 
FanjetEC 30 
ExalFans 
Series 500 
Series 600 
30 inch 10,500 cfm 
48 inch 21,500 dm 
Fresh air or recirculating 
5000cfm 
6500cfm 
With Louvers 
$1,250 
$1,590 
$1,670 
$550 
$850 
Exal Ventilation Fansets (extraction fans) 
500mm unit 1400 rpm 
600mm unit 900-1400 rpm 
5000 cfm, 8495 m
3
/he 
6500cfm, 11043 m
3
Jhr 
$550.00 
$825.00 
Horizontal Airflow Fans - TIJRBOFAN 
500 series 1400 rpm 5000 cfm, 8495 m
3
/he $385.00 
$425.00 500 series Speed Controller 
Down draft fans - THERMOFAN 
300mm 1400 rpm 
Euroemme Hot Air Gas Heaters 
Suspended 58 kW/128 kW 
Thelmostats 
Exal ET 0 - 40 waterproof 
Exal ETP 0 - 40 Propagation 
100 cfm, 1870 m
3
/he 
Humidity Gauges Wet bulb, Dry bulb with easy chart 
Environment Controllers 
Auto control of wind/leeward vents, heating control 
Multifan Controller 
Greenhouse Distributors: 
Propagation Heating Panels 
350 mm x 200 mm/333 mm 
500 rum x 255 mm/400 mm 
.Mosaic Systems Ltd: 
Greenhouse Internal Control System: 
18 watt 
18 watt 
PlantPlan desk computer based controller 
C0
2 
Control. System 
SolarfThermal Screen Controller 
Fertigation Controller 
Greenhouse Temperature and Humidity Controller 
Nfl System Controller 
Special Function PlantPlan Station 
Prices Exclude GST B-178 
$285.00 
$3,600/$4,200 
$71.00 
$54.00 
$51.00 
$1,100 
$790.00 
$40.15 to $43.60 
$46.70 to $56.00 
from $10,000 
$2,850 
$1,850 plus sensors 
from $900 
$2,850 plus sensors 
$2,850 plus sensors 
$1,850 
2.21.9 HaybarnslImplement Sheds 
P & T Holdings: 
9 metre Contour Haybarn 3.6m Bays 
2 Bays/3 Bays 
4 Bays/5 Bays 
Blank end/end with sliding doors 
$5,200/$7,500 
$9,800/$12,100 
$1,100/$2,600 
6.25 metre Lean-to Implement Sheds 4.5 metre Bays, closed back and ends. 
2/3/4 Bays $ 6,300/$ 8,500/$ 10,700 
7.2 metre Gable Haybarn - roof only. 4.5 metre Bays. 
2/3/4 Bays 
C.& F.lndustries: 
Haysheds (Kitset) 
Ba~ Bales 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
End wall 
500- 550 
1000-1100 
1500-1650 
2000-2250 
2500- 2750 
3000- 3250 
Door end wall 
Lean - To Implement Sheds 
1 Bay 
2 Bays 
3 Bays 
4 Bays 
5 Bays 
6 Bays 
MeAlpines: 
Haybarus (Materials only) 
Size 
3 Bay 
4 Bay 
5 Bay 
6 Bay 
(Metres) 
(13.5 x 6.0) 
(18.0 x 6.0) 
(22.5 x 6.0) 
(27.0 x 6.0) 
$3,521 
$4,966 
$6,417 
$7,848 
$9,311 
S,hed 
$3,253 
$4,756 
$6,259 
$7,773 
$9,273 
$10,772 
Approx. Capacity 
B-179 
(bales) 
1515 
2025 
2530 
3050 
$5,200/$7,200/$9,200 
h!!an - To 
$ 3,728 
$ 5,361 
$ 6,995 
$ 8,633 
$10,265 
$11,898 
$1,080 
$2,1.60 
~anol1Y 
$ 334 
$ 553 
$772 
$ 991 
$1,210 
$1,429 
i 
$4,476 
$5,676 
$6,858 
$8,060 
Prices Exclude GST 
McVicar Timber Group Ltd: 
Hay Bam Poles 
125mm x 3.0mJ4.2m/5.4m $18.89 to $44.80 
Cover Fast Building Systems: 
Length 
Height 
Area (m
2
) 3.Om 3.5m 
Imp. Shed 6.5 x 12m to 12.5 x 24m 
Packing Shed 6.5 x 12m to 12.5 x 24m 
78-300 $4584-$13494 $4760-$13826 
78-300 $5518-$15009 $5757-$15486 
2.21.10 Houses 
New cost varies considerably but is approximately $800 per square metre ($74 per 
square foot) for an average farm homestead. 
Cottages 
Profile Buildings Ltd: 
Single man's quarters 
1 Bedroom Home 
2 Bedroom Budget 
2 Bedroom Standard 
2 Bedroom Family Home 
3 Bedroom Budget 
3 Bedroom Standard 
9:0mx4.2m 
8.4mx5.4m 
8.7mx6.3m 
10.2mx6.6m 
11.4mx6.6m 
12.6mx6.3m 
12.6mx6.6m 
$31,410 
$36,221 
$40,642 
$46,679 
$49,702 
$50,998 
$55,129 
N.B. Includes coloursteel cladding, plans, pennits, concrete floor, lining, insulation, 
gibstopping, all joinery, kitchen and bathroom plumbing, stove, electrical, 
painting and papering, carpets and vinyl. 
Sleepouts: 
3mx3m 
3.6mx3.6m 
4.8 mx3.6m 
Beazley Homes: 
$5,399 
$6,180 
$7,268 
Complete paint and wallpaper, stove, sink, vanity unit etc., woodgrain hardiplank with 
iron roof, free delivery within 30 kIn of construction site. 
1 Bedroom house (37.8 sq.metres) 
2 Bedroom house (67 to 84 sq.metres) 
3 Bedroom house Budget Homes (80 to 127 sq.rnetres) 
4 Bedroom house (125 to 178 sq.metres) 
Prices Exclude GST B-I80 
$45,300 
$56,356 to $63,466 
$62,222 to $89,867 
$80,000 to $111,000 
Fraemohs Industries: (ex Christchurch) 
Interlocking solid timber homes. 
Model Bedroom Area Homel!ack Homel!ack Plus Erected 
Square metres 
201 2 52 $ 32,511 $38,060 $ 57,509 
203 2 75 $37,800 $42,929 $ 61,964 
205 2 88 $46,275 $52,028 $74,479 
303 3 99 $47,832 $54,286 $ 78,787 
318 3 132 $59,652 $67,462 $101,162 
314 3 144 $ 85,574 $97,733 $135,434 
402 4 164 $82,044 $ 91,428 $131,177 
405 4 170 $ 80,168 $ 89,090 $132,190 
Note: 
Homel!ack Walls. Windows. Exterior and interior doors. Ground floor joists, 
flooring, sisalation. First joists and flooring (where shown). Roof 
beams. Rafters. Sarking and fascia boards. Batts, building paper, 
purlins and roofing. Spouting and down pipes. Stain and satin 
polyurethane. Stairs (where shown). Hardware. Working drawings 
and erection instructions. 
Homel!ack Plus As Homepack, plus: 
Kitchen joinery. Plumbing fittings. 
Erected All Homepack I, erected and painted plus: 
Electrical installations. Plumbing installation and painting. An 
allowance for drainage, foundations and building permit. 
2.21.11 GardenShedslPumphouses 
Profile Buildings Ltd. 
1.075 mx 1.945 m 
1.540 m x 2.300 m 
2.300 m x 2.300 m 
2.21.12 Killing Sheds 
Cement Products: 
2.13 m x 2.8 m high with aluminium screen door 
McKendrys: 
Square 2.44 m x 2.44 m 
Round 2.7 m high x 2.2 m diameter 
B-181 
$432 
$620 
$727 
$2,560 
$2,500 
$1,560 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.21.13 Piggeries (Circular Arclll 
C.& F.Industries: 
Bays 
2/3 
4/5 
6 
Vents - each 
2.21.14 Shelters (Stock) 
!ru!h 
6/9m 
12/15 m 
18m 
P.& F.Industries: Goat/Calf Shelters 
Ahead Farm Buildings: Calf/Goat Shed 
2.21.15 Silage Pits 
McKendrys: 
Modular 2m x 2m slabs including brackets 
Columns 
Note can be used as fertiliser bins 
2.21.16 Woolshed!Covered Yards 
C.& F industries: 
Crossno Woolshed 
Standard 3 Stand 
Each Additional Shearing Stand 
Each Additional Woolroom Bay 
Each Additional Yard Bay 
Raised Board 
Sheep Grating Panels Wooden 2.4m x 1.2m 
Calder Stewart Industries Ltd: 
fug~ 
$11,157 to $13,598 
$16,030 to $18,444 
$20,855 
$ 811 
$1,063 to $2,155 
$2,601/$3,623 
$200 
$125 
$38,719 
$ 3,298 
$ 3,368 
$3,'102 
$ 916 
$63.09 per sq. m 
Woolsheds would typically cost $200 to $250 per square mette to erect. Covered 
yards (building component only - not including cost of yards) cost $45 to $55 per 
square mette. 
Cover Fast Building Systems: 
Length 
Covered Yard 6.5 x 12m to 12.5 x 24m 
Height 
Area (m
2
) 3.Om 3.5m 
78-300 $3207-$10769 $3207-$10769 
Prices Exclude GST B-182 
2.21.17 Yards 
Sheep Price varies markedly depending mainly on capacity. Yards with 1000 ewe 
capacity about $4000; 5000 ewe capacity about $10,000. 
Cattle Price varies markedly with capacity and design (number of gates etc). Yards 
with a 50 head capacity at least $5,500 (through to $80,000 for 500 head). 
Sheep/Cattle/Deer Yard Plans: 
Available from MAP Qual .? Rotorua (March 1990) - a variety of plans available at an 
approximate cost of $10 /plan (minimum purchase 3 plans for $31). 
2.21.18 Dog Motels 
Aabaas Bros Ltd: 
Sheep Dogs Single to 4 Dog Units 
2.21.19 Building Materials 
Cement Products 
Firth Industries: 
Hydrated Lime 
Milburn Cement (Grey) 
Handicrete/Mortarmix 
Mortamix 
Builders Mix 
Crusher Dust 
Mortar Sand/Blended sand 
White Cement 
$324.80 to $1033.72 
$12.31/25 kg bag 
$11.33/40 kg bag 
$11.33/40 kg bag 
$4.58125 kg bag 
$3.20/25 kg bag 
$14.65/0.5 cubic metre 
$41.78/ cubic metre 
$30.00/40 kg bag 
Higgins Redimix Concrete: (Ex Palmerston North and Feilding) 
MPa 20mm 
10/15/17.5/20 
25/30/35/40 
Blockfill 
Kerb Mix 
${Cu.M 
$99 to $130 
$146 to $195 
$171.00 
$140.00 
14mm 
$/Cu.M 
$104 to $135 
$151 to $200 
Small load Surcharge 
Rural Delivery 
up to 2 m
3 
$30.00/1oad 
$5.00/Loadlkm one way over 10 km 
Permathelle Plastics: 
Building and Agricultural Polythene (B & A) 
Black Polythene 
1m x 100m x 50", to 4m x 50m x 250", 
DonClips - 200 pack 
B-183 
$31.44 to $304.77 
$47.00 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.22 SHELTER AND FARM FORESTRY COSTS 
2.22.1 Shelter Plants 
The prices shown below are the approximate cost per 100 for trees commonly grown 
on the fann. The price does not include planting. 
Gibbs Nurseries Ltd: (Dannevirke) 
Abella (Chinese Floribunda) 
Acacia (Black Wattle) 
Alnus Cordata 
Cedrus Deodara (Indian Cedar) 2 year 
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana 2 year 
Cupressus all varieties 2 year trees 
Cortaderia spp. 2 year (pampas) 
Eucalyptus spp. 2 year 
Pinus Radiata 2 year 
Populus spp. (Poplars) 
Douglas Fir (Oregon) 2 year old 
Salix Matsudana (Willow) 
Ngongotaha Nursery: (Bay of Plenty) 
Tasmanian Blackwood (Acacia spp) 
Italian Alder (Alnus spp.) 
Betulaspp 
Cedrus deodara (Himalayan cedar) 2 year 
Cupressus (all spp) 
Cystys proliferus 
Eucalyptus spp 
Fagus sylvatia (0.6 to 0.9 m) 
Juglais (Walnut) spp >1.4 m 
Larix kaempfari (Japanese Larch) (0.75 to 1.2 m) 
Leyland cypress (0.3 to 0.5 m) 
Pseudotouga menzies (Douglas fir) 0.5 to 0.8 m 
Pinus radiata OF5 seedlings 
OF16 2 year trees 
OF17 seedlings 
0F21 field cuttings 
OF22 nursery cuttings 
Ministry of Forestry: (Rotorua) 
Pinus radiata 1 yr OFt7 
Douglas frr - 2 year 
Shining Blue Oum 
Macrocarpa 
Corsican Pine - 2 year 
Ponderosa pine 2 year 
Prices Exclude GST B-184 
$133/100 
$93/100 
$173/100 
$129/100 
$116/100 
$107 to $116/100 
$53/100 
$187/100 
$ 87/100 
$129/100 
$ 87/100 
$129/100 
$76.44/100 
$142.22/100 
$29.33/100 
$284.44/100 
$115.56/100 
$800.00/100 
$57.78/100 
$39.11/100 
$266.67/100 
$173.33/100 
$248.89/100 
$173.33/100 
$8.88/100 
$115.56/100 
$16.00/100 
$57.78/100 
$47.111100 
$158/1000 
$350/100 
$345/100 
$275/1000 
$355/100 
$355/100 
European Larch $550/100 
Tasmanian Blackwood $340/100 
Halketts Nursery: (Christchurch-Freight paid by purchaser) 
Price Price Price 
~ 
per 100 per 1000 
Pinus Radiata 1 year $27.55 $133.33 
2 year hedging grade $ 33.78 $173.33 
Pinus Muricata 2 year $ 51.56 
Pinus Coulterii $14.67 $120.89 
Pinus Nigra 2 year $ 47.11 $297.78 
3 year $ 51.36 $324.44 
Pinus Patula $14.67 $120.89 
Macrocarpa $14.67 $120.89 
Poplar- all cultivars $10.66 $66.66 
Douglas Fir/Oregon 2 year $ 51.36 $320.00 
3 year $ 62.22 $373.33 
Cedrus deodara 2 year $ 8.88 $68.44 
EucaIyptus- all cultivars $14.67 $120.89 
Willows - all cultivars $10.66 $ 66.66 
Wattles - all cultivars $14.67 $120.89 
Acer Negundo (Box Elder) 3m tall $84.44 
AInus Glutinosa (Black Aider) $14.67 $120.89 
Betula Pendula(Silver Birch) $48.89 
Cortaderia Selloana(Pampas Grass) $10.22 $78.22 
Phormium Tenax(N.z. Native Flax) $14.67 $120.89 
Dononea Viscosa $14.67 $120.89 
Leyland Cypress $36.44 $311.11 
Allenton Nurseries: (Ashburton) Grade {in em.} Price 
Abies (Silver Firs) 70/90 $10.50 each 
Alnus (Italian Aider) 4OnO $3.80 each/l00 
Betula (Silver Birch) 100/150 $4.70 each/tOO 
Cedrus deodara 50/90 $8.00 each 
Larix spp. (Larches) 100/120-120/160 $9.00 to $10.50 
Phormium 50nO-6O/80 $2.50 each/l00 
Picea spp. (Spruces) 30/50-100/150 $8.80 to $11.00 
Populus 'Lombardy' 100/150 $1.20 each/l00 
'Lombardy Sunlight' 70/90 $1.20 each/loo 
'Yunnanensis' 200/250 $5.00 each/25 
Pinus spp. 100/130 $9.50 each 
Salix Matsudana (Willow) 160/200 $2.00 each/25 
Thuyaspp. 90/120-110/150 $4.50 each/lOO 
B-185 Prices Exclude GST 
2.22.2 Tree Planting Equipment 
Aitchison Industries Tree planting augers 
Replacement cutter plus tungsten carbide breaker tip 
2.22.3 Shelter/Windbreak and Shade Cloth 
Donaghys: 
Windbreak Cloth -
Width 
3ft 
6ft 
9ft 
(0.91 m) 
(1.83 m) 
(2.74m) 
Shade Cloth (Woven) -
Grade 
V.lightShading 
Light Shading 
Medium Shading 
Heavy Shading 
Shade Cloth (Knitted) -
Grade 
Very light Shading 
Light Shading 
Medium Shading 
Heavy Shading 
Woven Weedtex-
0.91 m 
1.83m 
3.66m 
Birdtex-
5m 
10m 
Birdtex GP Green or white 
Butterfly clips 200lbag 
Birdtex clips 200lbag 
Ulstra clips 200lbag 
Prices Exclude GST 
Length 
50m 
50m 
50m 
Roll Size 
6ft (1.83m) x 50m 
6ft (1.83m) x 50m 
6ft (1.83m) x 50m 
6ft (1.83m) x 50m 
Roll Size 
6ft (1.83m) x 50m 
6ft (1.83m) x 50m 
6ft (1.83m) x 50m 
6ft (1.83m) x 50m 
50m 
50m 
50m 
100m 
100m 
35 cents per square metre 
B-186 
$140.00 to $182.52 
Price/Roll 
$ 58.00 
$114.00 
$165.00 
Price/Roll 
$125.00 
$140.00 
$165.00 
$190.00 
Price/Roll 
$150.00 
$165.00 
$210.00 
$245.00 
$64.00 
$124.00 
$248.00 
$270.00 
$495.00 
$33.00 
$29.00 
$60.00 
Permathene Plastics Ltd: 
Solarshade (woven shadecloth) 
Windstop (windbreak cloth) 
1.83m x 50m - 32% shading 
1.83m x 50m - 50% shading 
I.83m x 50m - 70% shading 
1.83m x 50m - 80% shading 
91cmx5Om 
183cmx 50m 
274cmx5Om 
Permaclips (solarshade and windstop clips) 
500 per ctn 
Nail Plate Shadecloth and Windbreak Fasteners 
500perctn 
2.22.4 Farm Forestry Labour Costs 
$188.33 
$206.67 
$250.00 
$295.00 
$ 83.51 
$133.24 
$312.50 
$100.00 
$40.55 
The Forest Service Work Study Units have compiled a set of Labour Value Charts 
giving detailed labour content and costs for a range of forestry operations. 
The full document is available from the New Zealand Timberlands Ltd. 
B-187 Prices Exclude GST 
2.23 COMPlITERS 
2.23.1 Farmers Requirements 
An Australian survey gave the following farmer ranking of the future uses of their 
on-farm computer. These are, in decreasing order: 
- Farm financial record-keeping/analysis. 
- Farm physical record-keeping/analysis. 
- Farm decision analysis, e.g. investment analysis, linear programming, etc. 
- Breeding records. 
- Communication with other computers to gather information; or 
- Communication with other computers to execute market transactions, e.g. order 
machinery parts, sell produce, etc. 
- Games for teaching and family use. 
2.23.2 Guides for Purchasing a Farm Micro-Computer 
Three questions should be answered before making a final decision to purchase a 
micro-computer. These are: 
- What are the current requirements and "problems on the property? 
- Can these be best fulfilled or overcome using a micro-computer or are there 
other least cost alternatives available, e.g. secretarial services or mail-in 
services? 
- The final question is - the choice of system to be purchased. This final question 
will be discussed under the following three headings. 
- General Criteria. 
- Hardware. 
- Software. 
General Criteria. 
- What is the total price of the complete system installed on the property, in 
working order? 
- What are the repayment terms and conditions of contract? 
- What assurances are given regarding delivery, and installation dates, guarantees 
and maintenance. 
- What is the cost of the service contract after the warranty expires? 
- Is the dealer likely to stay in business? 
- If programs are especially written for you, who owns them? Can copies be sold 
to third parties? 
- Is the firm's hardware and software likely to change? What is the fully 
maintained life expectancy of their products? 
Hardware 
- Is there sufficient capacity, in terms of memory and permanent storage, to 
handle the data to be processed? This is particularly important as the operating 
system and language reduce the usable memory. 
- Has the particular make and model of computer got a good name for reliability? 
Prices Exclude GST B-188 
- In the event of a breakdown how quickly can the machine be repaired, i.e. does 
the dealer stock spare parts? 
- Is replacement equipment provided while yours is being repaired? 
- Is the printer's speed and quality suitable for your requirements? 
Software 
- Are the programs written in a language which the computer can handle? 
- Do the programs meet the requirements of the farm or farmer? 
- Are the programs technically correct? 
- Are the programs user orientated? 
- Is there adequate back-up support if problems occur, or the farmer changes his 
policy or legislation changes, e.g. tax changes? 
- Are the data required to run the programs readily available? 
- Can a farmer write the programs himself? 
2.23.3 General Guidelines 
One of the most important criteria is the available memory after loading the operating 
system: -
1. Require at least 256K for a MSDOS ( or compatible) computer. 
2. Need two disk drives or a hard disc to increase storage. 
3. Visual display unit (V.D.U.) with 24 lines by 80 characters. 
4. Computer should be mM compatible. 
Note: A computer with this sort of capability could be expected to cost within the 
range of $1,500 to $6,000. 
5. The choice of printer will depend on the end use of the computer output. The 
general rule is that the cost of the printer is related to its speed and the quality 
produced. (The higher the quality and speed the more expensive the printer will 
be.) The printer should be capable of handling 132 characters across a page. 
A reliable printer for general fanning use would cost between $500 and $1000. 
6. A farmer would normally require the following software: 
- Financial Recording system 
- Word processing 
- Budgeting 
- Spread sheet 
- Database packages 
These may be purchased separately or as a collective package in some cases. 
Cost would be in the vicinity of $2,500 to $3,500. 
In many cases some software may be included as part of the total price when 
purchasing the computer itself. 
B-189 Prices Exclude GST 
2.23.4 Hardware Prices 
Commodore Computers (NZ) Ltd: 
PC1O-ill 180010 Dual Drive 
PC20-ill 182100 20MB Hard Disk Drive I Mono Monitor 
PC30-ill 185300 20MB Hard Disk Drive AT fMono Monitor 
PC4O-ill 180244 40MB Hard Disk Drive I Mono Monitor 
Professional Systems International: 
PS 52004-05 386 SX 40 MB 1.44 or 1.2 FDD Here 1 MB RAM 
PS 52004-08 386 SX 40 ME 1.44 or 1.2 FDD VGA 1 MB RAM 
PS 21204-05 28640 MB 1.44 or 1.2 FDD Here 1 ME RAM 
PS 21204-08 286 40 MB 1.44 or 1.2 FDD VGA 1 MB RAM 
Acorn Computers - BBC Archimedes: 
A3000 1 ME RAM/800k Disc DriveIMouse 
410/1 1 MB RAM/800k Disc Drive/Mouse 
420/1 2 ME RAM!20 MB Hard Disk/800k Disc Drive 
440/1 4 MB RAM/50 MB Hard Disk/800k Dise Drive 
540/1 4 MB RAM/100 MB Hard Disk/800k Disk Drive 
Unix: 
R140 4 MB RAM 50 MB 800k FDD 
R225 4 MB RAM 800 k FDD 
R260 8 MB RAM 100 MB RAM 100 MB 800k FDD 
Monitor 14 inch RGB Colour 
14 inch Multi Synch High Resolution Colour 
C omputerland: 
ffiM PS/2 30286 1 MB RAMl30 MB Hard Disk/VGA 
Graphics/mono monitor 
Printers - Oki Microline 320 10" wide 9 Pin Dot Matrix 
Panasonic KX-P10811O" wide 9 Pin Dot Matrix 
Panasonic KX-Pll24 II" wide 24 Pin Dot Matrix 
2.23.5 Software Prices 
Kellogg Farm Management Unit: (Lincoln University) 
Breakeven Prices 
Dairy Analysis Mgmt Scheme - Town Supply 
Disk Reort Utility 
Financial Recording System-New version 
- GST Module only - extra 
- Debtors Module only - extra 
- Debtors and GST - extra 
Prices Exclude GST B-19O 
$1,762.86 
$1,962.29 
$2,727.71 
$3,195.00 
$3860 
$4746 
$3110 
$3995 
$2,175 
$3,595 
$4,595 
$6,595 
$8,795 
$6,550 
$6,185 
$12,440 
$815 
$1,460 
$4,815 
$995 
$599 
$1,090 
$80 
$190 
$85 
$950 
$140 
$140 
$240 
- Property Amalgamation - extra, MSDOS only 
Gross Margins 
- Cattle - Breeding 
- Crop 
- Sheep - breeding replacements 
.. Sheep - buying replacements 
Investment Analysis 
Livestock Recording System - Pedigree 
- Non-pedigree version 
- Electronic Data Interface 
Metric - Imperial Equivalents 
Production Recording System 
Table Mortgage Calculations 
Price includes a User Guide for each package. 
Computerland: 
Microsoft Works - word processing, spreadsheet, database 
Cashbook program 
Computer Concepts: 
Concept Cash Manager - Financial Recording 
Concept Stock Records 
Concept Stud Manager 
Ace Payroll 
Concept Showman (A and P Show program) 
Concept Cashbook 
Weight Gain (bull beef weight gains) 
Herd Manger (dairy herd recording) 
Deer Data (full deer recording) 
Psion Organiser Programs 
Concept Tally Minder (mob tallies and events) 
Fudge (feed budgeting) 
Birth (lambing and kidding) 
PCTrans (interface to Stud Manager) 
Feedplan Systems: 
Spreadsheet package for pasture probe 
B-191 
$70 
$80 
$80 
$80 
$80 
$60 
$870 
$610 
$220 
$60 
$500 
$70 
$495 
$500 
$960 
$540 
$960 
$330 
$2,000 
$498 
$450 
$450 
$995 
$450 
$450 
$161 
$161 
$995 
Prices Exclude GST 
2.23.6 The Kellogg Farm Management Unit (Lincoln University) 
The Kellogg Unit has developed a range of computer programs for recording 
information on agricultural and horticultural properties. The Finacial Recording 
System (winner of the Royal Easter Show, Sydney software competion) enables 
extensive financial recording and budgeting to be carried out. Other programs are 
available for production and livestock recording. 
Along with software development the Unit runs a wide range of educational 
workshops throughout the country. Courses are offered at all levels covering what a 
computer is, through to advanced use of the software. 
If you would like further information on computers, programs or workshops please 
contact: 
Prices Exclude GST 
The Head, 
Kellogg Farm Management Unit, 
P.O.Box 84, 
Lincoln University, 
Canterbury. 
B-192 
SECTION 3 
LIVESTOCK, CROPPING and HORTICULTURAL 
GROSS MARGINS 
ENTERPRISE ANALYSIS 
Prepared by P.H. FLEMING B.Agr.Sc. 
Lecturer in Farm Management 
LINCOLN UNIVERSITY 

3. LIVESTOCK, CROPPING and HORTICULTURAL GROSS MARGINS 
. (ENTERPRISE ANALYSIS) 
3.1 INTRODUCTION 
General: 
The gross margins included in this manual relate, where possible, to the "real 
farm" (or orchard) situation. Cost, price and yield estimates for the stock and crop 
enterprises are based largely on Canterbury figures. The horticultural gross margins 
have been derived from a variety of information sources. 
Use of Gross Margins: 
Gross Margins can be used as the f'ust step in comparing the profitability of 
different farming enterprises. The mathematics involved is simple - the direct or 
variable costs associated with a particular enterprise are subtracted from the total 
income from that enterprise. The gross margin result is then normally expressed in 
terms of dollars per stock unit or per hectare. 
Direct or variable costs include items such as animal health costs, and harvesting 
costs. They do not include costs common to all enterprises, such as rates and interest 
payments (fixed costs). 
Warning: 
Gross margins are a simple means of comparing enterprises, but care must be 
taken when interpreting the results. It is important to note that gross margins make the 
assumption that each enterprise is independent of all other farming activities, both 
technically and f'mancially. They also assume that each additional unit of production 
is worth as much as, and costs as much as, each preceding unit. Note also that 
different farms are likely to show differing gross margin returns for identical 
enterprises, because yields and costs will differ according to each individual farm. 
A critical evaluation of the gross margin technique will reveal further limitations with 
this form of analysis. In many instances, the farmer, consultant or student will f'md it 
necessary to go the next step, and that is to prepare partial budgets or full budgets in 
order to further compare alternative enterprises. 
Explanation of Tables: 
Some Gross Margins are accompanied by a 'sensitivity' table, which shows how 
the profitability of the enterprise will differ if different yields, prices etc. are used in 
the analysis. The central, boxed, figure in the table is the gross margin result from the 
example used. 
Interest and Supplementary Feed Costs: 
Interest and supplementary feed costs are normally excluded from gross margins 
when comparing enterprises (in particular livestock enterprises) for the same property. 
C-3 
However a partial budgeting approach may be adopted with livestock enterprises, 
including estimates of interest and feed costs in order to provide a more accurate 
indication of actual returns. The interest cost takes account of the high capital 
requirements of some stock enterprises, and the fact that in many instances borrowed 
capital is involved. Feed costs can be ignored where there is no change in the 
supplementary feed required to change from one stock enterprise to another. Where 
there is a change however, all additional supplementary feed costs, should be 
included. 
NOTE: 
ALL FIGURES USED IN THE CALCULATIONS ARE GST EXCLUSIVE. 
C-4 
3.2 LIVESTOCK GROSS MARGINS 
Prices and costs used are those ruling in early 1991. 
The gross margins should therefore be adjusted as costs. prices. policies and 
production parameters change. 
The assumption is made that the farm has suitable layout. buildings. equipment and 
sufficient labour to carry out the routine work associated with each enterprise. 
Shearing, crutcbing and dipping are done by contract. 
Assistance in the preparation of these gross margins has been given by Lincoln 
University Farm Advisory Staff. 
3.2.1 Sheep - Breeding ewe flock 
SHEEP GROSS MARGIN 
Crossbred Ewe Flock, Breeding Own Replacements. 
(Hill country) 
Capital Stock Wintered: 
Breeding Ewes 
2thEwes 
Ewe Hoggets 
Rams 
No. 
735@$25 = 
265@$36 = 
376@$25 = 
2O@$50 = 
1,396 
Total 
$18,375 
$ 9,540 
$9,400 
$1,000 
$38,315 
Dollar Investment in sheep per stock unit = $27 
Production Parameters: 
Lambing 97% survival to sale. 
4% Death rate. 
30% of hoggets culled (sold as hoggets/2ths) 
60% Wether lambs sold prime (f.o.m.) 
27% 2th enter flock each year. 
Sell genuine 5 year old ewes. 
Ewes clip 4.5 kg wool; hoggets 3.0 kg. 
C-5 
S.U. 
1.0 
1.0 
0.7 
0.8 
Total S.U. 
735 
265 
263 
~ 
1,279 
Income: 
291 prime wether lambs at $21 $ 6, III 
303 store m.s.lambs at $13 $ 3,939 
111 cull hogget/2ths at $28 $ 3,108 
5 year old ewes, 170 at $16 $ 2,720 
55 cull ewes to works at $5 $ 275 
(Tota1930 head of stock sold at $17.40 average price per head). 
5960 kg wool at $2.50 (net) $14,900 
TOTAL INCOME $31,053 
Expenditure: 
Shearing -
Shear 990 sheep@ $141 a 100 $1,396 
Shear 370 hoggets @ $141 a 100 $522 
Shear 390 lambs @ $130 a 100 $507 
Tup crutch 1010 ewes @ $45 a 100 $455 
Main crutch 990 ewes @ $52 a 100 $515 $3,395 
Woolshed expenses - plant, packs e.t.c. $ 350 
Animal Health -
Drench ewes pre-lamb 990 @ 4.5c $45 
Drench lambs 2130 doses @ 2.5c $53 
(replacements drenched 4 times, stores twice) 
Vaccinate ewes 990 @ 24 c $238 
Vaccinate hoggets 370@ 21 c $78 
Eartags, footrot and docking etc $440 
Dipping 1000 sheep @ 35c $350 
690 lambs @ 32c $221 $1,425 
Cartage - (based on lookm travel) 
Prime lambs 291 @ $1.99 $579 
Store lambs 303 @ $1.69 $512 
Cull hgts/2th/5yr ewes 281 @ $2.37 $666 
Works ewes 55 @ $2.76 $152 
Wool 33 bales@ $12.02 $397 $2,306 
Selling Charges -
Yard fees 584 sheep@ 50c $292 
Commission on $9,767 @ 5.5% $537 $829 
Ram Purchase - landed 5 @ $300 $1,500 
TOTAL DIRECf COSTS $9,805 
C-6 
TOTAL GROSS MARGIN (before interest) 
GROSS MARGIN per dollar invested in sheep 
GROSS MARGIN per Stock Unit 
Gross Margin per Stock Unit at Various 
Stock Sale and Wool Prices. 
AVERAGE 
$12.00 
STOCK SALE 
$17.40 
PRICE 
$25.00 
$/BEAD 
Interest Cost: 
Interest on Capital Stock Value: 
$38,315 @ 13% per annum 
WOOL PRICE c/kg 
200c 250c 
$10.49 $14.28 
$12.81 
1$16.611 
$16.08 $19.87 
RETURN per Stock Unit (after interest) 
C-7 
(net) 
320c 
$19.65 
$21.98 
$25.24 
$21,248 
$0.55 
$4,981 
$ 12.72 
3.2.2 Sheep - '2 year' Flock 
SHEEP GROSS MARGIN 
Crossbred '2 year' flock, replacement 
by purchase of 5 year old ewes annually. 
(Easy country) 
Capital Stock Wintered: 
No. Total S.U. 
Breeding Ewes I,OOO@ $12 = $12,000 1.0 
Rams -1Q@$50= 
~ 
0.8 
1,016 $12,800 
Dollar Investment in Sheep per stock unit = $13 
Production Parameters: 
Lambing 110% survival to sale. 
6% Death Rate. 
25% frrst year ewes culled. 
Export lamb sire; all lambs sold prime. 
Ewes clip 4.0kg wool; lambs not shorn. 
Income: 
1100 prime m.s. lambs at $23 
527 cull ewes to works at $5 
3840 kg wool at $2.50 (net) 
TOTAL INCOME 
Expenditure: 
Replacement ewes 595 @ $20 
Shearing -
Shear960sheep@$141al00 $1,354 
Tup crotch 418 ewes @ $45 a 100 $ 188 
Main crotch 965 ewes @ $52 a 100 $ 502 
Wool Shed Expenses - plant, packs e.t.c. 
Animal Health -
Drench ewes pre-lamb 990 @ 4.5c $45 
Drench lambs 1100 x 2@ 2.5c $55 
Vaccinate ewes 990 @ 24c $238 
Eartags, footrot and docking etc $200 
C-8 
TotalS.U. 
1,000 
-1l 
1,013 
$25,300 
$ 2,635 
$9,600 
$37,535 
$11,900 
$2,044 
$ 250 
Dipping - purchased ewes already dipped 
418 ewes @ 35c 
Cartage -
$146 $684 
(based on 40km travel except for replacement ewes, at 80km) 
Prime lambs llOO@ $1.14 $1,254 
Works ewes 527 @ $1.57 $ 827 
Replacement ewes 595@ $2.40 $1,428 
Wool 21 bales@ $7.17 $ 144 
Ram Purchase - landed 4 @ $270 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
TOTAL GROSS MARGIN (before interest) 
GROSS MARGIN per dollar invested in sheep 
GROSS MARGIN per Stock Unit 
Gross margin per Stock Unit at 
various lamb and wool prices: 
$3,660 
$1,080 
WOOL PRICE c/kg net 
200c 2S0c 320c 
LAMB $17 $ 9.28 $15.79 $25.56 
PRICE $23 $11.17 1$17.691 $27.46 
$/BEAD $32 $13.83 $20.34 $30.11 
Interest Cost: 
Interest on Capital Stock Value: 
$12,800@ 13% per annum . 
RETURN per Stock Unit (after interest) 
C-9 
$19,618 
$17,917 
$1.40 
$1,664 
$16.04 
3.2.3 Sheep. Merino Ewe 
SHEEP GROSS MARGIN 
Merino Ewe Flock, Breeding Own Replacements 
(Low country) 
Capital Stock Wintered: 
Breeding Ewes (in wool) 
2thEwes 
Hoggets (m.s.) 
Rams 
No. 
850@$42= 
150@$46= 
900@$4O= 
-'u@$150= 
1,913 
Total 
$35,700 
$6,900 
$36,000 
$1,950 
$80,550 
Dollar Investment in Sheep per stock unit = $58 
Production Parameters: 
Lambing 90% (survival to winter), 
5% death rate (ewes), 
Alllambs/hoggets winteIed, surplus sold after shearing. 
15% 2th enter the flock each year. 
Ewes clip 4.2 kg wool; hoggets 3.1 kg. 
(average 21 and 19 micron diameter, respectively). 
Income: 
Hoggets (m.s.) 736 at $30 (net) 
Works ewes 100 at $5 
4200 kg wool at $5.30 (net) 
2790 kg wool at $7.50 (net) 
(Total 6,990 kg sold at $6.20 average price per kg) 
TOTAL INCOME 
Expenditure: 
Shearing -
Shear 1000 sheep@ $157 a 100 
Shear 895 hoggets@ $157 a 100 
Crutch 1015 ewes @ $57 a 100 
Wool Shed Expenses 
Plant, packs etc 
Classing etc approx. 25c a head 
C-I0 
$1,570 
$1,405 
$ 579 
$400 
$475 
S.U. 
0.85 
0.85 
0.6 
0.7 
$22,080 
$500 
$22,260 
$20,925 
$3,554 
$875 
TotalS.U. 
723 
128 
540 
~ 
1,400 
$65,765 
Animal Health -
Drench ewes (2x) @ 43e 
Drench lambs/hoggets (5x) @ 3.Se? 
Vaccinate ewes 990 @ 24c 
Vaccinate hgts 16O@ 21e 
Footvax 
Fly spray, formalin, tags etc 
Dipping 1940 sheep (inclJambs)@ 60c 
Cartage (based on 70km travel) -
Hoggets 736 @ $1.77 
Works ewes lOO@ $2.25 
Wool 40 bales @ $10.02 
Ram Purchase - 3 @ $500 landed 
TOTAL DIRECI' COSTS 
TOTAL GROSS MARGIN (before interest) 
$860 
$170 
$238 
$34 
$1,000 
$500 
$1,164 
$1,303 
$225 
$401 
$3,966 
$1,929 
$1.500 
GROSS MARGIN per dollar invested in sheep 
GROSS MARGIN per Stock Unit 
Gross margin per Stock Unit at 
various hogget and wool prices: 
AVERAGE WOOL PRICE /kg (nat) 
$4.00 
AVGB $23 $23.97 
BOGGB~ 
PRICE $30 $27.65 
$/IUW) 
(net) $40 $32.91 
Interest Cost: 
Interest on Capital Stock Value: 
$80.550 @ 13% per annum 
RETURN per Stock Unit (after interest) 
$6.20 
$34.96 
1$38.531 
$43.90 
C-11 
$9.00 
$48.94 
$52.62 
$57.88 
$11,824 
$53,941 
$0.67 
$3853 
$10,472 
$31.95 
3.2.4 Beef 
BEEF GROSS MARGIN 
Breeding Cow Herd, Selling Steers 
and Surplus Heifers at approx. 18 months. 
Capital Stock Wintered: 
Breeding Cows 
I.C. R2yr Heifers 
Rlyr Heifers 
Rlyr Steers 
Bree<Jing Bulls 
No. 
82@ $550= 
18@ $550= 
43@ $350= 
43@ $425= 
2@$1000= 
189 
Total 
$45,100 
$ 9,900 
$15,050 
$18,275 
$ 3.000 
"$91,325 
Dollar Investment in Cattle per stock unit = $103 
Production Parameters: 
Calves weaned 86% 
Death Rate 3% 
18% heifers entered in herd each year. 
Angus/Hereford cows mated to Angus or Hereford bulls. 
Steers and surplus heifers sold as forward store, on farm. 
Income: 
18 month steers 42 at $500(net) 
18 month heifers 24 at $430(net) 
(Average price of 18 month cattle = $475) 
Cull cows 15 at $450(net) 
BuIll at $800(net) 
TOTAL INCOME 
Expenditure: 
Animal Health-
Drench calves, 86 (2x) @ 75c a dose 
- 1 injection $1.88 
Pregnancy test - 100 cows @ $2 
Bull purchase -landed 
Freight and commission (stock net on farm) 
C-12 
$129 
$162 
$200 
S.U. 
5.5 
5.5 
3.5 
4 
5.5 
TotalS.U. 
$21,000 
$10,320 
$6,750 
$ 800 
$ 491 
$1,600 
$ 0 
451 
99 
151 
172 
J1 
890 
$38,870 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
TOTAL GROSS MARGIN (before feed costs and interest) 
GROSS MARGIN per dollar invested in cattle 
GROSS MARGIN per Stock Unit 
Gross Margin per Stock Unit at various weaning 
percentages and selling prices (18 month cattle): 
AVERAGE SALE PRICE $/BEAD 
of 18 Month Cattle 
$380 
% 80% $31.78 
WEANED 86% $34.31 
94% $37.70 
Interest and Feed Costs: 
Interest on Capital Stock Value: 
$91,325 @ 13% per annum 
Feed - Buy in additional hay 
700 bales @ $3.00 
$475 
$38.18 
1$41.321 
$45.60 
RETURN per stock unit (after interest and feed) 
C-13 
$600 
$46.61 
$50.73 
$55.99 
$11,872 
$ 2,100 
$2,091 
$36,779 
$0.40 
~ 
$13,972 
$25.63 
3.2.5 Dairy 
DAIRY GROSS MARGIN 
Factory Supply Herd 
Capital Stock Wintered: 
Milking Cows 
Milking Heifers 
R lyr Heifers 
No. 
116@$600= 
34@ $500= 
36@$300= 
186 
Total 
$69,600 
$17,000 
$10.800 
$97,400 
Dollar Investment in Cattle per Stock Unit = $84 
Production Parameters: 
MilkfatProduction 150 kg/cow. 
S.U. 
7.0 
6.5 
3.5 
Calving 90% live calves, surplus sold within two weeks. 
Death Rate 5 %. 
Culling Rate 17%. 
Income: 
22500 kg milkfat@ $3.80/kg 
= 
26 Cull cows @ $420 (net) 
= 
97 m.s. calves @ $80 (net) 
= 
TOTAL INCOME 
Expenditure: 
Animal Health @ $26/cow 
(i.e. bloat,magnesium,mastitis,vet. etc) 
Artificial Breeding -
Premier Sires Insemination -
100 cows @ $16.84/cow $1,684 
50 cows @ $15.9O/cow $ 795 
Herd Testing(Self Sample, 4 tests per year) 
First 100 cows $1,408 
50 cows @ $9.64 $ 482 
Shed Expenses @ $13.00 per cow 
(i.e.detergent, rubberware, filters etc) 
Electricity @ $22.50 per cow 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
C-14 
TotalS.U. 
812 
221 
126 
1159 
$85,500 
$10.920 
$ 7,760 
$104,180 
$3900 
$2,479 
$1,890 
$1,950 
$3,375 
$13,594 
TOTAL GROSS MARGIN (before feed costs and interest) 
GROSS MARGIN per dollar invested in cattle 
GROSS MARGIN per Stock Unit 
Gross Margin per Stock Unit at various 
milkfat production levels and milkfat prices: 
kg 130kg 
MILltFAT 150kg 
per cow 180kg 
Interest and Feed costs: 
Interest on Capital Stock Value: 
$97,400 @ 13% per annum 
MILKFAT PRICE c/kg 
300c 380c 500c 
$ 54.86 $ 68.32 $ 88.51 
$ 62.63 ~ $101.45 
$ 74.28 $ 92.91 $120.87 
$12,662 
Feed - Buy in 20% of total requirement 
(i.e.grazing off, hay etc)@ $25/cow $ 3,750 
RETURN per Stock Unit (after interest and feed) 
C-15 
$90,586 
$0.93 
$78.16 
$16,412 
$64.00 
3.2.6 Deer 
DEER GROSS MARGIN 
All Stag Policy - Buy in 
weaners and kill at 18months. 
Capital Stock Wintered: 
No. Total 
Weaner Stags 
(Red Deer) 
l00@ $170 = $17,000 
Dollar Investment in Deer per Stock Unit = $121 
Production Parameters: 
Death Rate 3% 
55 kg Carcase Weight at SlaughteI(18 months). 
Spiker velvet not harvested. 
Income: 
97 Stags 55 kg@ $4.70/kg 
Expenditure: 
Purchase Weaner Stags l00@ $160 (50 kg L.W.) 
Animal Health@ $5.20 a head 
Freight-
l00@$7.67 
97@ $11.03 
Levies-
GlB venison levy 5,335kg @ 28c/kg 
MAF Fee $5.00 a head 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
$ 767 
$1,070 
$1,494 
$ 485 
TOTAL GROSS MARGIN (before feed costs and interest) 
GROSS MARGIN per dollar invested in deer 
GROSS MARGIN per Stock Unit 
Note: Refer to table next page for sensitivity analysis. 
C-16 
S.U. 
1.4 
TotalS.U. 
140 
$16,000 
$ 520 
$1,837 
$1,979 
$25,075 
$20,336 
$4,739 
$0.28 
$33.85 
Gross Margin per Stock Unit at various 
weaner purchase prices and venison schedule prices. 
VENISON SCHEDULE c/kg 
WEARER 
$130 
PURCHASE 
$160 
PRICE 
$200 
$/BEAD 
Interest and Feed Costs: 
Interest on Capital Stock Value: 
$17,OOO@ 13% per annum 
400c 
$ 28.60 
$ 7.17 
$-21.40 
Winter Feed - Buy in additional hay and 
concentrates @ $5 a head 
RETURN per Stock Unit (after interest and feed) 
C-17 
470c 
$ 55.28 
Q 
$ 5.28 
570c 
$ 93.39 
$ 71.96 
$ 43.39 
$2,210 
$500 $2,710 
$14.49 
3.2.7 Deer - Breeding Herd 
DEER GROSS MARGIN 
Red Deer Herd, Selling Weaner Stags 
and Surplus Hinds as Rising 2 yr olds. 
Capital Stock Wintered: 
No. Total 
M.A.Hinds 123@$280 = $34,440 
18 Month Hinds 27@$280 = $ 7,560 
18 Mth Hinds (sale) 35@$260 = $ 9,100 
6 Month Hinds 64@$145 = $9,280 
Breeding Stags 2@$1,000= ~ 5.000 
254 $65,380 
Dollar Investment in Deer per Stock Unit = $141 
Production Parameters: 
Calving 85% survival to sale. 
Death Rate 4%. 
18% Rising 2 year hinds enter the herd each year. 
Weaner stags sold net on fann. 
18 month and c.f.a.hinds sold at saleyards. 
All Breeding stock over 15 months T.B. tested 
every two years (herd previously accredited). 
Income: 
Weaner stags, 64 @ $145 (net) 
18 month hinds, 35@ $280 
C.f.a. hinds, 21 @ $185 
1 c.f.a. stag @ $300 
20 kg velvet (5 stags) @ $100 net 
TOTAL INCOME 
Expenditure: 
Purchase Sire Stag 1 @ $2,200 
AriimaI Health -
Drench - all weaners 127 @ 63c (inj.) 
- weaner hinds 64 (x3) @ 25c 
- adult stock 190 (x2) @ $1.26 (inj.) 
T.B. Testing 185 @ $4 (!2) 
Velveting Stags 5 @ $18.00 
Ear tags on weaner hinds 64 @ $1.42 
C-18 
$80 
$48 
$479 
$370 
$90 
$ 91 
S.U. TotalS.U. 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
1.3 
2.3 
$9,280 
$9,800 
$3,885 
$300 
$2,000 
$2,200 
$1,158 
246 
54 
70 
83 
.n 
465 
$25,265 
Freight -
57 Adult Stock@ $11.03 
Selling Charges -
Yard fees 56@ $ 5.00 
Commission on $13,685 @ 5.5% 
Levies -
Gffi Venison levy 100kg @ $ 0.28 
Velvet levy 20 kg @ $5 
M.A.F. 1 @ $5.00 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
$280 
$ 753 
$ 28 
$100 
$ 5 
TOTAL GROSS MARGIN (before feed costs and interest) 
GROSS MARGIN per dollar invested in deer 
GROSS MARGIN per Stock Unit 
Gross Margin per Stock Unit at various 
weaner stag and 18 month hind prices. 
$ 629 
$1,033 
$133 
------, 
18 MONTH HIND PRICES $/BEAD 
WEANER 
STAG $125 
PRICE $145 
$/BEAD $185 
(net) 
Interest and Feed Costs: 
Interest on Capital Stock Value: 
$65,380 @ 13% per annum 
$200 $280 
$ 34.80 $ 40.50 
$ 37.56 
~ 
$ 43.07 $ 48.76 
Winter Feed - Buy in additional feed @ $7/head 
RETURN per Stock Unit (after interest and feed) 
C-19 
$380 
$ 47.61 
$ 50.36 
$ 55.87 
$ 8,499 
$1,778 
$5,153 
$20,112 
$0.31 
$10,277 
$21.15 
3.2.8 Past and Present Livestock Gross Margins: A Comparison 
Table of Historic Gross Margins, 
expressed as $/stock unit 
Season Sheep Beef Dairy Deer Goat 
(Breeding (Breeding (Factory) (Venison) (Fibre) 
ewe) cow) 
1990/91 $17 $41 $78 $34 
1989/90 $27 $35 $108 $49 $30 
1988/89 $22 $28 $83 $47 $38 
1987/88 $24 $32 $62 $82 $47 
1986/87 $21 $32 $57 
1985/86 $17 $31 $80 
1984/85 $23 
1982/83 $20 $21 
1981/82 $22 $19 
1980/81 $19 $19 
1979/80 $20 $20 
Source: Lincoln University Financial Budget Manual 
C-20 
3.3 CROP GROSS MARGINS 
The following gross margins relate to an intensive cropping farm on a heavy soil type, 
in Canterbury. 
Care should therefore be taken when interpreting these results, as yield and cost 
estimates will differ according to each individual farm. 
Assumptions made are: - All cultivation work carried out by the farmer. 
- All spraying and harvesting done by contract. 
Assistance in the preparation of these Gross Margins has been given by staff from the 
Farm Management Department, Lincoln University. 
3.3.1 Wheat 
WHEAT GROSS MARGIN 
Spring wheat (Otane) 
Income: 
5 tonnes/ha @ $220/tonne (delivered) 
Expenditure(per hectare): 
Cultivation -
60 kW tractor - 3.5 hours @ $17.38/hour 
(Fuel $11.6O/hr; R&M $5.72/hr) 
Seed - 120 kg/ha @ $730/tonne 
Fertilizer 
- Cropmaster 20, 125 kg/ha @ $433/tonrie 
- Urea 125 kg/ha@ $446/tonne 
Weed, Pest and Disease -
Commando: 41/ha @ $23.20/litre 
Glean: 20glha@ $1.41!gm 
Tilt (twice): 0.5 l/ha@ $80/litre 
Applications, 4 at $18 
Irrigation - 50mm (2x)@ $21.23 
(Electricity $13.20; R&M $8.03) 
Harvest - 5 tonnes @ $48/tonne 
(in silo; contract) 
Freight - 5 tonnes @ $25.6O/tonne 
(silo to port 40 km) 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
GROSS MARGIN per Hectare 
Refer to table over page for sensitivity analysis 
C-21 
$54 
$56 
$ 93 
$28 
$80 
$72 
$61 
$ 88 
$110 
$273 
$ 42 
$240 
$128 
$1,100 
$942 
Gross Margin per Hectare at various 
selling prices and yields. 
YIELD Tonnes/ha 
3.St S.Ot 7.0t 
PRICE $190 $-167 $ 8 $ 241 
PER $220 $ -62 
~ 
$ 451 
TONNE $260 $ 78 $ 358 $ 731 
C-22 
3.3.2 Barley 
Income: 
BARLEY GROSS MARGIN 
Spring Barley (Triumph; Malting) 
5 Tonnes /ha@ $180 /tonne 
Expenditure(per hectare): 
Cultivation -
60 kW tractor - 3.5 hours@ $17.38/hr 
(Fuel $11.66/hr; R&M $5.72/hr) 
Seed - 120 kg/ha @ $630/tonne 
Fertiliser -
Superphosphate 125 kg/ha @ $250/t $ 31 
Urea 60 kg/ha @ $446/tonne $ 27 
Weed, Pest and Disease -
Commando; 4l/ha@ $23.20/litre $ 93 
Glean; 20 g/ha@ $1.41 /gm $ 28 
Tilt; 0.5 l/ha @ $80/litre $ 40 
Applications 3 @ $18 $ 54 
Irrigation - 50mm (2x) @ $21.23 
(Elec. $13.20; R&M $8.03) 
Harvest - 5 tonnes @ $48 /tonne (in silo;contract) 
Freight - 5 tonnes @ $25.60/tonne (silo to port 40 km) 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
GROSS MARGIN per Hectare 
Gross Margin per hectare at 
various selling prices and yields. 
$61 
$76 
$ 58 
$215 
$43 
$240 
$128 
YIELD Tonnes/ha 
4.0t 5.0t 7.0t 
PRICE $150 $-147 $-71 $82 
PER $180 $-27 ~ $292 
TONNE $220 $133 $279 $572 
C-23 
$900 
$ 821 
3.3.3 White Clover 
WHITE CLOVER GROSS MARGIN 
(Huia) 
Income: 
350 kg(M.D.)/ha @ $3.20/kg 
Expenditure(per hectare): 
Cultivation - nil (established under a crop) 
Seed - 3 kg/ha@ $5.40/kg 
Fertiliser - Super 125 kg/ha @ $250/t 
Weed, Pest and Disease -
2,4,D Ester 4.5 I/ha@ $8.60/litre 
Carbetamex 3.5 kg/ha @ $27.01/kg 
Mavrik 150ml/ha@ $162.37 /litre 
Applications, 2@ $18 
Irrigation - 50mm (3x) @ $21.23 
(Elec. $13.20; R&M $8.03) 
Harvest(contract) - 0.9 hrs/ha@ $215 
Freight - 500 kg (FD) @ $25.26/tonne 
Seed Dressing - 500 kg @ 33c /kg 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
GROSS MARGIN per Hectare 
$ 39 
$ 95 
$24 
$ 36 
Gross margin per Hectare at 
$16 
$31 
$194 
$64 
$194 
$13 
$165 
various selling prices and yields. 
YIELD kg(MD)/Beotare 
200kg 350kg 700kg 
2700 $-60 $268 $1036 
PRICE 
G;] 3200 $ 40 $1386 
o/kg 
3700 $140 $618 $1736 
C-24 
$1,120 
$677 
3.3.4 Vining Peas 
VINING PEA GROSS MARGIN 
Income: 
5 tonnes /ha @ $290 /tonne 
Pea vine 60 bales @ $3.00 
TOTAL INCOME 
Expenditure(per hectare): 
Cultivation -
60 kW tractor - 3.5 hrs@ $17.38 /hr 
(Fuel $11.60; R&M $5.72/hr) 
Seed - 290 kg/ha@ $1.19 per kg 
Fertilizer - Ammophos 8.14.13.1,125 kg/ha@ $497/t 
("Watties" recommendation) 
Weed, Pest and Disease -
Bladex: 2.5 kg/ha@ $15.41/kg $39 
MCPB : 2l/ha @ $7.58/litre $15 
Application(combined; contract) $18 
Irrigation - 3 x 50mm application @ $21.23 
(Elec. $13.20; R&M $8.03) 
Harvest - Purchaser of peas 
Freight- .. 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
GROSS MARGIN per Hectare 
$1,450 
$ 180 
$61 
$345 
$62 
$72 
$64 
$0 
$0 
Gross Margin per Hectare at various changes 
in yield. (Assume pea quality is constant 
i.e. $290 contract price per tonne) 
YIELD Tonnes/Hectare 
3t St 7t 
$ 446 1$10261 $1606 
C-25 
$1,630 
$604 
3.3.5 Past and Present Cropping Gross Margins: A Comparison 
Table of Historic Gross Margins 
expressed as $/hectare 
Season Wheat Barley White Ryegrass Field Vining 
(malting) Clover (Nui) Peas Peas 
(Huia) 
1990/91 $158 (S) $79 $443 $1026 
1989/90 $693 (S) $499 $370 $ 68 $274 $lO20 
1988/89 $567 $434 $374 $227 $389 $ 516 
1987/88 $252 $251 $178 $358 $307 $ 541 
1986/87 $194 $340* $325* $330* $307* 
1985/86 $509 $476* $191* $188* $449* 
1984/85 $841 $640 $256 $132 $311 $578 
1982/83 $585 $640 $6lO $179 $320 $720 
1981/82 $640 $667 $510 $646 $341 $580 
1980/81 $620 $445 $430 $375+ $225 $570 
1979/80 $432 $315 $242 $239+ $ 85 $456 
Source: Lincoln University Financial Budget Manual 
* MAP South Canterbury 
+ Ariki Ryegrass 
Note: 1990/91 and 1989/90 wheat gross margins are for spring sown crops; all 
previous wheat gross margins were calculated for winter sown cultivars. 
C-26 
3.4 EXPORT FRUIT GROSS MARGINS 
The following Gross Margins are included to give an indication of current 
profitability. Figures have been derived mainly from MAF Monitoring forecasts. 
Care should be taken when interpreting these results, as yield and cost estimates will 
differ according to each individual property. 
3.4.1 Export Apples 
(Based on effective planted area) 
Income: 
2900 TCE a hectare @ $7.50 a TCE 
(TCE = Tray Carton Equivalent)(66% packout) 
Expenditure (per hectare): 
Fertiliser 
Chemicals 
Casual wages - pruning 
- thinning 
Packing cost 
Freight 
- picking 
- packing 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
GROSS MARGIN PER HECTARE 
Gross Margin per Tray Carton Equivalent 
C-27 
$820 
$660 
$2780 
$620 
$ 280 
$1730 
$4880 
$3970 
$ 550 
$21,750 
$1l,410 
$10,340 
$3.57 
3.4.2 Export Kiwifruit 
(Based on effective planted area) 
Income: 
5300 Trays a hectare @ $5.00 a Tray 
(net of cool storage and levies) 
Expenditure (per hectare): 
Fertiliser 
Pollination 
Spraying and Chemicals 
Wages (contract) 
Grade and Pack 
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 
GROSS MARGIN PER HECTARE 
Gross Margin per Tray 
C-28 
$ 760 
$810 
$1280 
$4500 
$13,150 
$26,500 
$20,500 
$6,000 
$1.13 
3.5 CITRUS FRUIT GROSS MARGINS 
The following Gross Margins are based on estimates from a small number of orchards 
in the Bay of Plenty and Gisbome regions. The figures are for the 1989{90 season, in 
$ per hectare. 
Source: MAF (Technology) Consultants, Bay of Plenty. 
Navel Seminole Satsuma N.Z. 
Oranges Tangelos Mandarins Lemons Grapefruit 
Returns $ $ $ $ $ 
(per hectare) 17077 17535 48064 26081 17401 
Variable Costs 
(per hectare) 
Fertiliser 266 286 440 284 226 
Mowing 68 51 90 92 67 
Weed control 135 83 152 115 59 
Pest & Disease Control 1064 1087 1033 681 672 
Pruning 27 365 138 178 
Picking 1755 1415 2442 2314 1853 
Packing 1219 2010 2578 2724 909 
Freight 1129 2759 3888 3965 2316 
Commission 604 1343 3575 1579 606 
Levies 
~ 
182 358 202 79 
tOTAL VARIABLES 6353 9216 14921 12094 6965 
GROSS MARGIN $10724 $8319 $33143 $13924 $10436 
C-29 
SECTION 4 
TAXATION 
Contributed by: 
David HAY, B.Com. M.C.M. 
ACA ACIS ANZIM CMA 
Senior Lecturer in Accounting 
and 
Murray B. CLARK, M.Com. ACA 
Senior Lecturer in Accounting 
LINCOLN UNIVERSITY 
Acknowledgement: We appreciated the support of Janet Duggan and Peter Westley in helping to 
compile this information, and of Judy Boyd and Sue Watson in processing it. 
IMPORTANT NOTE: 
At the time of writing (December 1990), there are a number of proposed income 
taxation changes which have yet to be enacted as legislation, and may ultimately 
differ from those originally announced. 
This manual details both the current legislation and the proposed changes where 
applicable. 
While every attempt is made to ensure these writings are accurate, we must caution 
readers not to rely solely on the Budget Manual without further reference, including 
professional advice where appropriate. 
4.1 INTRODUCTION 
4.1.1 Tax Legislation 
This section of the manual sets out some of the more important requirements for 
Income Tax, Fringe Benefit Tax and Goods and Services Tax. Infonnation regarding 
Estate Duty and Gift Duty is set out in Section 5. 
The law relating to tax ir. New Zealand includes the Income Tax Act 1976 and the 
Goods and Services Tax Act 1985. The Income Tax Act also sets out the 
requirements for some other taxes, including Fringe Benefit tax. Only selected 
aspects of the taxation law have been included in this section, and caution must be 
exercised when applying those guidelines to a particular circumstance. If in doubt, 
your accountant, or financial adviser should be consulted. 
4.1.2 Changes since last year 
In recent years there have been rapid and dramatic tax changes. The objectives of the 
tax refonn process were described as: 
- to broaden the income and consumption tax bases; 
- to reduce the scope for avoidance and evasion; 
- to lower the rates of tax; 
- to make the system fairer; and 
- to simplify the tax system and make it more certain. 
Major changes to the tax legislation continued in 1990. Some of the changes which 
affected most taxpayers were: 
Changes announced in previous years which came into effect: 
- The rate of company tax was increased to 33% with effect from the 1989/90 
income year. 
- PA YE tax payments by employers are required to be made more quickly. 
Employers with annual tax deductions of over $100,000 must make PA YE 
payments twice each month. 
- The threshold below which land tax is not payable was reduced to $10,000 
and the rates of land tax were reduced. 
- Various adjustments to the herd scheme and trading stock scheme for 
livestock valuation were introduced. From the 1989/90 income year, more 
livestock classes may be included in the herd scheme; and the three year write 
down to trading stock value has been abolished. There were also changes to 
the high-priced livestock scheme. 
Other possible changes are still being developed. Currently, methods of tax 
simplification are being considered. 
D-3 
Changes announced during this year: 
- The date for payment of GST was moved from the lst of the month to the last 
working day of the previous month (effective 28 February 1991). 
- From the 1992-93 income year, some taxpayers will be permitted to make 
fringe benefit tax payments annually instead of quarterly. 
- The threshold below which a GST invoice is not required was raised to $50 
from I October 1990. 
- The threshold below which the payment basis of recording GST may be used 
was also raised to $1 million from 1 October 1990. 
- Land Tax will be abolished from the next payment date. That payment, due 
on 7 May 1991, will be at a rate reduced from 1 % to 0.5% of latest 
government valuation. 
- Changes to the provisional tax system were announced, to be phased in with 
effect from the income year beginning 1 April 1991. 
- The Consultative Committee which was set up to consider changes to the 
taxation of income from capital (and the introduction of tax on capital gains) 
recommended that the proposed changes should not take place. The Minister 
of Finance then announced that capital gains tax is "off the agenda". 
- Instead the Committee is looking at "repairs and maintenance" to the tax 
system, including tax simplification and basic design faults in the Income Tax 
Act. 
- The $10,000 limitation in deduction of losses from specified activities was 
abolished. 
- The 'clawback' of interest deductions on land sold within ten years of 
acquisition was also abolished. 
Tax changes announced but not yet passed: 
(These changes were announced in the government's Economic and Social Initiative 
on 19 December 1990.) 
- Provisional tax uplift will be reduced from 10% to 5% 
- Salary payments by private companies will no longer be able to be used to 
defer tax. 
- Commission-only salespeople will be allowed to claim a tax deduction for 
expenses. 
- From 1992 all livestock classes will be allowed into the herd scheme. 
- Farmers will be allowed to spread over three years the income arising from a 
transfer from the trading stock scheme to the herd scheme or resulting from an 
increase in herd size due to retention of farm bred stock. 
- Some kinds of farm development expenditure will become immediately 
deductible. 
D-4 
4.2 THE INCOME TAX SYSTEM 
4.2.1 Overview 
The New Zealand income tax system operates under a voluntary compliance 
procedure in which each taxpayer is responsible for declaring his or her own income, 
calculating the tax due, and paying it. There are penalties for taxpayers who do not 
comply. 
Refer to Section 4.15.2 (page D-58) for the rates of income tax. 
Income tax is collected throughout the year by either the PA YE, withholding tax, or 
provisional tax systems. After the income year has finished, each taxpayer should 
complete the appropriate annual Return of Income and file it with the Inland Revenue 
Department. An assessment is issued to the taxpayer. 
A taxpayer can object to his or her income tax assessment. There are strict 
requirements for objections in the Income Tax Act and other legislation. Anyone 
contemplating objecting is advised to seek professional advice. 
4.2.2 PAYE (Pay As You Earn) Tax on Personal Income 
Under the PA YE system, source deductions of tax are made by employers. 
Employees (and contractors in some cases) are required to complete an IR12 or IR13 
tax code declaration. The information in the IR12 or IR13, is used by the employer to 
help establish how much tax should be deducted. The tax deducted is paid over to the 
Inland Revenue Department. 
The P A YE system applies to two types of payment: 
- Salary or wages - the amount of tax depends on the amount of payment and the 
tax code shown on the IR12. Tax tables to calculate the amounts to be deducted 
are published by the Inland Revenue Department (IR 184X). 
For secondary employment and extra emoluments, such as back payor bonuses, 
PA YE tax is deducted at a flat rate of 28%. 
- Withholding payments, are payments under contract where there is not an 
employer-employee relationship. Withholding tax should be deducted when 
business payments are made to self-employed individuals. Common types of 
payment and the appropriate tax rates are specified on the back of the IR 13 
form and include: 
see over page for list of rates. 
D-5 
Company directors' fees 
Agricultural work 
Cleaners 
Honoraria 
Shearers 
Shearing shed hands 
% 
33 
15 
20 
33 
25 
20 
Failure to provide an IR 13 increases the rate of withholding tax to be deducted by 15 
cents for every $1. The amount on which withholding tax is calculated should not 
include any GST charged by the contractor. 
This tax mainly applies to payments by businesses to self-employed contractors. 
Withholding tax does not apply for payments to Companies. 
Payment of PA YE and Withholding Tax 
Employers must pay the total PA YE and withholding tax to the Inland Revenue 
Department. Payment must be made twice a month if total deductions are more than 
$50,000 ($100,000 from August 1991). Employers who made total deductions of less 
than $50,000 in the preceding year, make one payment on the 5th of each month. 
This is to cover the total deduction for the previous month. 
If total PA YE and withholding tax deductions in the preceding year were more than 
$50,000, the amounts deducted must be paid over to the Department twice each 
month. Payments are due on the 20th of the month (for tax deducted from payments 
made from the first to the 15th of the month); or the 5th of the following month (for 
tax deducted from payments made on or after the 16th of the month). 
Each year the employer is required to complete the pay details on the tax deduction 
certificates and give the yellow (bottom) copy to the employee by 20 April. The top 
copies, together with a completed Annual Reconciliation Form (IR68), must be sent to 
the Inland Revenue Depa.rtment by 31 May each year. 
Employers must keep proper records for each employee showing gross wages, tax 
deductions, and tax credits (if any). Tax credits relate to the family support tax credit 
scheme and the guaranteed minimum family income tax credit scheme. All records 
relating to employee wages must be kept for ten years. 
4.2.3 Resident Withholding Tax 
Resident withholding tax (RWT, sometimes called 'interest PA YE' or 'dividend 
PAYE') was introduced in 1989. It is deducted by businesses which pay interest or 
dividends to clients/shareholders. The rates are 24% for interest and 33% for 
dividends. 
No tax is required to be deducted from payments to organisations holding a Certificate 
of Exemption. These certificates are issued by the Inland Revenue Department to 
D-6 
financial institutions, companies with sales greater than $2 million p.a. and 
organisations whose income is exempt from tax. 
It is not necessary to deduct RWT from interest on private borrowings. However, 
businesses which pay more than $5000 p.a. of interest to people or organisations 
which do not hold Certificates of Exemption, are required to deduct resident 
withholding tax. This situation will apply to some farmers and other businesses who 
have borrowed money privately. 
Institutions which deduct resident withholding tax from interest are required to 
provide taxpayers with RWT certificates by 20th May each year. The certificates, 
together with dividend notices showing RWT credits, allow a credit for the tax 
withheld to be claimed in the annual tax returns. 
4.2.4 Provisional Tax System 
Provisional tax is levied on all income which does not have source deduction tax 
(such as PAYE or RWT) taken from it. It is meant to ensure that all income will be 
taxed in the year in which it is earned. 
Provisional taxpayers include: 
- Individuals who derive business or professional income, e.g. fanners. 
- Companies. 
- Trusts. 
Taxpayers with less than $3,000 of provisional income (income which does not have 
source deduction tax deducted from it) do not have to pay provisional tax. From the 
1991-92 income year, this threshold will be changed. Provisional tax will be required 
to be paid by taxpayers who have residual income tax of more than $2,500. 
Provisional tax is based on either an estimate of the current year's income or a figure 
calculated from a previous year's tax liability. The rules are intended to ensure that 
approximately the correct amount of tax is paid in the year in which income is earned. 
The difference between provisional tax paid and the actual tax, or the income earned, 
is adjusted in the next year. 
Provisional tax is required to be paid in three instalments, on the seventh day of the 
fourth, eighth and 12 months of the taxpayer's income year. (July, November and 
March for taxpayers whose balance date is 31 March.) 
Where remaining tax is due, this is called terminal tax, and is calculated in the annual 
tax return. It is due on 7 February (for most taxpayers including those whose balance 
date is 31 March). Where provisional or terminal tax is not paid by the date it is due, 
"additional tax" of 10% is added to the amount payable. Additional tax is increased 
by a further 10% (compounding) for each six month period that the tax remains 
unpaid. 
D-7 
Penalties may be due on provisional tax which is under-estimated, and some taxpayers 
are also required to pay interest on the difference between provisional tax paid and the 
actual tax for the year. 
The two options for calculating provisional tax are as follows: 
1. Provisional Tax Based on Previous Year's Tax 
This option is availabl.e if current income is expected to be less than $1 million. 
Provisional tax calculations are based on 'residual income tax' for the previous year. 
Residual income tax (or RIT) is effectively total tax minus PAVE deductions, 
withholding tax deductions and other source deductions and tax credits. In some 
cases this should be increased by an uplift of 10% or 20%. 
There are three categories for calculating provisional tax payments using the previous 
year basis: 
a) Individuals with income less than $100,000. 
Provisional tax due is equal to last year's residual income tax plus 10%. If the 
previous year's tax return has not been completed when a provisional payment 
falls due, then the provisional tax is based on the tax for the preceding year plus 
20%. (That is, if the 31 March 1991 tax return has been completed when the 7 
July 1991 payment is due. the payment should be based on the 1991 residual 
income tax plus 10%. If the 1991 return has not been completed, then the 31 
March 1990 residual income tax plus 20% is used.) 
Individuals in this category do not have to pay the interest or under-estimation 
penalties which are explained later. 
b) Individuals with income over $100,000 and less than $1 million. 
Provisional tax is the same amount as the previous year's residual income tax. 
(No uplift is required.) But if tax payments are based on an earlier year (e.g. 
1991-92 provisional tax based on the 1989-90 tax return), then provisional tax 
equals the earlier year's residual income tax plus a 10% uplift. 
Individuals with income over $100,000 are subject to interest on underpaid or 
overpaid tax. 11lis is a charge (or credit) of 10% p.a., calculated on a daily basis, 
on the difference between provisional tax and the total income tax subsequently 
calculated on the tax return. That is, on the terminal tax, or refund due. 
c) Companies and other Taxpaying Entities 
For companies and other entities with income less than $1 million, provisional 
tax payable is equal to the previous year's residual income tax plus 10%, or the 
tax from the year preceding the previous year plus 20%. 
Companies are also required to make an adjustment when tax rates change. 
D-8 
Note: The thresholds of $100,000 and $1 million income will be replaced by 
limits of $30,000 and $300,000 residual income ta~ from the income year 
commencing 1 April 1991. 
Taxpayers in this category are also subject to interest (at 1O%p.a. on a daily basis) 
on the difference between the provisional tax they paid and their actual tax. 
2. Provisional Tax Based on Estimated Income 
This method is compulsory for people and businesses with incomes over $1 million. 
All taxpayers with annual incomes of more than $1 million are required to pay 
provisional tax on their estimated current income. This threshold becomes $300,000 
of Residual Income Tax from 1991-92. 
Other taxpayers have the option of paying tax on an estimate if they wish. This option 
is usually only used by people whc expect the tax paid under this method to be lower 
than it would be under the previous year basis. 
All taxpayers making estimates of provisional tax must ensure that the estimate is 
"fair and reasonable". 
If an estimate is used, and the provisional tax paid is less than 80% of the actual 
residual income tax required for the year, then a penalty applies. The penalty is a flat 
10% of the difference between estimated and actual tax. . 
In addition, taxpayers who use estimated income to calculate provisional tax are 
subject to interest on the difference between provisional and actual tax at lO%p.a. on a 
daily basis. 
Provisional Tax Example: 
Mr J. Smith is a farmer, with personal income from his farm and from casual work for 
a local contractor. His total income is $53,875. Total tax due in his 31 March 1991 
tax return is: 
Tax on total income 
Less rebates 
Tax payable 
Less P A YE deductions 
RESIDUAL INCOME TAX 
Less 1990-91 provisional tax already paid 
TERMINAL TAX 
$ 
15,000 
~ 
14,950 
1000 
13,950 
His 1990-91 terminal tax payment will be due on 7 February 1992. Because his 
income is less than $100,000 he is not subject to interest on the tenninal tax due. 
D-9 
His provisional tax payment will be based on the previous year's residual income tax 
plus 10 %. The first provisional tax payment for 1991-92 will be due on 7 July 1991. 
It is calculated as follows: 
Residual Income Tax is $13950 (see page D-9) 
1991-92 Provisional Tax ($13,950 plus 10%) 
Amounts due: 
7 July 1991 (one third) 
7 November 1991 (one third) 
7 March 1992 (one third) 
$ 
5115 
5115 
5115 
The above details assume Mr Smith paid his 1990-91 provisional tax on the basis of 
the previous year's tax. If, however, his 1990-91 provisional tax paid ($10,000 in the 
example) was based on an estimate, he would be required to pay various additional 
amounts. These would include a penalty, since the provisional tax ($10,000) is less 
than 80% of actual residual income tax ($13,950). The penalty would be 10% of the 
difference, or $395. Using the estimate basis would also mean that interest at 10% 
p.a. (on a daily basis) from 7 March 1990 to 7 February 1991 would be due on his 
terminal tax payment (interest of $365 in this example). 
Future Changes to Provisional Tax 
More changes have been announced which will be phased in from the 1992/93 income 
year. These include changing the date of each payment to the 20th of the appropriate 
month; and introducing interest charges, from the first provisional payment date, for 
nearly all taxpayers; and delaying the date of the third provisional payment and 
terminal tax payment to the month after balance date. 
4.2.5 Returns of Income 
In general, every taxpayer must furnish a return of income each year setting out details 
of the assessable income derived during the year, plus supporting information, 
including accounts, etc. Annual returns relate to an income year ending 31 March 
unless an alternative balance date has been approved by the Inland Revenue 
Department. 
A "pay-period taxpayer" has the option of not filing a a tax return, in which case the 
PA YE tax already deducted is not adjusted. If a tax return is filed, the amount of tax 
payable is the lesser of the P A YE tax already deducted, or the tax assessed in the tax 
return. For the 1990-91 income year, a 'pay-period taxpayer' is defined as an 
employee who receives salary and wages less than $20,000 and other income less than 
$6,006. However, the following taxpayers are excluded from treatment as pay-period 
taxpayers: shearers, shearing shed hands, absentees, taxpayers eligible for the family 
support tax credit, national superannuitants, and others who would normally earn 
more than $20,000, but earned less than that because of some disruption e.g. 
retirement, death, disability etc. 
D-1O 
The following return forms should be used: 
IR3 - Individual return for self-employed and persons with (net) investment 
income over $3,000. 
IR3B - Supplementary return of business income. 
IR3F - Supplementary return of farming income. 
IR4 - Company and club returns. 
IR5 - Individual return for persons who receive income from salary, wages or 
superannuation, with net investment income (i.e. interest and dividends after 
exemptions, and net rents) not exceeding $3,000. 
IR6 - Estate or Trust return. 
IR7 - Partnership return. 
Due Dates for Annual Returns 
Annual returns for IR 5 taxpayers are due 7 June each year. Annual returns for all 
other taxpayers are due as follows: 
- Balance dates between 1 October and the following 7 May (inclusive) - return 
is due 7 July. 
- Balance dates between 8 May and the following 30 September (inclusive) -
return is due two months after balance date. 
Although there are penalties for filing returns after the due date, in practice these have 
usually only applied in extreme cases, e.g. where a number of years' returns are 
overdue. 
Special rules apply to returns completed by accountants and other specialists. These 
allow a proportion of returns to be completed by later dates. 
D-ll 
4.2.6 Assessment of Tax 
The return of income requires the taxpayer to calculate his or her actual tax liability 
and then deduct the tax already paid, as P A YE and/or provisional tax, during the 
income year. The Inland Revenue Department then issues an assessment notice to the 
taxpayer. Possible results are: 
1. A refund of tax overpaid (or a credit that can be offset against other tax due). 
2. More tax to pay (terminal tax), which is due in the following year. 
3. No adjustment required. 
4. Confirmation of a tax loss which can be carried forward to be offset against 
future income. 
The Inland Revenue Department has the right to issue an amended assessment if it 
believes a previous assessment was not correct. The IRD has the right to do this until 
four years after the end of the income year (31 March) in which an assessment was 
made. Where a tax return was fraudulent or wilfully misleading or where it omitted 
income, then the Inland Revenue Department can issue an amended assessment 
without any time limit. 
The taxpayer has the right to object to a tax assessment notice. The objection must be 
in writing and within one month. It is advisable to get professional help if you are 
making an objection. If the Inland Revenue Department disallows your objection, 
you may request a hearing by the Taxation Review Authority or in the High Court, 
but the request must be made within two months from the date the objection is 
disallowed. 
In many cases, where an objection is made to an assessment, one half of the tax in 
dispute may be deferred until the final liability is determined. This means both the 
taxpayer and the Department have the use of some of the money in dispute until the 
case is resolved. After the objection is determined, the taxpayer or the Inland 
Revenue Department, whichever loses, must pay interest on this money on a daily 
basis. 
D-12 
4.2.7 Penalties 
Penalties include fines, additional tax or penal tax, and, in very rare cases, jail. 
1. P AYE offences. 
Failing to deduct PA YE or withholding tax or to pay it to the Inland Revenue 
Department is regarded as a serious offence. There is a maximum fine of 
$15,000 ($25,000 for re-offending). In addition this is one of few areas carrying 
possible imprisonment, for up to 12 months. 
2. Late Payment. 
Where any tax is paid late. a penalty called 'additional tax' is added to it. This 
increases the amount by 10%, and a further 10% (compounding) is added every 
six months. Additional tax applies to provisional tax, terminal tax, P AYE, 
withholding tax etc. 
3. Tax Returns and Other Offences. 
Failing to provide information required by the Commissioner of Inland Revenue 
carries a fine of $2,000 (increasing for re-offenders). 
Giving false information, or making a false tax return can lead to a fine of 
$15,000 ($25,000 for re-offenders). These penalties can apply to officers of 
companies as well as to the company itself. 
4. Tax Evasion. 
Taxpayers who evade tax can be fined and charged penal tax, which is a 
maximum of three times the amount of tax evaded. Tile Inland Revenue 
Department assesses the amount of penal tax to be charged in accordance with 
guidelines. One factor taken into account is the taxpayer's co-operation with the 
Department. Offences connected with concealing income from overseas 
investments or trusts carry an additional potential penalty of a fine of up to 
$50,000 and imprisonment for up to two years. 
D-13 
4.3 CALCULATING TAXABLE INCOME - OVERVIEW 
The following concepts are important: 
Income is not defined in the Income Tax Act, and anything which appears to be 
income is likely to be taxable. The Income Tax Act specifically sets out a large 
number of items that must be treated as income, and some items for which there are 
exemptions. 
Deductions are only allowed if they come under a specific section of the Act. This 
includes a general rule that allows the deduction of expenditure incurred in producing 
assessable income, or in operating a business to produce assessable income. 
However, there are many special rules which set out limits on particular kinds of 
deduction. 
4.4 CALCULATION OF TAXABLE INCOME - INDIVIDUALS 
4.4.1 Overview 
Individuals are required to file IR3 or IRS returns (depending on their sources of 
income - see Section 4.2.5, page D-lO, Returns of Income), and to pay tax at the rates 
specified by the Income Tax Act. These rates vary according to the lev,el of income 
on the basis that the higher the income, the higher the marginal rate of tax. The rates 
of tax from 1 April 1989 are: 24% of the first $30,875 earned, and 33% of income in 
excess of $30,875. 
Taxable income is calculated in the following way: 
Income from all sources 
less Exempt Income 
less Allowable deductions 
TAXABLE INCOME or ASSESSABLE INCOME 
Tax is calculated as: 
Tax (on Taxable Income) 
less Rebates and Adjustments 
Tax Liability for year 
less Tax paid during year (e.g. PA YE, Provisional tax, RWT) 
less Other tax credits 
REFUND OR TERMINAL TAX TO PAY 
D-14 
4.4.2 Assessable Income 
Includes, among other ~ources: 
1. Profits or gains derived from any business. 
2. Monetary remuneration from employment, such as salary and wages, allowances 
(other than reimbursing allowances), bonuses, gratuities, emoluments, or other 
monetary benefits. 
Note: "Salary and wages" includes: 
Value of board, lodging and house allowances received. 
Payments on account of an employee. 
Pensions and superannuation from past employment. 
National superannuation. 
Earnings related Accident Compensation receipts. 
'Basic Grant' paid to students. 
3. Profits or gains derived from the sale or disposition of property if it is the 
business of the taxpayer to deal in such property, or if the property was acquired 
for the purpose or intention of selling or otherwise disposing of it. 
4. Revenues from land e.g. net rents received; profits from extraction, removal or 
sale of minerals, timber, etc. 
5. Gains from the sale of land in some circumstances. 
Note: There are complex rules for taxation of gains from the sale of land 
(including improvements e.g. buildings). The following list provides a 
simplified summary: 
Gains are taxable where: 
A. The land was bought with an intention of selling it (unless it was used for 
'substantial business' by the taxpayer, or for his or her residence). 
or B. Where the taxpayer or an associated person is in the business of dealing 
in land, is a property developer, or is a builder. These sections do not 
apply if the land has been held for more than ten years, nor if was used 
for 'substantial business' by the taxpayer, or as his or her residence. 
or C. Where gains are partly due to a change in zoning (including expected 
zone changes). However, there are exemptions if the land was used by 
the taxpayer for a farming or agricultural business and sold to be used as 
a farming or agricultural business; or if it was used as the taxpayer's 
residence and sold to be used as a residence. Gains are also not taxable if 
the land was held for more than ten years, and this allowance applies 
proportionately if the land was held for less than ten years (e.g. held for 
three years, 30% of gain is not taxable). 
or D. Where an undertaking for the land to be developed or subdivided was 
commenced within ten years of the land being acquired. However, this 
D-15 
section does not apply where the development was for purposes of a 
business <;onducted from the land, or for the residence of the taxpayer, or 
for income from rents. It also does not apply if the land was less than 
4,500m
2 
and was occupied as the taxpayer's residence; and it does not 
apply where the taxpayer used the land primarily for farming or 
agriculture, and the subdivided land is capable of being worked as an 
economic unit, as a fanning, or agricultural business. 
or E. The development profit is taxable where there was significant 
expenditure in developing land for industrial, commercial or residential 
purposes. This section does not apply if the land was less than 4,500m
2 
and was occupied as the taxpayers residence; or where the taxpayer used 
the land primarily for farming or agriculture and it is capable of being 
worked as economic units for farming or agricultural business. 
6. Royalties and "know how" payments. 
7. Interests, dividends, annuities and pensions. 
8. All income-tested benefits paid by the Department of Social Welfare. 
9. Travelling allowances received by an employee will be taxable except those 
amounts which represent a reimbursement of additional transport costs incurred 
by the employee in travelling between home and his or her place of work. 
4.4.3 Exempt Income 
The following items, amongst. others, are exempt income: 
1. Prize money from horse or dog racing, or trotting. 
2. Prizes from Lotto, Instant Kiwi and Bonus Bonds. 
3. Gifts, Legacies, and Capital Gains are not regarded as income. 
4. Any educational scholarship or bursary (but not 'basic grant' which is paid by the 
N.Z. Government). 
D-16 
4.4.4 Deductions for Employees 
Recipients of salary, wages and/or national superannuation, and casual agricultural 
employees, are no longer pennitted to deduct employment related expenses. 
However, there is one remaining category of deduction which still applies to most 
people. Expenses incurred in the determination of a person's liability for tax may be 
claimed as a deduction. This includes fees paid for preparation of accounts and tax 
returns, and purchase of reference materials to assist the taxpayer in calculating his or 
her tax. 
4.4.5 Personal Tax Rebates 
Rebates are offset against tax assessed. However, the total rebates claimed cannot 
exceed the assessed amount of tax payable, so the rebates cannot be claimed as a 
refund if they are more than the tax wh:ch was due. 
The principal rebates available to individuals for the 1990/91 income year are: 
1. Personal Tax Rebate for Child Taxpayer 
Maximum $156 per year. 
This rebate applies to a child taxpayer who during the income year was under 15 
years old or attended a primary, secondary, or special school, and for whom a 
family benefit was payable in that tax year. 
The rebate allows a child to effectively earn $1,040 income from employment 
before becoming liable to income tax. (Including the Low Income Rebate.) 
2. Transitional Tax Allowance 
Assessable Income 
Upto$ 6,240 
$6.241 - $9,880 
Over $9,880 
Rebate 
$728 
$728 less 20% of excess over $6,240 
Nil 
This rebate is not allowed if the taxpayer or spouse is entitled to the Family 
Support tax credit or the Guaranteed Minimum Family Income tax credit. 
The rebate is reduced if the taxpayer was not a full-time earner for the whole year. 
(The definition of full-time earner includes people engaged in remunerative work 
for not less than 20 hours each week.) 
3. Low Income Rebate 
This is a rebate of nine cents for each dollar of assessable income, (with some 
exceptions), up to a maximum of $855.00 (when income is $9,500). If income is 
greater than $9,500 the rebate reduces by four cents for each dollar of income. As 
a result the rebate does not apply to taxpayers whose income is over $30,875. 
D-17 
The rebate is only allowed 011 income that does not comprise interest, dividends, 
royalties, rents, or income derived by a beneficiary under a trust. That is, it is 
allowed on wages, salaries and income as a self-employed person or partner in a 
business. However. the rebate reduction of 4% applies to total income, including 
the categories that the rebate is not allowed on. But for National Superannuitants 
with incomes less than $9,500, the rebate applies to all income items. 
4. Housekeeper/Child Care Rebate 
The lesser of $310 or 33% of payments made. 
This rebate is allowable for II housekeeper, or for childcare (at home, at a childcare 
centre, or any other institution). It is available, provided the services are 
necessary, because the taxpayer is a sole parent, or is disabled, or the care is 
necessary for business or employment, or when a housekeeper is required because 
of the taxpayer's disability. 
5. Donations 
The lesser of $500 or 331/3 % of payments made. 
Donations must be for a minimum of $5 and made to approved charities. S c h 0 0 I 
fees are no longer eligible for this rebate. 
Receipts must be furnished in support of the rebate claimed. 
6. Visitors from Overseas who work for part of the income year in New Zealand 
are allowed a proportion (based on time worked here) of the following rebates: 
ChUd taxpayers 
Housekeeper 
Transitional Ta'{ Allowance 
Low Income 
1. Other Rebates 
There are also a few other rebates which apply in special circumstances. These 
include rebates for First World War pensioners and for savings in special home, 
farm and fishing vessel ownership savings accounts (no new accounts may be 
opened), 
4.4.6 Tax Credits 
Tax credits are paid to the taxpayer, either through the taxation system or directly 
through a benefit paid out from the Social Welfare Department. If the tax credits are 
more than enough to offset the tax due, then the remainder is paid out to the taxpayer. 
Income for tax credit calculations is calculated using special rules. Family income is 
combined for the purpose of the calculation. Some tax exemptions and business 
losses are ignored; profits made by a family company must be included, and livestock 
values must be re-calculated using "herd scheme" values. 
D-18 
There are two tax credit schemes; the Family Support Tax Credit (FSTC) and the-' 
Guaranteed Minimum Family Income (GMFI): 
1. Family Support Tax Credit 
Those who receive the Family benefit for a child will be eligible for the Family 
Support Tax Credit, subject to income limits. 
The rates for the year ended 31 March 1991 are: 
Tax credit Family income 
Under $17,500 $1,872 for one child plus $832 for each 
additional child. 
Between $17,500 and $27,000 As above, less 18% of the income above 
$17,500. 
Over $27,000 As above, less $1,710 and 30% of the 
excess income over $27,000. 
Family support is divided equally in two parent families. 
2. Guaranteed Minimum Family Income Tax Credit. 
This tax credit is paid in addition to the Family Support Tax Credit for full time 
employees with dependent children and a low income. The tax credit increases the 
after tax income to $15,808 (for a family with one child). This amount is 
increased by $832 for each additional child in the family. 
Both the Guaranteed Minimum Family Income tax credit and the Family Support 
tax credit can be paid by: 
(a) the employer reducing PAYE deductions; or 
(b) through a benefit paid out by the Social Welfare Department; or 
(c) the tax credits can be added to the year end tax refund or deducted from 
the terminal tax due. 
Tax Credit Example 
A married man with two children aged four and six derived the following income 
during the year ended 31 March 1991: 
Salary (gross) 
Interest- Savings Bank ($1,000 gross less $240 
resident withholding tax) 
Dividends received (with $100 imputation credit attached) 
P A YE tax deductions from his salary as per his IR 12 were: 
His wife earned $600 in the same year. 
D-19 
$20,000 
$760 
$300 
$4,000 
Throughout the year he paid the following amounts: 
Donations to Red Cross 
Activity fees to school 
His income tax assessment would be as follows: 
Salary 
Interest - Savings Bank ($760 + $240) 
Dividends - ($300 + $100) 
TOTAL ASSESSABLE INCOME 
INCOME TAX on $21,400= 
less REBATES: 
DOMtions 
Lesser of $500 or 331f3% of $30 
(school fees not eligible) 
Low Income Rebate 
Maximum possible rebate == 
Deduct four cents for each dollar 
by which income exceeds $9,500 
($21,400 - $9,500 = $11,900) 
4% of $11,900 = 
Total rebates 
Sub Total of Income Tax: 
less FAMILY SUPPORT TAX CREDIT: 
$855.00 
$476.00 
Family Income: Husband $21,400.00 
Wife $6(}().()(} 
Total $22.000.00 
Tax Credit for two chHdren:$1,872 + $832 == 
less Abatement:(see page 0-19) 
18% of excess over $17500 
($22,000 - $17,500 = 4,500@ 18%) 
Family Support Tax Credit (total) 
- Husband's share (50%) 
TAX PAYABLE 
less TAX ALREADY PAID: (see over page) 
0-20 
$9.99 
$2,704.00 
$810.00 
$1.894.00 
$30 
$70 
$20,000 
$1,000 
~ 
$21.400 
$5,136 
$388.99 
$4,747.01 
$947.00 
$3,800.01 
less: P A YE already paid 
Resident withholding tax paid 
Imputation credit 
REFUND DUE 
$4,000.00 
$240.00 
$100.00 
$4340.00 
$539.99 
Note 1: Guaranteed Minimum Family Income does not apply because net 
family income is above the threshold of $16,640 for a two-child family. 
Note 2: The spouse's tax return would have to be fIled in order to confirm the 
family support position. The returns should be filed together with the FS2 
(family support tax credit application form) attached to the wife's tax return. 
4.4.7 Tax Surcharge (on National Superannuatioru 
National superannuitants are subject to an additional tax surcharge at the rate of 20% . 
(from 1 April 1989) of income other than national superannuation and/or foreign 
social security pensions, in excess of a stated threshold. The amount of this threshold 
is $12,012 per married couple or $7,202 for a single superannuitant. 
From 1 April 1990, only one half of any private pension or superannuation (under 
certain conditions) is included in this calculation. 
The tax surcharge is limited to a maximum of the net amount of national 
superannuation received by the taxpayer in that year. 
D-21 
4.5 CALCULATING TAXABLE INCOME? COMPANIES 
A company pays tax in its own right (Le. it is separate and distinct from its 
shareholders). The basic rate of tax on income derived by New Zealand resident 
companies is 33%. (The rate for non-resident companies is 38%.) Taxable income 
generally means business profits (in the normal accounting sense). Adjustments are 
made for income and deductions that have special tax requirements, for example, 
depreciation. Under the imputation system, tax payable by a company can be 
available as a tax credit to the shareholders. Companies pay tax through the 
Provisional Tax System (see Section 4.2.4. page 0-7). 
4.5.1 Imputation System 
Dividends paid from (1 April 1988) can be subject to imputation tax credits. This 
means that tax paid by the Company can be passed on as a tax credit to the 
shareholders. 
In a simplified example: 
Family Company Limited earns a taxable income of 
Company tax payable (33%) 
Profit after tax 
$ 
100.00 
33.00 
$67.00 
The directors decide to declare a dividend of $33.50. They have the option of 
deciding how much imputation tax credit can be attached to the dividend. There are 
tax limits to how much tax credit can be attached to the dividend. The maximum 
imputation credit cannot be (a) more than the ratio of tax to income for the current tax 
rate, and it also cannot be more than (b) the amount of tax paid. 
tax rate 
Maximum .ratio 
income - tax rate 
33% 
100% - 33% 
49.25% of the dividend 
In the example: 
Maximum possible tax credit is the total tax paid by the company: 
$33.00 - see (b) above. 
The maximum possible tax credit also cannot exceed the ratio multiplied by the 
dividend - see (a) above. 
$33.50 (dividend) x 49.25% = $16.50 
The maximum tax credit that can be distributed with this dividend is $16.50. 
0-22 
The remainder of the tax paid can be carried forward (in an "imputation credit 
account"). The balance carried forward can be used for tax credits in later years. 
Assuming the directors decide to distribute the maximum tax credit shown above, this 
will affect the shareholders (in total) as follows: 
Dividend received $33.50 
plus imputation credit advised on the dividend notice: $16.50 
Total to be declared on the tax return along with other income $50.00 
Tax on $50.00 at 33% (maximum personal tax rate) $16.50 
Deduct imputation tax credit advised by the company (as above) $16.50 
$0.00 
Additional tax to pay as a result of receiving a $33.50 dividend is $0.00. 
The company must maintain an Imputation Credit Account (ICA) 
This account will include: 
CREDITS: 
- All Company tax payments for the 1988-89 and subsequent income years; 
- Balances brought forward from previous years (but only from 1988-89 and 
later) 
less DEBITS 
- Imputation credits transferred to shareholders; 
- Tax refunds received 
The Imputation Credit Account can go into debit, by allocating the shareholders' 
credits before the company pays its tax, but it must be back in credit by 31 March 
each year, or the amount overpaid plus a penalty (of 10%) is payable. An imputation 
return must be filed by 31 May each year. These dates apply regardless of the 
company's actual balance date. 
To summarise: 
Imputation means that company dividends are no longer subject to double taxation. 
Company tax can be passed on as a credit to shareholders. As a result, if a company 
has enough imputation credits, and decides to distribute them, then dividends received 
should not result in extra tax to pay. 
Resident Withholding Tax 
Resident withholding tax (refer Section 4.2.3. page D-6) must also be deducted from 
dividends at a rate of 33%, but any imputation credits are offset against the amount to 
be deducted. 
D-23 
4.5.2 Bonus Issues 
Bonus issues can either be taxable (in which case imputation credits can be allocated) 
or non-taxable. Bonus shares issued in lieu of dividend are taxable. Otherwise the 
directors have a choice. 
4.5.3 Losses 
Losses can be carried forward and deducted from the first available assessable 
income, provided 40% of the shareholding in the loss company remairls constant 
through the period from the start of the year when the loss was made, until it is 
eventually offset against profits. 
4.5.4 Payments to Associated Persons 
Special considerations apply where associated persons (for example. relatives) of the 
shareholders or directors receive remuneration from the company. These may affect 
arrangements to split income between family members. and it would be advisable to 
seek professional advice under these circumstances. 
D-24 
4.6 CALCULATING TAXABLE INCOME? PARTNE~SHIPS 
4.6.1 Overview 
Tax is paid on a partnership's income by the individual partners. A partnership is not 
a taxpaying entity and is not itself liable to pay tax, although tax must still be paid on 
its income. The partnership must file a separate partnership return of income (IR 7) 
covering its joint income (or loss), a copy of the accounts, and detailing its 
distribution among the partners. Each partner must file an annual return declaring 
their portion of the partnership income. Accounts should also be furnished. 
The partnership's assessable income is calculated under the same provisions that 
apply to other businesses conducted by individual sole traders or by companies. 
Each partner is liable for tax as an individual and must add his or her share of the net 
partnership income to income f:om other sources. Partnership losses are also 
allocated to the individual partners, as a partnership may not carry a loss forward. 
Payments of salary or wages and bonus payments made to a working partner under a 
written contract of service will be tax-deductible to the partnership. Normal PA YE 
procedures will apply to these payments. 
4.6.2 Family Partnershil!s 
The use of family partnerships, often including trusts for infants, has been a common 
device for splitting income among family members, thereby reducing the income 
affected by high tax brackets. To counteract loss of revenue through this type of 
income splitting, the Income Tax Act lays down a number of requirements before a 
family partnership is deemed to be acceptable for taxation purposes: 
- There must be a contract of partnership in writing or by deed signed by all 
parties; 
- No partner can be under 20 years of age when the agreement is signed; 
- The agreement must bind the pa.. ... ""lers for at least three years; 
- Each partner must have real and effective control of their share of remuneration 
and real and effective liability for their share of losses; and 
- The remuneration payable to any relative must not constitute a gift. 
Where the above requirements are not satisfied and the Commissioner of Inland 
Revenue believes that the remuneration or share of profits paid to the relative is 
excessive, he has the power to reallocate the partnership income for taxation purposes 
between the partners in such shares as he considers reasonable. having regard to the 
capital and services contributed by the partners and other relevant matters. 
D-25 
4.7 CALCULATING TAXABLE INCOME - TRUSTS 
A trust is an equitable obligation binding on a person (who is. called a trustee) to deal 
with property over which he has control (which is called the trust property), for the 
benefit of persons (who are called the beneficiaries) of whom he may himself be one, 
and anyone of whom may enforce the obligation. 
It is not necessary that a trust be in writing, as a valid trust can be created by an oral 
agreement, or by the conduct of the parties concerned. However, it is desirable to 
evidence a trust in writing by a Deed of Trust, or inclusion in a will, or by some other 
trust instrument. 
Trusts are commonly used as a means to hold family assets until children reach an 
appropriate age. They can have advantages in reducing estate duty or gift duty, and 
have some income tax effect. 
4.7.1 Classification of Trusts 
The Income Tax Act distinguishes between three types of trust: 
Qualifying Trust 
This category covers most New Zealand based trusts. (Note that the distinction 
between "specified trusts" and "other trusts" has now been abolished.) 
Foreign Trusts 
Generally trusts settled by a non resident. 
Non-Qualifying Trusts 
All other trusts - generally those with an off-shore trustee. 
Special rules apply to foreign trusts and non-qualifying trusts. These are not dealt 
with in this Manual. 
4.7.2 Liability for Income Tax (Qualifving Trusts) 
A trust is a separate legal entity, and as such all the income of a trust is liable for 
income tax in the hands of the trustee, either as "Trustees' Income" or as 
"Beneficiaries' Income" where the trustee acts as the agent of the beneficiary 
(although the primary liability remains with the beneficiary). 
In the case of "Beneficiaries' Income" (see Section 4.7 3, over page), the taxation 
liability is determined by calculating the tax liability of the beneficiary as an 
individual. If the beneficiary derives additional income, a personal return of income 
should be filed incorporating his trust income and the tax already paid by the trustee 
on his behalf. 
"Trustees' Income" is any income which is not distributed as Beneficiaries' Income 
and the trustee is assessed for tax at 33 cents per dollar. 
D-26 
Provisional tax will normally be paid on the income of a trust. The return of income 
for the trust (IR 6) will be filed by the trustee(s). Trust income is taxed once only so 
that a distribution to a beneficiary is not taxed if the trustee has paid tax on the income 
previously. 
4.7.3 Classification ofIncome 
Income derived by a trust during an income year is classified either as Beneficiaries' 
Income or as Trustees' Income. 
Beneficiaries' Income is: 
Where a beneficiary of any trust becomes entitled to income under a 
specific provision of the trust deed or by the discretionary act of the 
trustee; or 
Where the trustee pays or credits income to, or on behalf of the 
beneficiary of a trust, during or within six months after the income year 
by a genuine transaction which places the income beyond the possession 
and control of the trustee in his capacity as trustee of that trust. 
Any other income not coming within the above is Trustees' Income. 
It should be noted that the test for Beneficiaries' Income now stresses the 'vesting 
absolutely in interest' of the income, that is the funds being paid or credited to the 
beneficiary . 
D-27 
4.8 CALCULATING TAXABLE INCOME. FARMERS 
4.8.1 Farm Income 
The assessable income of a farmer will include the following: 
1. Business profits from trading operations, that is: 
SALES 
less PURCHASES and OTHER BUSINESS EXPENSES 
plus or minus CHANGES IN VALUE OF STOCK ON HAND at the end of 
the year (increases are added, decreases are subtracted). 
(For valuation of stock, see Section 4.8.3., page D?31). 
2. The value of meat and produce consumed domestically. (Usually nominal value 
if grown/raised on the farm.) 
3. Income received from any contracting work. 
4. Rents received from leasing farm property, including grazing fees. 
5. Receipts from the hire of livestock and plant, including stud fees. 
6. Insurance proceeds in respect of the loss of crops or stock. 
7. Prize money from A & P shows, less entrance fees and other related expenses. 
8. Compensation for stock condemned. 
9. Refunds from t .... le Income Equalisation scheme. (Capital pius interest.) 
10. Income from the sale of timber, including standing timber and trees planted for 
agricultural purposes, is assessable, but may be spread over the year of sale and 
up to three preceding years. 
11. Income from dealings on the futures market, e.g. wool futures. 
12. Other items including any other categories of income generated by the farm 
business and income from any off-farm activities or investments. 
Note: For a business registered for GST purposes, GST collected on sales is not 
regarded as assessable income. 
D-28 
4.8.2 Farm Expenses 
Private expenses in the nature of household stores, domestic wages, repairs to 
household equipment, etc. are to be treated as private drawings, and must not be 
charged against farm income. Similarly, the private portion of household expenses, 
electricity and car depreciation, should also be regarded as drawings. 
In addition to the appropriate business expenses, farm expenses will include the 
following: 
1. Legal expenses incurred in arranging finance for the purchase, or lease of 
income producing assets. 
2. Legal expenses incurred in borrowing or renewing loan moneys employed as 
capital in the production of assessable income. 
3. Telephone (excluding personal ton calls). 
4. Proportion of car expenses (including depreciation) applicable to business use, 
on the basis of the ratio of business usage to total usage. Detailed records 
should be kept using a log book. Where insufficient records are kept, the 
maximum deduction allowable for business is limited to 25% of the car 
expenses. 
Note: As from the commencement of the 1992 income year, vehicle log books 
need not cover a full 12 months but must cover a minimum of 90 days. 
5. Stores and rations provided to employees: 
- Supplied to an outside employee (including a partner with less than 20% 
interest): the farmer can claim the actual cost of additional stores and rations 
purchased if accurate records are kept. Otherwise the deduction is limited,to 
$10 per employee per week. This applies where these costs have not already 
been claimed as a tax deductible farm expense. 
- Supplied to related married employees or part proprietor employees: the 
actual cost of stores and rations supplied is tax deductible. 
6. Accommodation supplied to employees: 
- Supplied to all employees except a partner-manager: depreciation at 
appropriate rate(s) and all expenses (e.g. mortgage interest, repairs, 
maintenance, etc.) are deductible in full. (The value of board and lodging to 
the employee is treated as part of his or her assessable income and subject to 
PA YE tax deductions). 
- Supplied to a partner/manager: the partnership can claim 25% of the costs of 
the dwelling. 
7. One quarter of total expenditure on the farm dwelling if situated on the farm 
e.g. repairs and maintenance, depreciation, domestic power etc. 
D-29 
8. Depreciation - see Section 4.8.4, (page D-35). 
Development Expenditure - see Section 4.8.5, (page D-36). 
9. Repairs and Maintenance costs on stock yards, sheep dips, fencing and any other 
income producing assets. 
10. Cost of papers and magazines containing farming information. 
11. Wages paid to spouse. 
- Payments for cooking duties in respect of permanent employees (including 
adult members of the farmer's family employed full-time) will be allowed as a 
deduction on the basis of: 
One permanent employee - $18 per week. 
Two permanent employees - $27 per week. 
Three permanent employees - $33 per week 
and thereafter an additional $4.50 per employee per week. 
These amounts are treated as income to the farmer's spouse. 
It is necessary that the requirements for the payment of wages between husband 
and wife are met, that is, declaration that the wages are genuine services, IR 12 
completed, regular cash payments, tax and Accident Comperisation levy 
deducted and accounted for. The following should be noted: 
:- Payments for work performed on, or on behalf of, the farm may be 
deductible if the Commissioner of Inland Revenue has given prior 
consent to such payments. Before consent is granted, the Commissioner 
must be satisfied that the payment is for genuine services rendered in 
producing assessable income for the year. 
:- An application for approval must contain certain details (the Inland 
Revenue Department provides appropriate deciaration forms), but 
subsequent to approval, only written confirmation that wages are still 
being paid on the agreed basis is required. The declaration should be 
filed before the employment commences. 
This payment is in addition to any special arrangements made in respect of 
seasonal or part-time employees, e.g. shearers. 
12. Cost of transporting employees' children to school. The cost of transporting the 
farmer's own children is regarded as private and therefore not deductible. 
13. Accident Compensation Levy (refer to Section 4.15.8, page D-78). 
D-30 
14. Income spreading schemes. In some cases expenses (such as fertiliser 
application) can be deferred to later years. See also Section 4.8.8 (page D-40), 
Income Equalisation Scheme. 
15. Prepaid Expenditure 
Prepaid expenditure is required to be accounted for on a progressive basis over 
the financial year. However, for practical reasons, smaller items of expenditure 
can still be treated as a lump sum expense. 
For example, rent paid in advance which is less than $23,000 and which relates 
to a period less than six months after balance date, can be deducted. 
Rent for a higher amount, or paid for in advance over more than six months, 
must be carried forward and deducted in the following year. Details are set out 
in Section 4.15.7 (page D-76), Accrual Rules for Expenditure. 
Note: For a business registered for GST purposes, GST paid on items purchased is 
not a tax-deductible expense, since it can be recovered as a GST input. However, if 
the taxpayer is not registered for GST purposes, then GST forms part of cost and is 
tax deductible if the item to which it relates is deductible. 
4.8.3 Valuation of Trading Stock 
General Principles 
The value of the trading stock of any business at the beginning and at the end of every 
income year must be detailed in a taxpayer's accounts (or tax return). The value on 
hand at the end of the year is included in assessable income; the value on hand at the 
beginning of the year is deducted fyom assessable income. 
In general. the taxpayer has the option of valuing the trading stock at: 
- Cost price; or 
- Market seliing value; or 
- Replacement price. 
In practice, the lowest of the three possible values is generally the most advantageous 
for taxation. Livestock is valued according to special rules (see over page). 
Consumable Aids 
Items consumed in the production of trading stock, but which do not form part of the 
final product, are regarded as consumable aids and not as trading stock. Therefore, 
expenditure on items such as fuel, farm chemicals, fertiliser held for spreading and 
hay held for winter use would be fully deductible in the year the expenditure is 
incurred, even although some unconsumed stocks may be held at the end of the year. 
D-31 
However, if the value of an unused consumables on hand at balance date exceeds 
$58,000, then the original expenditure cannot be treated as a lump sum expense, but 
must be spread over the period(s) when they are actually used. Refer to Section 
4.15.7 (page D-76), Accfllal rules for expenditure. 
Growing Crops, Fruit and Vegetables 
Crops, fruit and vegetables and other products which grow from the land and are 
attached to the land are regarded as part of the land itself, i.e. a capital asset. Growing 
crops are not regarded as trading stock unless and until they are harvested or severed 
from the land. 
Valuation of Livestock (Refer also to Section 4.15.4, page D-62; Section 4.15.5, 
page D-71; Section 4.15.6, page D-73). 
Broadly speaking, farmers who farm sheep, cattle, deer, pigs or goats ("specified 
livestock"), are required to choose an option for valuing their livestock (for taxation 
purposes), using one of the trading stock scheme, the herd scheme, or the cost price 
scheme (the first two schemes are based on average market values while the third 
represents the lower of actual accumulated costs or market value). In addition, there 
is a separate scheme for high priced purchased livestock. 
For livestock other than bloodstock and specified livestock (sheep. cattle, deer, pigs 
and goats), the valuation options are (i) cost price, market value or replacement price, 
and (ii) standard value as agreed by the Tax Department (a fixed value which stays the 
same for each category of stock from year to year; and differing from the standard 
values for specified livestock - see below). 
Valuation o/Sheep, Cattle, Deer, Goats and Pigs 
(i) Trading Stock Scheme: 
Livestock are valued at the lesser of either: 
a) the declared (national) average market value for that year, or 
b) 70% of a three year rolling average based on the (national) average 
market value as declared for that income year and the two previous 
income years. This value is known as a standard value. It must be 
emphasised that standard value for specified livestock ill NOT the same 
as standard value for other livestock. (see above). 
All livestock under 12 weeks of age at balance date, except pigs, are 
valued at 50% of this standard value. 
Increases or decreases in the national standard value are taxable or deductible. 
(ii) Herd Scheme: 
- The Income Tax Act lists which categories may be treated as herd 
livestock. This is indicated in Section 4.15.4 (page D-62). Herd livestock 
must be owned primarily for the purposes of the production of progeny, 
wool, milk, velvet or fibre, as appropriate. 
D-32 
- Immature female livestock are now included in the herd, except that 
farmers who were in the herd scheme prior to the 1991 income year may 
elect not to include such immature stock in the herd. This exclusion may be 
subsequently revoked by the farmer. 
- Male livestock held for the production of wool, velvet or fibre may be 
included as herd livestock. In effect this excludes livestock held for the 
sole purpose of meat production e.g. steers. 
- Herd livestock are to be valued at the beginning and end of the income year 
at the "herd value", which is 100% of the (national) average market value of 
the appropriate livestock as declared for that income year. 
- Once in the herd, fluctuations in the market value of the herd livestock do 
not affect the amount of taxable income. 
- Stock which are not in herd livestock classes are valued using other 
valuation methods (usually the trading stock scheme). 
- Items which affect taxable income are therefore: 
- Changes in numbers of the herd 
- Changes in the composition of the herd 
- Transactions affecting livestock not in the herd. 
(iii) Cost Price Scheme 
Farmers may elect to value livestock at cost price, market value or replacement 
price. The taxpayer must keep detailed stock records. The cost option is not 
available for bailed livestock. 
(iv) High Priced Livestock 
High priced livestock are in a separate class for valuation purposes. "High 
priced" means that the purchase price is at least $100 and is at least three times 
the previous year's average market value for that particular category of cattle, 
deer, or pigs, and four times the previous year's average market value for sheep 
and goats. 
High priced livestock are valued at cost less a write down for "depreciation" 
calculated according to the type of animal, as follows: 
Sheep 
Cattle 
Deer 
Goats 
Pigs 
-stags 
-other 
25%p.a. 
2O%p.a. 
20%p.a. 
15%p.a. 
20%p.a. 
33.3%p.a. 
D-33 
(i.e. four years) 
(i.e. five years) 
(Le. five years) 
(i.e. seven years) 
(i.e. five years) 
(Le. three years) 
There are restrictions on the closing value for the first income year. Where 
the livestock is owned for less than six months and is not used for breeding 
purposes, or is less than one year old at balance date, the closing value must 
be cost price (Le. is not depreciated). 
General Provisions 
General provisions relating to the valuation of livestock for tax purposes are as 
follows: 
In all cases, expenditure on the purchase of livestock is tax deductible, and 
proceeds of livestock sold are taxable, but stock on hand must also be 
brought into account. 
- Market values of sheep, cattle, deer, goats and pigs are published annually 
by the Tax Department. The average values are established in consultation 
with MAP and are based on schedule prices or saleyards prices (or a 
combination) depending on the category of livestock. 
(See Section 4.15.4, page D-62, for the 1988, 1989 and 1990 livestock 
values.) 
Standard values for other livestock are as agreed with the Tax Department. 
Refer also to Section 4.15.5 (page D-71) Livestock Taxation Examples; and to Section 
4.15.6 (page D-73) Livestock Taxation Changes in 1987. 
Choice of Scheme 
As a general rule, the herd scheme is best for long-term farming businesses and where 
stock values are expected to increase; the trading stock scheme is best where stock 
values are expected to remain static or to decline; the cost price scheme is best where 
the particular stock are worth less than the national average, or where a herd is being 
built up by retaining progeny. 
A survey in 1988 showed that more than 60% of sheep and cattle farmers had chosen 
the herd scheme, while nearly 70% of deer farmers were on the trading stock scheme. 
Existing farmers are permitted to change from one method of livestock valuation to 
another. Written notice to change to the herd scheme must be made with the 
appropriate tax return. In such cases the total amount of the write-up is regarded as 
assessable income for that year. Written notice to change from the herd scheme must 
be made one year and one day before the start of the income year when the change is 
to occur. This effectively means two years ahead. New farmers must elect their 
method of valuation by the time their first tax return as a farming business is due. 
Note that different schemes may be adopted for different livestock types owned by the 
farmer - e.g. sheep may be in the herd scheme while deer are in the trading stock 
scheme. 
D-34 
Taxation of Bloodstock 
All bloodstock is to be valued at cost price. Stud stallions may be written down to $1 
over a period of five years, while broodmares may be written down to $1 over a 
period of between three and 14 years depending upon the age when first used for 
breeding purposes. However, if the true market value of bloodstock is less than 50% 
of normal market value because of infertility. birth deformity or accident, then the true 
market value may be used. Costs of breeding and rearing are to be capitalised until 
the animal is used for breeding. The write-down provisions outlined above 
commence in the income year in which the horse was fIrst used for breeding purposes. 
There are transitional provisions for horses raced before the 1987-88 accounting year. 
Adjustments to cost price used for depreciation occur where breeding bloodstock is 
raced rather than used for breeding purposes. Expenditures add to this cost, income 
received reduces the cost. Expenditures and losses incurred in racing bloodstock, or 
preparing bloodstock for racing are not tax deductible. 
Horses raced by a bloodstock breeder can be regarded as a "hobby" or can be treated 
as part of the business. Transfers from business to private use must be at market 
value. Once racing is regarded as a hobby, prize money received is exempt income. 
Gains on sale or other disposal of breeding stock may be used to reduce the cost price 
of replacement bloodstock, if application is made within a specified period. 
4.8.4 Depreciation (See also Section 4.15.9, page D-79) 
Depreciation is an allowance for loss in value of a fixed asset due to fair wear and 
tear, obsolescence, etc. Not all assets are depreciable - for example, assets which are 
not used to produce assessable income, or assets which are not subject to wear and 
tear (such as land). Where an asset has a part business and part private use, 
depreciation is calculated at the schedule rate and then apportioned between business 
and private (e.g. car depreciation). 
Depreciation is calculated on the asset price excluding GST if the taxpayer is 
registered for GST purposes. For a non-registered taxpayer, depreciation is calculated 
on the GST inclusive cost. 
Depreciation is usually calculated as a percentage of either the cost price of the asset 
(CP method) or the diminishing book value (DV method). The Inland Revenue 
Department specifies both the rate and the method of depreciation. These schedule 
rates are the maximum allowable for income tax purposes, although a lesser rate may 
be claimed if desired. The Department also has discretion to allow special rates of 
depreciation in some circumstances. 
Some of the most common rates are: (see over page) 
D-35 
Buildings - Reinforced Concrete 
- Brick, Stone, Concrete 
- Wooden 
Motor Vehicles 
Plant 
Office Equipment 
Note: Further items can be found in Section 4.15.9 (page D-79). 
l%CP 
2%CP 
2.5%CP 
20%DV 
lO%DV 
2O%DV 
The Department plans to conduct a complete review of depreciation rates for tax 
purposes. 
Assets Acquired During the Income Year-
Buildings - Depreciation is allowable on the cost of the building only (excluding 
land). If no separate values of land and buildings purchased are available, the total 
cost is apportioned, often using the amounts shown in the latest government valuation 
as an indication. Depreciation is allowed in proportion to the number of months the 
building has been owned. 
Other assets - A full year's depreciation is allowable if the asset was used for more 
than six months of the year or more than half a season if used for seasonal work; 
<.>therwise half of a year's depreciation is allowable. 
Assets Sold During the Income Year-
When a depreciable asset is sold, the total depreciation already allowed is adjusted so 
that the amount equals the actual decline in value from original cost to the disposal 
value. The amount of the adjustment is calculated by comparing the net sales 
proceeds (after deducting the costs of sale) with the book value of the asset. 
If net sales proceeds are less than book value i.e. a loss on sale occurs, the loss is 
deductible in the year of sale. However, losses on sale of buildings are not tax 
deductible. 
If net sales proceeds exceed book value i.e. a gain on sale occurs, the gain is 
assessable in the year of sale, except that any excess above the original cost price 
represents a capital gain which is not taxable. 
4:8.5 Expenditure on Land Improvements (Development Expenditure) 
A proportion of certain expenditure which would normally be regarded as capital 
expenditure and therefore not deductible, may be treated as a tax-deductible expense 
until 1992 (see over page). The deduction may be claimed in the year of expenditure 
or, at the taxpayer's written election, the claim may be spread over the year of 
expenditure and any or all of the next nine income years. The deduction spread does 
not have to be of equal amounts. 
D-36 
The deductions available for development expenditure are being phased out according 
to the following timetable: 
Income year % of Development Expenditure which 
is Deductible in the First Year 
1988 
1989 
1990 
1991 
1992 
90% 
75% 
55% 
30% 
0% 
The amount of development expenditure which is not eligible to be immediately 
deducted must be capitalised as an asset and can be depreciated at the rates set out 
below. The types of expenditure which qualify are: 
- The eradication or extermination of animal or pests (percentage 
deduction allowed each year: 5%) 
- The felling, clearing, destruction, and removal of timber, stumps, scrub, or 
undergrowth (5%). 
- The destruction of weeds or plants detrimental to the land (5%). 
- The preparation of the land for farming including its cultivation or grassing (5%). 
- The draining of swamp or low-lying lands (5%). 
- The construction of access roads or tracks (5%). 
- The construction of dams, stopbanks, irrigation or stream diversion channels, or 
other improvements for the purpose of conveying water or preventing soil erosion 
(5%). 
- The repair of flood or erosion damage (5%). 
- The sinking of bores or wells to provide water for the land (5%). 
- The construction of aeroplane landing strips to facilitate aerial topdressing (5%). 
- The construction of fences, including the purchase of wire netting to make fences 
rabbit proof (10%). 
- The erection of electric power or telephone lines (10%). 
- The construction of feeding platforms, feeding yards, plunge sheep dips, or self-
feeding ensilage pits (10%) 
- The construction of supporting frames for growing crops (10%). 
- The construction of earthworks, ponds, settling tanks, or other similar 
improvements primarily for treating waste products or combating pollution of the 
environment (5%). 
Two categories of expenditure on land improvements are not deductible as 
"development". Expenditure on these items should be capitalised and depreciated 
using the rates shown: 
- The planting of vines or trees (except those planted for timber production 10%). 
- The construction of structures for shelter purposes (10%). 
Note: The full schedule is shown in Section 4.15.3, page D-59 
D-37 
Tree Planting 
A deduction is allowed for expenditure incurred in planting or maintaining trees 
which have been planted to provide shelter, to prevent erosion, or otherwise for 
agricultural or pastoral purposes, or in erecting or maintaining fences to protect any 
such trees. This deduction is not extended to trees planted under a Forestry 
Encouragement Grant, or for the planting of fruit producing trees. 
The deduction available for tree planting expenditure is being phased out according to 
the following timetable: 
Income Year 
1988 
1989 
1990 
1991 
1992 
% of Expenditure which 
is Deductible 
90% 
75% 
55% 
30% 
actual expenditure 
(maximum $7500) 
However, in the 1988-91 income years, up to $7500 may be deducted in the year that 
it is incurred (even if this exceeds the percentage allowable). 
The amount of expenditure which is not eligible for immediate deduction may be 
treated as expenditure on land improvements, that is, capitalised and depreciated (at 
10%). 
Purchase of Land 
Where land is purchased, any development expenditure incurred by the previous 
owner can continue to be depreciated. 
Development Expenditure Example: 
In the year ended 30 June 1991, a farmer incurs the following expenditure: 
New Fencing 
Shelter Structures 
Repairs to Access Road 
The amounts deductible are: 
New Fencing -
$3000 
$5000 
$1000 
'First year' deduction 30% of $3000 $900 
'Depreciation' deduction 10% of diminished value ($3000 minus $900) $210 
TOTALDEDUCfION ALLOWED $1110 
Diminished value for next year's calculation ($2100 - $210) = $1890 
example continued over page 
D-38 
Shelter Structures -
'First year' deduction Nil 
(This is a category for which this deduction does not apply - page D-37) 
'Depreciation' deduction 10% of $5000 $500 
TOTAL DEDUCTION ALLOWED $500 
Diminished value for next year's calculation $4500 
Repairs to Access Road -
DEDUCTION 
(Repairs to existing assets are deductible in the year they are incurred.) 
4.8.6 Limitation of Tax Losses from Farming or Landowning 
$1000 
Prior to the 1991 income year, tax losses from holding property with a view to 
deriving rents, or other revenues, (and from farming activities if the losses were 
incurred from the 1984 to 1987 income years), could only be offset against other 
income up to a maximum of $10,000 per annum. Losses above this limit had to be 
carried forward and deducted from other income in subsequent year(s), subject to the 
$10,000 limit in each year. This limitation no longer applies to losses incurred in 
1991 and all future income years. 
4.8.7 Timber Sales and Farm Forestry 
Income from the sale of timber, including standing timber and trees planted for 
agricultural purposes, but excluding ornamental or incidental trees, is assessable but 
may be spread over the year of sale and up to three preceding years. 
Forest Development Expenditure 
Any forestry business which held or owned land as at 12 December 1985 which was 
planted prior to 31 December 1986 may continue to deduct development expenditure 
until the end of the 1997 income year. 
A "new" forestry business will not receive this concession, but will be subject to the 
same phasing out of development expenditures as for a farmer (see Section 4.8.5, page 
D-36). 
The amount which qualifies as development expenditure may be allocated to any of 
the income years up to and including the 1999/2000 income year. 
The amount of development expenditure which is not claimed as a tax deduction is to 
be capitalised and depreciated at the rates set out in Section 4.15.3, (page D-6O). 
Forestry Planting and Maintenance 
Any forestry business which held or owned land as at 12 December 1985 which was 
planted prior to 31 December 1986 may continue to deduct maintenance costs in full 
up to the end of the 1997 income year. 
D-39 
The ability of "other" forestry businesses to deduct expenditures on planting and 
maintenance expenditure will be phased out on the same basis as for development (see 
above) so that after the 1991 income year, no such expenditures will be deductible. 
Instead, such expenditures are to be capitalised to a "cost of timber" account which 
can only be deducted when those trees are sold. 
The following items will continue to be tax-deductible in the year the expenditure is 
incurred: 
- Rent, rates, land tax, insurance premiums, administrative overheads, or other 
like expenses. 
- Weed, pest or disease control after trees have been planted. (Excludes 
releasing.) 
- Interest on money borrowed. 
- Repairs and maintenance on plant and machinery used to develop land, or to 
plant or maintain trees. 
- Repairs and maintenance on land improvements (not trees). 
- Depreciation on plant and machinery used to develop land or to plant or 
maintain trees. 
- Fertiliser. 
Other maintenance costs (excluding land contouring and other expenditure on land 
improvement but including depreciation of land clearance costs) are to be capitalised 
to a "cost of timber" account. These costs are to be carried forward and offset against 
income realised from the sale of that timber. 
4.8.8 Farm Income Equalisation Scheme 
This scheme allows a farmer to smooth his income from year to year by permitting 
him to reduce his assessable income by the amounts which he deposits with the Inland 
Revenue Department. These deposits are retained in the Farm Income Equalisation 
Reserve Account in the farmer's name at the Reserve Bank. When amounts are 
withdrawn at a later date, they become assessable income. 
Deposits 
Assessable income is reduced by the amount deposited during a year. Deposits may, 
however, be used to reduce the income of the immediately preceding year upon the 
taxpayer's written election, provided the deposit is made within the shorter of: 
- six months after balance date; or 
- one month after the due date for filing the return of income. 
The maximum amount of deposits in anyone year is the assessable farm income for 
that year, and each deposit must be a minimum of $200 (except the last deposit to 
make up the maximum). 
The minimum period of deposit is one year (able to be relaxed under certain 
circumstances) and the maximum period for anyone deposit is five years. 
D-40 
Generally no deposit can be made in a year when the farmer vo!untarily withdraws 
funds from his reserve account. 
3% interest is paid on deposits held (except those withdrawn within one year), and 
credited to the appropriate deposit. 
Withdrawals 
Compulsory refunds are made if a deposit reaches the maximum term of five years. 
Voluntary refunds (withdrawals) can be made at any time but must be made from 
funds deposited for a minimum period of 12 months, subject to the following 
exceptions: 
(a) If deposited for six months or more, funds may be withdrawn: 
- For immediate expenditure on planned development or maintenance work; 
- To purchase livestock; 
- To avoid hardship. 
(b) If deposited for less than six months, funds may be withdrawn: 
- For immediate expenditure on unplanned development or repair work 
resulting from an adverse event; 
- To purchase replacement livestock due to an adverse event; 
- To avoid hardship. 
All refunds become assessable income in the income year when the application is 
made, or the immediately preceding year on the same conditions as for deposits. 
A refund will not attract more tax than the deposit saved. 
Refunds are made from the oldest deposits frrst. 
The minimum refund is $200 unless the account balance is smaller; the maximum is 
the account balance. 
Special rules apply where the refund is due to the retirement, death, or bankruptcy of 
the farmer. 
D-41 
4.9 CALCULATING TAXABLE INCOME - HORTICULTURE 
The following provisions relate specifically to horticulture, but readers should also 
familiarise themselves with the farming provisions (Section 4.8, page D-28). 
Purchase of land, including conveyancing fees, is capital expenditure and is not 
deductible. However, legal fees incurred in arranging finance to purchase the land, or 
in arranging to lease the land, will be tax deductible. 
Buildings are capital expenditure and are subject to depreciation allowances as for a 
farm (refer Section 4.8.4, page D-35). 
Expenditure on land improvements and development is subject to the same rules as 
for farming (refer Section 4.8.5, page D-36). That is, part of the expenditure can be 
deducted in the first year and the remainder can be depreciated. 
Purchase and planting of fruit trees. 
The cost of fruit trees is capital expenditure. The cost of planting fruit trees is 
regarded as a land improvement to be capitalised and depreciated (refer Section 4.8.5, 
page D-36). 
Expenditure on plants and planting for asparagus and berryfruits (e.g. blackcurrants, 
raspberries, strawberries, etc.) should be treated as follows: 
- Plant life span of 1 to 5 years: costs either written off in year incurred or over 
the life span of the plants, 
- Plant life span of 6 to 20 years: initial costs are not tax deductible, but 
subsequent replantings are fully deductible in the year of replacement, 
Crop rotation programme: cost of replacement crop and its planting is 
deductible in the year incurred so long as overall area under cultivation does 
not increase. 
Recurring annual costs until production - where there is a period between 
establishment and the production of the first crop, the annual recurring expenses 
would be tax deductible when incurred notwithstanding that they are incurred to eam 
profits in future years. For example, an orchardist would be entitled to deduct 
expenditure on cultivation, pruning, spraying, rates, insurance, depreciation, etc. in the 
year the expenditure is incurred. 
Hail Damage - compensation payments received by orchardists for hail damage made 
to fill a gap in the profits are assessable income in the year received. 
Growing crops of fruit, vegetables etc. are a capital asset and are only regarded as 
trading stock when they are harvested or severed from the ground. Unharvested 
D-42 
potatoes may be valued as inventory provided the taxpayer consistently follows this 
practice. 
Valuation of nursery stock: 
- Mature plants - suitable for sale and severed from the land. Valued at cost 
price, market value or replacement price. 
"Cost" can be estimated as : 
- 50% of selling price for plants propagated and grown in pots, trays, or 
bags. 
- actual cost for plants bought in from other growers. 
- nil value for plants which are still growing in the ground. 
Immature plants that are in pots or polyurethane bags may be valued at 10% 
of selling price. Otherwise they should be valued at nil. 
Pots and containers should be valued at cost price, market value or 
replacement price. (The lowest of these is normally used.) 
Plants purchased from other growers should be valued at actual cost. 
Horticulturists qualify for the Farm Income Equalisation Scheme (refer Section 
4.8.8, page D-40). 
D-43 
4.10 CALCULATING TAXABLE INCOME - FISHING INDUSTRY 
The following provisions relate specifically to the fishing industry but readers should 
also familiarise themselves with Section 4.8 (page D-28) which includes information 
about farming generally. 
In general 'fish' includes shellfish and crustaceans. 
4.10.1 Spreading of Repair Costs on Fishing Boats 
Expenditure incurred in making repairs or alterations necessary to obtain a certificate 
of survey under the 'Shipping and Seamen Act 1952' may be deferred in whole or in 
part and claimed at the written election of the taxpayer in the year of expenditure and 
up to four succeeding years. The expenditure covers repairs and alterations to the 
hull, equipment or machinery, and must be ordinarily deductible as 'repairs and 
maintenance' (i.e. would not be regarded as capital expenditure). 
4.10.2 Development Expenditure - Fish Farming 
Certain expenditure incurred during an income year which normally would be 
regarded as capital expenditure and therefore not deductible, may be treated as a tax 
deductible expense. The deduction may be claimed in the year of expenditure or, at 
the taxpayer's written election, the claim may be spread over the year of expenditure 
and any or all of the next nine income years. The deduction spread does not have to 
be of equal amounts. 
The deductions available for development expenditure are being phased out 
according to the following timetable: 
Income Year 
1988 
1989 
1990 
1991 
1992 
% of Development Expenditure which 
is Deductible in the First Year 
90% 
75% 
55% 
30% 
o 
The amount of development expenditure which is not eligible to be immediately 
deducted must be capitalised as an asset and can be depreciated at the rates set out in 
Section 4.15.3, Expenditure on land Improvements, Parts m to vn (pp. D-60). 
The types of expenditure which qualify are: 
Rock Oyster Farming 
- Acquisition and preparation of spatting sticks; 
- Construction and erection of posts, rails, or other structures for the holding of 
spatting stocks during spat catching and maturing; 
- Construction of fences (including breakwater fences). 
D-44 
Mussel Farming 
- Acquisition, preparation and mooring of pontoons, rafts, or other floating 
stmctures for collecting spat; 
- Acquisition, mooring and outfitting of moored floating platforms from which 
the collected spat is suspended for subsequent growth; 
Collecting and depositing of shell or other suitable material on the sea bed to 
create spatting surfaces; 
- Acquiring. outfitting and mooring of the special long lines on which mussels 
are cultivated. 
Scallop Farming 
Acquisition, preparation and mooring of floating structures for collecting spat. 
- Acquisition, mooring and outfitting of long lines from which the collected 
spat is suspended for subsequent growth. 
Sea-Cage Salmon Farming 
Acquisition, preparation and mooring of pontoons, rafts, or other floating 
stmctures for securing or protecting cages or other containment vessels; 
- Acquisition, preparation, and placing of equipment or structures, including 
tanks, cages, nets or other vessels, for the containment of live salmon; 
- The acquisition and placing of ropes and buoys used in the breeding or 
maturing of salmon. 
Freshwater Fish Farming 
- Ground testing; 
Drilling of water bores; 
The draining of land and the excavating of sites for ponds, tanks or races; 
The construction of races, sluices, ponds, settling ponds, and tanks of 
impervious materials to conduct or contain water. 
The supply and installation of pipes for water reticulation; 
The construction of walls, embankments, walkways, service paths, and access 
paths; 
The supply and installation of bafnes or screens for the containing or 
excluding of fish; 
The constnJction of fencing on the fish farm; 
The constmction of effluent ponds and channels. 
4.10.3 Income Equalisation Scheme 
Taxpayers engaged in the business of fishing are able to make deposits under the farm 
income equalisation scheme, and for this purpose "fishing" includes rock oyster 
farming, mussel farming. and freshwater fish farming. 
(Also see Section 4.8.8, page D-40) 
D-45 
4.11 EXPORT INCENTIVES 
No export incentives are available for the 1991 and subsequent income years. 
4.12 DISPOSITIONS OF MATRIMONIAL PROPERTY 
Since 28 July 1983, one spouse may transfer matrimonial property to the other spouse 
under Section 21 of the Matrimonial Property Act 1976 without giving rise to a 
subsequent liability for income tax. Transfers of matrimonial assets made by Court 
order under Section 25 of the Matrimonial Property Act 1976 are totally exempt. (For 
Estate and Gift Duty provisions refer to Section 5.) The legislation basically allows 
assets to be transferred at book values rather than market values. 
In essence, the recipient of the matrimonial property is placed in the same position as 
the person who made the transfer. . 
Legislation of relevance to the agricultural sector regarding matrimonial transfers 
include the following: 
- Transfers of land are deemed to be at the original purchase price which the 
taxpayer paid for the land. No profit on sale, needs to be included as part of 
income. 
- Transfers of land with growing timber on it are regarded as a sale of timber, but 
may be transferred at cost price. 
- Livestock is to be transferred at the same value as it appears in the books of the 
transferor. 
- The rights of ownership of an asset will accompany the asset if it is transferred 
under a matrimonial agreement e.g. depreciation, recovery of depreciation upon 
disposal, etc. 
D-46 
4.13 FRINGE BENEFIT TAX 
Fringe benefit tax (FST) is a tax paid by employers on non-cash benefits that have 
been given to their employees. For example, an employer who provides a company 
car, cheap loan or other gifts may be required to pay FBT. Before this tax was 
introduced, these fringe benefits were used as a way of reducing tax. 
4.13.1 General Provisions 
Fringe benefit tax is payable at 49% of the taxable value of fringe benefits provided to 
employees, and is payable by the employer at quarterly intervals. 
For each quarter the employer must complete a return form setting out details of 
benefits granted and the tax payable, and send the return with payment to the Inland 
Revenue Department by the 20th of the month following the end of each quarter. 
Fringe benefit tax is levied on all em?loyers, irrespective of whether they are taxable 
entities or are in a tax-loss situation. It is deductible for income tax purposes. 
The tax is payable by every employer who directly or indirectly grants a fringe benefit 
to an employee (which includes a former employee or a prospective employee). 
4.13.2 Definition of "Fringe Benefit" 
A fringe benefit is any benefit received by an employee which consists of: 
1. The private use, or the availability for private use, of an employer provided 
motor vehicle with a gross laden weight of 3500 kg or less. 
2. Low interest loans. Current account balances owed to a company by a 
shareholder-employee can also represent low interest loans and become subject 
to fringe benefit tax. The reason for the low interest rate is because the recipient 
is an employee. Loans granted because of a family relationship e.g. father to 
son, would not be deemed to be a fringe benefit to the employee. 
Loans made to employees under an empioyee share purchase scheme are 
excluded. 
3. Subsidised transport where the employer is a public carrier. 
4. Superannuation, retiring allowances or redundancy payments. 
Retirement benefits in the form of a bonus, gratuity or retiring allowance made 
after 1 October 1988 are subject to fringe benefit tax. Benefits which come into 
this category are completely tax free to the employee, however. 
Superannuation contributions were liable to fringe benefits tax (at special rates) 
if they were paid between 17 December 1987 and 31 March 1989. From 1 April 
1989, superannuation contributions to 'Category 3' schemes, or non-monetary 
superannuation contributions are subject to fringe benefit tax. 
Lump sum redundancy payments paid after October 1 1988 are subject to fringe 
benefit tax only to the extent that they exceed the "specified sum". The 
D-47 
"specified sum" is calculated as the average of the employee's last three yeat-8"' 
salary or wage. If the employment has been for less than ten years, the specified 
sum is the average of the last three year's salary, divided by ten and multiplied 
by the number of years service. The maximum specified sum is $20,000. 
The total specified sum is exempt from fringe benefit tax. In addition, only 5% 
of it is assessable income to the employee. 
5. Other benefits, such as free, subsidised or discounted goods and services, e.g. 
free milk, meat, firewood etc. provided to a farm worker. Other fringe benefits, 
for instance, life insurance or accident insurance premiums paid on behalf of an 
employee or family, school fees for an employee's children. 
Some benefits are specifically excluded. 
These include: 
- Benefits provided and enjoyed on the business premises 
e.g. sports and recreational facilities, dining facilities, etc. 
- Amounts already assessable as income. 
- Amounts exempt from income tax. 
Benefits provided in the place of allowances which would be regarded as 
exempt income. 
- Transportation in a vehicle not designed for the carriage of passengers. 
Benefits arising from the discounted price of shares acquired by employees 
under a share purchase scheme. 
- Payments made by the employer to enable the employee to entertain current 
or prospective client/customers. 
Club subscriptions paid by employer, provided it would be ordinarily tax 
deductible to the employer. 
- Lump sum redundancy allowance, provided the amount paid is less than the 
"specified sum" defined in the Income Tax Act. 
Board, lodging and free/subsidised accommodation (as these are already 
assessable as income). 
There are two general exemptions for benefits in this category: 
1. $50 per employee per quarter ($75 from 1 April 1992); and 
2. There is no fringe benefit where an employee purchases an item from the 
employer at below cost price where the normal retail price does not exceed 
$200 and: 
a) For sale goods-
(i) The difference in price is made up of the discount to the public plus 
the usual staff discount, and 
(ii) The price charged to the employee is no less than the smaller of 95% 
of cost or 95% of the price to the public, and 
(iii) A reasonable quantity of these sale goods are available to the public. 
b) For non-sale goods, the price is not less than 95% of the retail price. 
D-48 
4.13.3 Calculation of Fringe Benefit Tax 
The amount of fringe benefit tax payable is the taxable value of fringe benefit 
multiplied by the rate of FBT (49%). 
The general formula is: 
Value of fringe benefit 
less employee's contri.bution 
Taxable value of fringe benefit 
4.13.4 Value of Fringe Benefits 
The rules for calculating the value of fringe benefits are set out in the Income Tax Act. 
1. Motor Vehicles 
For vehicles, the value of the frll'ge benefit is generally set at 6% per quarter of the 
value of the vehicle. This value is reduced to take into account times when the 
vehicle is not available to be used pxivately, and contributioils by the employee. 
Value 
of 
No. days available for private use (max 90) 
------------------------------------------- x Z 
benefit 90 
"z" is 6% of - cost price of vehicle including GST; or 
- market value of vehicle at commencement of lease, including GST; 
A vehicle is subject to fringe benefit tax if it is available for private use; it does not 
have to be actually used privately. If a car is allocated to an employee, the following 
can be regarded as days when the vehicle was not available for private use: 
- Any day when the employee used the vehicle to leave home to attend an 
"emergency call" (defined to be between 6 pm and 6 am on a working 
weekday, or on any Saturday, Sunday or public holiday, and involves the 
protection of plant and machinery or health and safety of the employer or a 
customer of the employer). 
- Any day when an employee uses the vehicle for regular business-related trips 
of at least 24 hours duration. 
- Any day on which the vehicle is regarded as a "work related vehicle" (defined 
to be a vehicle, other than a car, with gross laden weight less than 3500 kg and 
which has the employer's name or logo permanently affixed to its exterior). 
- Note: Vehicles with a fold-down rear seat will be regarded as a work-related 
vehicle only if the rear seat is removed or permanently folded down, e.g. 
welded in the folded down position. 
Taxable value = Value of benefit minus Employee Contributions 
D-49 
Employee contributions towards the cost of private use of the vehicle may take the 
form of: 
Payment of all or part of the running costs. 
- Reimbursing employer for the use of the vehicle. 
- Where the vehicle is partly owned by the employee, 2.5% of the cost price of 
the employee's share may be deducted from the value of the benefit calculated 
as above. 
2. Low Interest Loans 
The value of a fringe benefit, provided by way of a low interest loan, is the difference 
between the current market interest rate (a rate is published each quarter by 
regulation) and the actual rate charged. 
Taxable value of benefit = 
Interest calculated on daily balance at the prescribed rate of interest less the 
interest actually payable by the employee. 
The prescribed rate is set out by Regulation. 
From 1 January 1990, the rate has been 14.8%. 
This rate applies to loans made before 31 March 1985 with 'variable interest rates. For 
loans made before 31 March 1985 with fixed interest rates, the rate to be used is 
obtained from the Income Tax (Fringe Benefit Tax, Interest on Loans) Regulations. 
3. Subsidised Transport 
This category applies to employers who carryon a business that includes 
transportation of the general public for hire or reward. The taxable value is the greater 
of: 25% of highest cost to public for that class of travel, or the amount paid by the 
employee. 
4. Other Benefits 
Taxable value is the value of benefit minus amount paid by employee. 
Free or Discounted Goods 
Where the goods are manufactured by the employer, the value of the benefit is 
the lowest price at which identical goods are sold on an arm's length basis. 
- Where the goods are purchased by the employer, the value of the benefit is the 
cost to the employer. 
Note: The value of the benefit is the lower of the cost as determined above or the 
market value on the day of supply to the employee.If the value cannot be 
determined by the methods above, then the value is set at normal market 
price or such amount as the Commissioner may decide. 
Free or Discounted Services 
The value of the benefit is, in general, the normal price charged for the services to 
members of the public. 
D-50 
4.14 GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST) 
4.14.1 Overview 
GST is a broad based tax on consumption, levied on virtually all goods and services 
(except financial services, domestic accommodation and a few other categories) 
supplied in New Zealand. Exported goods and services are taxable at a rate of zero 
per cent. GST is imposed on all goods and services imported into New Zealand. The 
rate of GST is 12.5%. (It was 10% from 1 October 1985 to 30 June 1989.) 
Only persons who conduct a "taxable activity" are required to register for GST 
purposes, and are liable to charge and account for GST. To arrive at the net amount of 
GST payable to the IRD, businesses ("registered persons") must deduct the GST 
which they paid on their inputs from the GST charged on their outputs. Thus, 
although GST is charged at each stage of production and distribution, it is only the 
final consumer who actually bears the full cost of the GST charged. 
Registration 
Any person/organisation whose gross turnover from taxable activities is over $30,000 
p.a. must register, and charge and account for GST. Registration is optional for 
traders having an expected taxable turnover of less than $30,000 per year. (This 
threshold was $24,000 until I October 1990.) 
A taxable activity is any activity which involves the regular supply of goods or 
services to any other person for a consideration (payment). This is a wide definition 
which includes businesses, clubs, public and local authorities; but specifically 
excludes private recreational pursuits or hobbies, employment income, the 
directorship of a company (treated as employment), and the making of exempt 
supplies. 
The following are exempt from GST: 
- The supply of financial services; 
The supply of fine metal; 
The supply of donated goods/services by a non-profit body; 
The supply of residential accommodation in a dwelling; and 
The sale of rental dwellings (which have been used for rental accommodation 
for a period of five or more years). 
The supply of residential accommodation in a commercial dwelling (e.g. a 
hotel or hall of residence) is partially exempt. GST is payable on 60% of the 
amounts charged. 
Certain supplies of goods and services are zero-rated. This means that the activities 
are taxable, but the rate of GST is zero. 
Zero-rating occurs if:-
- The goods are exported or are supplied outside New Zealand, 
D-51 
- A taxable activity is sold as a going concern to a registered person, i.e. a 
business or property is sold to another registered person who can continue 
operating without interruption, 
- The services were perfonned outside New Zealand, or 
- The services were related to the transportation of passengers or goods to or 
from New Zealand. 
- The goods supplied consist of newly-refined precious metal. 
4.14.2 Returns and Payment of GST 
Registered persons must furnish GST returns to the IRD. The standard period for 
each return is two months. Alternatively taxpayers may choose to make monthly 
returns, or six monthly returns (but only if the value of taxable supplies does not 
exceed $250,000 in the previous 12 months). Businesses with annual turnover greater 
than $24 million must complete monthly returns. 
The GST return, which details the net amount of GST payable to the IRD (or to be 
refunded, as the case may be) is due by the last working day of the following month 
(e.g. if the period covers the months of December 1990 and January 1991, and ends 
on 31 January 1991, then the return is due by the last worlOng day in February 1991. 
The date due was recently changed from the Ist of the subsequent month.) 
There is a penalty for late payment of additional tax to pay. GST unpaid after the due 
date attracts additional tax at the rate of 10% for the first month, and a further 2% for 
each extra month the tax remains unpaid. 
GST is normally calculated on an invoice (accrual) basis. This means that GST on 
Sales (outputs) must be included in the GST return covering the month in which the 
sale is made. GST can be claimed on purchases (inputs) in the same month as they 
take place. There is an alternative method, the payments (cash) basis. Under the 
payments basis, GST on outputs is only due if cash has been received. GST inputs 
can only be included if they have been paid for. This basis may be adopted by: 
- Public or local authorities. 
Non-profit bodies. 
- Registered persons whose total taxable supplies are less than $1 million. 
A further alternative, the hybrid basis has been proposed with effect from 1 January 
1991. Under this basis, output tax is calculated on an invoice basis and input tax on a 
payment basis. This method allows businesses to use their cash payments book to 
calculate input tax. 
4.14.3 Calculating Output and Input Tax 
Output tax is the GST charged in respect of the supply of goods and services made by 
the registered person. 
Output tax can be calculated using the "tax fraction" method. 
D-52 
The tax fraction is the amount of GST included in the total sale price. 
It is calculated by dividing sales by one-ninth (for a GST rate at 
12.5%). . 
The tax fraction of one-ninth is illustrated in this example: 
Value of goods excluding GST: 
Plus GST at 12.5% 
Consideration (price) including GST 
Amount of GST included 
$100.00 
12.50 
$112.50 
GSTrate 
= 
Consideration including GST 
12.5 
112.50 
= 
The amount of GST included in the total consideration ($112.50) is calculated by 
dividing by nine (result: $12.50). 
Alternatively, the accounting system may separately accumulate the total GST. 
Input tax is the GST charged in respect of goods and services supplied to the 
registered person, provided that tax invoices have been obtained from the supplier. 
Input tax also includes GST paid on imports. Expenditure on fixed assets and other 
long term items is included. and GST inputs on these items should also be claimed in 
the GST return. 
Other adjustments for specific circumstances are also required (e.g. bad debts. 
business use of private assets, private use of business assets. fringe benefits). 
Example of Calculation: 
The GST payable by (or refundable to) a registered person for a return period is 
calculated as in the following example: 
1. Calculation ojOutput Tax: 
Sales -
(Total taxable supplies for the period. including GST.) 
less 
Zero rated supplies (e.g. direct export sales) 
GST Content: one ninth 
Plus Adjustments (e.g. GST on goods used privately) 
Total Output tax 
D-53 
$11000 
$2000 
$9000 
$1000 
$200 
$1200 
2. Calculation of Input Tax: 
Purchases/expenses (business related) -
Total for which tax invoices are held, including GST 
GST Content one ninth 
Plus adjustments( e.g. business use of private vehicle) 
Total Input tax 
GST PAYABLE (Output less Input Tax) 
$5400 
$600 
$50 
(The above example follows the format used in a Goods and Services Tax Return.) 
Note: If output tax exceeds the input tax, the difference is paid to the IRD: if output 
tax is less than the input tax, the difference is refunded to the taxpayer, or it may be 
used to offset other amounts due to the IRD. 
4.14.4 Recording GST 
Recording of GST is normally part of the accounting system for a business. Where a 
cashbook is used, a GST column is normally included. The one ninth tax fraction on 
items that include GST is analysed into this column. At the end of the GST period, 
the column total can be transferred direct to the GST return (for businesses registered 
under "payments" basis for recording GST). 
Other businesses will need to include amounts that have not yet been paid or received, 
in their GST returns. (This applies to businesses using the "invoice" basis.) 
This situation can be dealt with in a cash book-based system by using a separate "GST 
Accrual" book. At the end of the GST period, all invoices on hand which have not 
been paid should be written into the book. The amount of GST included should be 
added to the amount shown in the cash book and included in the GST return. At the 
same time, the total from the GST accruals book at the previous return date should be 
deducted (since the invoices included wili now be recorded, either as payments or in 
the GST accruals book again). 
For example: 
GST inputs from cash book for Jan. and Feb. 
plus GST inputs included in GST accruals book for Feb. 
(invoices on hand but not yet paid at 28 Feb.) 
less GST inputs included in GST accruals book for Dec. (invoices 
which were on hand but were not yet paid as at 31 Dec.) 
accounted for in the previous GST return. 
GST inputs on an invoice basis 
$1,234.56 
$502.00 
$1.736.56 
$ 321.05 
$1,415.51 
Businesses using more sophisticated accounting systems will generally record GST 
inputs and outputs in separate ledger clearing accounts. 
D-54 
4.14.5 Tax Invoices 
A "tax invoice" must be held before GST paid on inputs can be claimed as a 
deduction. The tax invoice is a document which contains details of the items supplied 
- namely: 
- The words "tax invoice" in a prominent place; 
- The name, and registration number of the supplier; 
- The name, and address of recipient; 
- The date of issue of the tax invoice; 
- A description of the goods and services supplied; 
- The quantity/volume of the goods and services supplied; 
- Either: the value excluding GST, the GST charged, and the GST-inclusive 
price; or the GST inclusive price and a statement that GST is included in the 
price. 
A slightly simplified invoice may be used where the amount supplied is less than 
$100. Details required are:-
- The word "tax invoice"; 
- Name and registration number of supplier; 
- Date of issue of the tax invoice; 
A description of goods and services supplied; 
- The GST inclusive price and a statement that GST is included in the price. 
No invoice is necessary if the amount supplied is less than $50 ($20 prior to 1 October 
1990). ' 
It is the responsibility of the supplier of the goods/services to issue a tax invoice. 
However, there is provision to allow the recipient (buyer) of such services to produce 
the tax invoice, provided the IRD agrees, both parties agree that the supplier will not 
issue the tax invoice, and that both parties receive a copy of the tax invoice. This 
provision has significance for the rural sector where it is common for the buyer to 
create a document which evidences a sale e.g. a freezing works. 
Where a registered person obtains second hand goods from a non-registered person, 
the purchase price is deemed to include a notional amount of GST (calculated by 
applying the tax fraction to the price paid). 
The purchaser/recipient of second hand goods must maintain records detailing: 
Name and address of supplier; 
Date of acquisition of the goods; 
Description of the goods; 
Quantity or volume of goods; 
- Price paid. 
D-55 
'4.14.6 Auction Sales 
Sales through auctioneers are also subject to special rules, because often it is not 
known if the sale is taxable or not (i.e. whether the principal'" is registered). With the 
principal's agreement, the auctioneer can treat all sales as taxable; the tax collected is 
either remitted to the IRD by the auctioneer on behalf of an unregistered principal, or 
passed to a registered principal for him to account for. If there is no agreement to 
adopt this approach, the sale by auction will only be taxable if the principal concerned 
is a registered person selling goods in the course of his taxable activity. 
? The principal is the supplier/seller a/the goods. 
Auctions may themselves be carried on either a tax-inclusive or tax-exclusive bidding 
basis - the latter requiring GST to be added to the successful bid. Each auctioneer will 
decide his individual approach. 
The commission charged by the auctioneers is subject to GST if the auctioneer is 
registered. 
D-56 
SECTION 4.15 TAXATION APPENDICES 
4.15.1 Tax Payment Dates 
Months for Payment 
of Provisional and Terminal Tax 
Provisional Tax 
Month of First Second Third Terminal tax 
balance Instalment Instalment Instalment 
date 
Oct 90 Feb 90 :une 90 October 90 Sept 91 
Nov 90 March 90 July 90 November 90 Oct 91 
Dec 90 April 90 August 90 December 90 Nov 91 
Jan 91 May 90 Sept 90 January 91 Dec 91 
Feb 91 June 90 Oct 90 February 91 Jan 92 
March 91 July 90 Nov 90 March 91 Feb 92 
April 91 Aug 90 Dec 90 April 91 Feb 92 
May 91 Sept 90 Jan 91 May 91 Feb 92 
June 91 Oct 90 Feb 91 June 91 Feb 92 
July 91 Nov 90 March 91 July 91 Feb 92 
August 91 Dec 90 April 91 August 91 Feb 92 
Sept 91 Jan 91 May 91 Sept 91 Feb 92 
Note 1: Payment is due on the 7th day of the appropriate month. 
Note 2: Changes to the payment dates for provisional tax will come into effect in 
the 1992-93 income year. 
D-S7 
4.15.2 Tax Rates 
Rates of Income Tax for Individuals 
1990/91 Income Year 
Up to $30,875 
Over $30,875 
1989(90 Income Year 
Up to $30,875 
Over $30,875 
1988(89 Income Year 
Up to $9500 
$9501 to 30,000 
$30,000 to 30,875 
Over $30,875 
1987/88 Income Year 
Up to $9,500 
$9,501 - 30,000 
Over $30,000 
Rates of Tax for Companies 
24.0% of income 
$7410.00 plus 33.0% of income over $30,875 
24.0% of income 
$7410.00 plus 33.0% of income over $30,875 
19.5% of income 
$1852.50 plus 27.0% of income over $9500 
$7387.50 plus 36.0% of income over $30,000 
$7702.50 plus 40.5% of income over $30,875 
15.0 % of income 
$1425.00 plus 30.0 % of income over 9,500 
$7575.00 plus 48.0 % of income over 30,000 
1990/91 income year: 33% (38% for overseas companies) 
1989(90 income year: 33% (38% for overseas companies) 
1988/89 income year: 28% (33% for overseas companies) 
1987/88 income year: 48% (53% for overseas companies) 
D-58 
4.15.3 Expenditure on Land Improvements 
(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(e) 
(f) 
(g) 
(h) 
(i) 
0) 
(k) 
(I) 
(m) 
(n) 
(0) 
(p) 
(q) 
Description and Rate of Depreciation Diminishing Value (%) 
PART I: FARMING AND AGRICULTIJRE 
(including HORTICULTIJRE) 
The eradication or extermination of animal or vegetable pests on the land: 
The felling, clearing, destruction, and removal of timber, stumps, scrub or 
undergrowth on the land: 
The destruction of weeds or plants detrimental to the land: 
The preparation of the land for farming or agriculture, including the 
cultivation and grassing thereof, but excluding expenditure incurred in 
respect of any of the items specified in paragraph (b): 
The draining of swamp or low-lying lands: 
The construction of access roads or tracks to or on the land: 
The construction of dams, stopbanks, irrigation or stream diversion channels, 
or other improvements for the purpose of conserving Or conveying water 
for use on the land or for preventing or combating soil erosion: 
The construction of earthworks, ponds, settling tanks, or other similar 
improvements primarily for the purpose of the treatment of waste products 
in order to prevent or combat pollution of the environment: 
The repair of flood or erosion damage: 
The sinking of bores or wells for the purpose of supplying water for the use 
on the land: 
The construction of aeroplane landing strips to facilitate aerial topdressing 
of the land: 
The planting of vines or trees on the land other than trees planted primarily 
and principally for the purpose of timber production: 
The construction on the land of fences, including the purchase of wire or 
wire netting for the purpose of making new or existing fences rabbit proof: 
The erection on the land of electric-power lines or telephone lines: 
The construction on the land of feeding platforms, feeding yards, plunge 
sheep dips, or self-feeding ensilage pits: 
The construction on the land of supporting frames for growing crops: 
The construction on the land of structures for shelter purposes. 
D-59 
% 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
4.15.3 continued 
% 
PARTll: FORESTRY 
(a) The felling, clearing, destruction, or removal of timber, stumps, scrub, 
or undergrowth on the land in the preparation of the land for the planting 
of trees on the land: 5 
(b) The eradication or extermination, to enable the planting of trees on the land, 
of animal or vegetable pests on the land: 5 
(c) The destruction, to enable the planting of trees on the land, of weeds or 
plants detrimental to the land: 5 
(d) The draining of swamp or low-lying lands in the preparation of the land for 
the planting of trees on the land: 5 
(e) The construction of access tracks or roads to or on the land and any culverts 
or bridges that are necessary for the purposes of that construction: 5 
(f) The constructIon of dams, stopbanks, irrigation or stream diversion 
channels,. or other improvements for the purpose of conserving or conveying 
water for use on the land or for preventing or combating soil erosion: 5 
(g) The repair of flood or erosion damage: 5 
(h) The sinking of bores or wells for the purpose of supplying water for use on 
the land: 5 
(i) The construction of aeroplane landing strips to facilitate aerial topdressing 
or disease control work or firefighting on the land: 5 
G) The construction on the land of fences, including the purchase of wire 
or wire netting for the purpose of making new or existing fences rabbit 
proof: to 
(k) The erection on the land of electric power lines or telephone lines: 10 
PART ill: ROCK OYSTER FARMING 
(a) The acquisition and preparation of spatting sticks; 20 
or 
(b) The construction and erection of posts, rails, or other structures for the 
holding of spatting sticks during spat catching and maturing; 20 
or 
(c) The construction offences (including breakwater fences). 20 
D-60 
4.15.3 continued 
% 
PART IV: MUSSEL FARMING 
(a) The acquisition, preparation, and mooring of pontoons, rafts, or other 
floating structures for collecting spat: 20 
(b) The acquisition, mooring. and outfitting of moored floating platforms or 
longlines from which the collected spat is suspended for subsequent growth: 20 
(c) The collecting and depositing of shell or other suitable material on the sea 
bed to create spatting surfaces. 20 
PART V: SCALLOP FARMING 
(a) The acquisition, preparation, and mooring of floating structures for 
collecting spat: 20 
(b) The acquisition, mooring. and outfitting of longlines from which the 
collected spat is suspended for subsequent growth. 20 
PART VI: SEA-CAGE SALMON FARMING 
(a) The acquisition, preparation, and mooring of pontoons, rafts, or other 
floating structures for securing or protecting cages or other containment 
vessels: 20 
(b) The acquisition, preparation, and placing of equipment of structures, 
including tanks, cages, nets, or other vessels, for the containment of live 
salmon: 20 
(c) The acquisition and placing of ropes and buoys used in the breeding or 
maturing of salmon. 20 
PART VII: FRESHWATER FISH FARMING 
(a) The drilling of water bores: 5 
(b) The draining of land or the excavating of sites for ponds, tanks, or races: 5 
(c) The construction or races, sluices, ponds, settling ponds, or tanks of 
impervious materials to conduct or contain waters: 5 
(d) The supply and installation of pipes for water reticulation: 5 
(e) The construction of walls, embankments, walkways, service paths, or 
access paths: 5 
(f) The construction of effluent ponds: 5 
(g) The supply and installation of baffles or screens for the containing or 
excluding offish: 10 
(h) The construction of fencing on the fish farm. 10 
D-61 
4.15.4 Values for Specified Livestock 
Note: (1) Section contents include livestock values for 1990, 1989 and 1988 income 
years. 
(2) Standard Value is defined on page D-32, Trading Stock Scheme. 
(3) Herd classes marked with "*,, 
Values for 1990 Income Year: 
Average Standard Value Trigger Price 
Classes of Livestock Market Value (Trading (High Priced 
(Herd Scheme) Scheme) Livestock) 
Sheep $ $ $ 
* 
Ewe hoggets 25.80 14.28 103.20 
Ram and wether hoggets 25.80 14.28 103.20 
* 
Two-tooth ewes 32.20 19.51 128.80 
* 
Mixed-aged ewes (rising three-year 
and four-year old ewes) 21.20 11.88 100.00 
* 
Rising five-year and older ewes 17.60 9.73 100.00 
* 
Mixed-age wethers 21.90 11.67 100.00 
* 
Breeding rams 156.10 103.90 624.40 
Cattle 
Beef Breeds and Beef Crosses: 
* 
Rising one-year heifers 225.00 143.50 675.00 
* 
Rising two-year heifers 358.00 212.80 1,074.00 
* 
Mixed-aged cows 403.00 229.37 1,209.00 
Rising one-year steers and bulls 314.00 193.67 942.00 
Rising two-year steers and bulls 440.00 345.57 1,320.00 
Rising three-year and older steers 
and bulls 757.00 419.53 2,271.00 
* 
Breeding bulls 1,729.00 844.43 5,187.00 
Friesian and Related Breeds: 
* 
Rising one-year heifers 237.00 161.23 711.00 
* 
Rising two-year heifers 526.00 301.23 1,578.00 
* 
Mixed-age cows 511.00 286.53 1,533.00 
Rising one-year steers and bulls 240.00 145.83 720.00 
Rising two-year steers and bulls 386.00 332.97 1,158.00 
Rising three-year and older steers 
and bulls 757.00 419.53 2,271.00 
* 
Breeding bulls 1,161.00 575.17 3,483.00 
Jersey and other Dairy Breeds: 
* 
Rising one-year heifers 203.00 145.83 609.00 
* 
Rising two-year heifers 450.00 275.57 1,350.00 
* 
Mixed-age cows 390.00 219.80 1,170.00 
Rising one-year steers and bulls 146.00 119.70 438.00 
0-62 
4.15.4 continued 
Average Standard Value Trigger Price 
Classes of Livestock Market Value (Trading (High Priced 
(Herd Scheme) Scheme) Livestock) 
$ $ $ 
Rising two-year and older steers 
and bulls 508.00 291.90 1,524.00 
.. 
Breeding bulls 762.00 
401.33 2,286.00 
Deer 
Red Deer: 
.. 
Rising one-year hinds 302.00 302.00 906.00 
'" 
Rising two-year hinds 416.00 364.93 1,248.00 
.. 
Mixed-age hinds 392.00 385.23 1,176.00 
Rising one-year stags 215.00 140.47 645.00 
.. 
Rising two-year and older 
stags (non-breeding) 376.00 239.40 1,128.00 
.. 
Breeding stags 972.00 767.90 2,916.00 
Wapiti, Elk, and Related Crossbreeds: 
'" 
Rising one-year hinds 428.00 392.47 1,284.00 
.. 
Rising two-year hinds 495.00 420.47 1,485.00 
'" 
Mixed-age hinds 616.00 479.03 1,848.00 
Rising one-year stags 281.00 162.87 843.00 
.. 
Rising two-year and older 
stags (non-breeding) 440.00 280.00 1,320.00 
'" 
Breeding stags 1,652.00 911.40 4,956.00 
Other Breeds: 
.. 
Rising one-year hinds 257.00 252.93 771.00 
'" 
Rising two-year hinds 296.00 279.77 888.00 
... 
Mixed-age hinds 275.00 275.00 825.00 
Rising one-year stags 184.00 108.03 552.00 
... 
Rising two-year and older 
stags (non-breeding) 125.00 87.03 375.00 
'" 
Breeding stags 405.00 322.93 1,215.00 
Goats 
Angora and Angora Crosses (Mohair 
Producing): 
'" 
Rising one-year does 9.00 9.00 100.00 
... 
Mixed-age does 8.00 8.00 100.00 
Rising one-year bucks (non-
breeding)/wethers 6.00 6.00 100.00 
... 
Bucks (non-breeding)/wethers 
over one year 8.00 7.93 100.00 
... 
Breeding bucks 132.00 92.87 528.00 
D-63 
4.15.4 continued 
Average Standard Value Trigger Price 
Classes of Livestock Market Value (Trading (High Priced 
(Herd Scheme) Scheme) Livestock) 
$ $ $ 
Other Fibre and Meat Producing Goats 
(Cashmere or Cashgora Producing): 
... 
Rising one-year does 7.00 7.00 100.00 
'" 
Mixed-age does 9.00 9.00 100.00 
Rising one-year bucks (non-
breeding)/wethers 4.00 3.27 100.00 
... 
Bucks (non-breeding)/wethers 
over one year 6.00 6.00 100.00 
... 
Breeding bucks 103.00 50.40 412.00 
Milking (Dairy) Goats: 
... 
Rising one-year does 5.00 5.00 100.00 
of< 
Does over one year 15.00 14.23 100.00 
of< 
Breeding bucks 108.00 69.07 432.00 
Other dairy goats 6.00 6.00 100.00 
Pigs 
of< 
Breeding sows less than one 
year of age 106.00 73.03 318.00 
of< 
Breeding sows over one year 
of age 180.00 123.67 540.00 
of< 
Breeding boars 242.00 165.90 726.00 
Weaners less than 10 weeks of 
age (excluding sucklings) 39.00 29.63 117.00 
Growing pigs 10 to 17 weeks of 
age (porkers/baconers) 107.00 71.87 321.00 
Growing pigs over 17 weeks of 
age (baconers) 163.00 iDS.03 489.00 
D-64 
4.15.4 continued 
Values for 1989 income year: 
Average Standard Value Trigger Price 
Classes of Livestock Market Value (Trading (High Priced 
(Herd Scheme) Scheme) livestock) 
Sheep $ $ $ 
Ewe boggets 16.20 12.27 64.80 
Ram & Wether hoggets 16.20 12.27 64.80 
? 
Two Tooth ewes 23.90 17.19 95.60 
? 
Rising 3 & 4 year ewes 12.30 10.00 49.20 
? 
Rising 5 year & older 10.60 7.91 42.40 
? 
Mixed-age wethers 12.70 9.26 50.80 
? Breeding Rams 152.80 96.46 611.20 
Cattle 
Beef Breeds and Beef Crosses: 
Rising 1 year heifers 199.00 136.50 597.00 
? 
Rising 2 year and older heifers 
(maiden/first calving) 279.00 192.96 837.00 
? 
Mixed-age cows (second and 
subsequent calving) 287.00 194.36 861.00 
Rising 1 year steers and bulls 258.00 182.00 774.00 
Rising 2 year and older 
steers & bulls 543.00 359.33 1629.00 
? 
Breeding Bulls 1167.00 600.00 3501.00 
Friesian and Related Breeds: 
Rising 1 year beifers 241.00 145.60 723.00 
? 
Rising 2 year and older heifers 
(maiden/first calving) 408.00 258.06 1224.00 
? 
Mixed-age cows (second and 
subsequent calving) 367.00 246.16 1101.00 
Rising 1 year steers and bulls 205.00 125.53 615.00 
Rising 2 year and older 
steers & bulls 543.00 359.33 1629.00 
? 
Breeding Bulls 834.00 414.16 2502.00 
Jersey and Other Dairy Breeds: 
Rising 1 year heifers 236.00 133.70 708.00 
? 
Rising 2 year and older heifers 
(maiden/first calving) 419.00 231.93 1257.00 
? 
Mixed-age cows (second and 
subsequent calving) 293.00 185.73 879.00 
Rising 1 year steers & bulls 201.00 117.36 603.00 
Rising 2 year and older 
Steers & bulls 376.00 252.93 1128.00 
? 
Breeding Bulls 529.00 312.66 1587.00 
D-65 
4.15.4 continued 
Average Standard Value Trigger Price 
Classes of Livestock Market Value (Trading (High Priced 
(Herd Scheme) Scheme) Livestock) 
Deer $ $ $ 
Red Deer 
Rising 1 year hinds 350.00 350.00 1050.00 
* 
Rising 2 year and older hinds 
(maiden/first fawning) 419.00 419.00 1257.00 
* 
Mixed-age hinds (second and 
subsequent fawning) 394.00 394.00 1182.00 
Rising 1 year stags 190.00 144.20 570.00 
* 
Rising 2 year and older stags 
(non-breeding) 324.00 224.00 972.00 
* 
Breeding Stags 1106.00 1016.00 3318.00 
Wapiti. Elk and Related Breeds: 
Rising 1 year hinds 460.00 460.00 1380.00 
>I< 
Rising 2 year and& older hinds 
(maiden/first fawning) 524.00 524.00 1572.00 
* 
Mixed-age hinds (second and 
subsequent fawning) 508.00 508.00 1524.00 
Rising 1 year stags 190.00 155.40 570.00 
* 
Rising 2 year and older stags 
(non-breeding) 379.00 261.80 1137.00 
* 
Breeding Stags 1220.00 934.73 3660.00 
Other Breeds 
Rising 1 year hinds 287.00 287.00 861.00 
* 
Rising 2 year and older hinds 
(maiden/first fawning) 370.00 370.00 1110.00 
* 
Mixed-age hinds (second and 
subsequent fawning) 393.00 390.13 1179.00 
Rising 1 year stags 105.00 87.96 315.00 
* 
Rising 2 year and older stags 
(non-breeding) 114.00 90.53 342.00 
* 
Breeding Stags 369.00 369.00 1107.00 
Goats 
Angora and Angora Crosses - Mohair 
producing including purebred and 
Gl to G3: 
Rising 1 year does 11.00 11.00 44.00 
* 
Mixed-age does 16.00 16.00 64.00 
Rising 1 year bucks (non-breeding) 
and wethers 8.00 8.00 32.00 
* 
Bucks (non breeding) and wethers 
over 1 year 10.00 10.00 40.00 
* 
Breeding Bucks 84.00 84.00 336.00 
D-66 
4.15.4 continued 
Average Standard Value Trigger Price 
Classes of Livestock Market Value (Trading (High Priced 
(Herd Scheme) Scheme) Livestock) 
$ $ $ 
Other fibre and meat producing goats 
- including Cashmere or Cashgora 
producing and G4: 
Rising 1 year does 8.00 8.00 32.00 
* 
Mixed-age does 7.00 7.00 28.00 
Rising 1 year bucks (non-breeding) 
and wethers 4.00 2.56 16.00 
* 
Bucks (non breeding) and wethers 
over 1 year 8.00 7.00 32.00 
* 
Breeding Bucks 62.00 62.00 248.00 
Milking (Dairy) Goats 
Rising 1 year does 10.00 1Q.oo 40.00 
* 
Does over 1 year 11.00 11.00 44.00 
* 
Breeding Bucks 113.00 61.36 452.00 
Other dairy goats 8.00 7.00 32.00 
Pigs 
Breeding sows less than I year 
of age 97.00 67.43 291.00 
* 
Breeding sows over 1 year 
of age 166.00 115.03 498.00 
* 
Breeding Boars 223.00 154.46 669.00 
Weaners less than 10 weeks of 
age (excluding sucklings) 35.00 30.80 105.00 
Growing pigs 10 to 17 weeks of age 
(porkers/baconers ) 96.00 67.20 288.00 
Growing pigs over 17 weeks of age 
(baconers) 141.00 102.43 423.00 
0-67 
4.15.4 continued 
Values for 1988 income year: 
Average Standard Value Trigger Price 
Classes of Livestock Market Value (Trading (High Priced 
(Herd Scheme) Scheme) Livestock) 
Sheep $ $ 
$ 
Ewe hoggets 19.20 12.74 76.80 
Ram and wether hoggets 19.20 12.74 76.80 
'" 
Two-tooth ewes 27.50 17.43 110.00 
'" 
Mixed-age ewes (rising three-year 
four-year old ewes) 17.40 10.71 69.60 
'" 
Rising 5 year and older ewes 13.50 8.15 54.00 
'" 
Mixed-age wethers 15.40 9.45 61.60 
'" 
Breeding rams 136.40 91.21 545.60 
Cattle 
Beef breeds and beef crosses: 
Rising 1 year heifers 191.00 135.10 573.00 
'" 
Rising 2 year and older heifers 
(maiden/first calving) 275.00 191.80 825.00 
'" 
Mixed-age cows (second and 
subsequent calving) 293.00 191.10 '879.00 
>I< 
Rising 1 year steers and bulls 258.00 182.70 774.00 
Rising 2 year and older steers 
and bulls 498.00 348.95 1,494.00 
>I< 
Breeding bulls 723.00 491.75 2,169.00 
Friesian and related breeds: 
Rising 1 year heifers 213.00 134.05 639.00 
'" 
Rising 2 year and older heifers 
(maiden/first calving) 357.00 244.30 1,071.00 
'" 
Mixed-age cows (second and 
subsequent calving) 350.00 240.80 1,050.00 
Rising 1 year steers and bulls 180.00 116.55 540.00 
Rising 2 year and older steers 
and bulls 498.00 348.95 1,494.00 
'" 
Breeding bulls 470.00 329.35 1,410.00 
Jersey and other dairy breeds: 
Rising 1 year heifers 186.00 1117.95 558.00 
>I< 
Rising 2 year and older heifers 
(maiden/first calving) 312.00 201.25 936.00 
>I< 
Mixed-age cows (second and 
subsequent calving) 259.00 176.05 777.00 
Rising 1 year steers & bulls 166.00 105.70 498.00 
Rising 2 year and older steers 
and bulls 367.00 247.80 1,101.00 
'" 
Breeding bulls 429.00 283.85 1,287.00 
D-68 
4.15.4 continued 
Average Standard Value Trigger Price 
Classes of Uvestock Market Value (Trading (High Priced 
(Herd Scheme) Scheme) Uvestock) 
Dur $ $ $ 
Red deer: 
Rising 1 year binds 739.00 652.75 2,217.00 
? 
Rising 2 year and older binds 
(maiden/first fawning) 729.00 729.00 2,187.00 
? 
Mixed-age binds (second and 
subsequent fawning) 865.00 745.85 2,595.00 
Rising 1 year stags 197.00 149.80 591.00 
? Rising 2 year and older stags 
(non-breeding) 326.00 222.60 978.00 
? 
Breeding stags 1,213.00 1,137.15 3,639.00 
Wapiti, Elk, and related crossbreds: 
Rising 1 year hinds 794.00 751.10 2,382.00 
? 
Rising 2 year and older hinds 
(maiden & first fawning) 783.00 783.00 2,349.00 
? 
Mixed-age hinds (second and 
subsequent fawning) 929.00 886.55 2,787.00 
Rising 1 year stags 227.00 166.60 681.00 
? 
Rising 2 year and older stags 
(non-breeding) 381.00 260.05 1,143.00 
? 
Breeding stags 1034.00 975.10 3,102.00 
Other breeds: 
Rising one-year binds 540.00 390.60 1,620.00 
? 
Rising 2 year and older hinds 
(maiden/first fawning) 533.00 458.50 1,599.00 
? 
Mixed-age hinds (second and 
subsequent fawning) 632.00 447.65 1,896.00 
Rising 1 year stags 174.00 95.20 522.00 
? 
Rising 2 year and older stags 
(non-breeding) 134.00 95.90 402.00 
? 
Breeding stags 610.00 517.30 1,830.00 
Goats 
Angora and Angora Crosses Mohair 
producing - Purebred and G1 to 03 
Rising 1 year does 38.00 38.00 152.00 
? 
Mixed-age does 81.00 81.00 324.00 
Rising 1 year bucks 
(non-breeding)/wethers 13.00 10.50 52.00 
? 
Bucks (non-breeding)/wethers 
over 1 year 16.00 12.25 64.00 
? Breeding bucks 
182.00 182.00 728.00 
D-69 
4.15.4 continued 
Average Standard Value Trigger Price 
Classes of Livestock Market Value (Trading (High Priced 
(Herd Scheme) Scheme) Livestock) 
$ $ $ 
Other fibre and meat-producing goats 
including cashmere or cashgora 
producing and G4: 
Rising 1 year does 23.00 23.00 92.00 
* 
Mixed-age does 29.00 29.00 116.00 
Rising 1 year bucks 
(non-breeding)/wethers 6.00 2.45 24.00 
* 
Bucks (non-breeding) and 
wethers over 1 year 13.00 7.70 52.00 
* 
Breeding bucks 51.00 51.00 204.00 
Milking (dairy) goats: 
Rising 1 year does 26.00 26.00 104.00 
* 
Does over 1 year 35.00 35.00 140.00 
* 
Breeding bucks 75.00 52.50 300.00 
Other dairy goats 13.00 7.70 52.00 
Pigs 
Breeding sows less than 1 year 
of age 110.00 67.20 330.00 
* 
Breeding sows over 1 year 
of age 184.00 114.45 552.00 
* 
Breeding boars 246.00 153.65 738.00 
Weaners less than 10 weeks of 
age (excluding sucklings) 53.00 33.95 159.00 
Growing pigs 10 to 17 weeks of 
age (porkers/baconers) 105.00 67.20 315.00 
Growing pigs over 17 weeks of 
age (baconers) 159.00 104.30 477.00 
0-70 
4.15.5 Livestock Taxation Examples 
(see Section 4.15.4 for Stock Values) 
Livestock on hand at 30 June 1989: 
Ewehoggets 
2thewes 
3 &4yrewes 
5yr& older 
Rams 
Nos. 
860 
760 
1340 
590 
75 
Average 
Mkt.Value 
(Herd Scheme) 
$16.20 
$23.90 
$12.30 
$10.60 
$152.80 
Livestock on hand at 30 June 1990: 
Ewehoggets 
2thewes 
$25.80 
$32.20 
$21.20 
$17.60 
3 &4yrewes 
5yr& older 
Rams 
900 
700 
1300 
600 
60 $156.10 
Assume: Sales 
Purchases 
a) Trading Stock Scheme 
$40,000 
$ 6,000 
1990 Closing Tax Values 
Ewehoggets 900 x $14.28 
700 x $19.51 
1300 x $11.88 
600 x $9.73 
60 x $103.90 
2thewes 
3 &4yrewes 
5 &6yrewes 
Rams 
less Opening Tax Values 
Ewehoggets 
2th ewes 
3 &4yrewes 
5 &6yrewes 
Rams 
860 x $12.27 
760 x $17.19 
1340 x $10.00 
590 x $ 7.91 
75 x $96.46 
Increase in taxable income due to changes in livestock 
numbers and values($54,025.00 minus $48,918.(0) 
D-71 
Standard 
Value 
(Trading Scheme) 
$12.27 
$17.19 
$10.00 
$ 
$7.91 
$96.46 
$14.28 
$19.51 
$11.88 
$9.73 
$103.90 
= 12,852.00 
= 13,657.00 
= 15,444.00 
= 5,838.00 
= 5.234.00 
$54,025.00 
$ 
= 10,552.20 
= 13,064.40 
= 13,400.00 
= 4,666.90 
= 7.234.50 
$48.918.00 
$5,107.00 
Income from Livestock Operations 
Sales 
less Purchases 
Cash Surplus 
plus Increase in value of livestock 
Taxable Income from livestock operations, 1990 
b) Herd Scheme 
Valuation of Livestock 
Herd Animals: Average market value. 
$40,000.00 
6,000.00 
34,000.00 
5,107.00 
$39.107.00 
Others: Standard value (70% of 3 year rolling average market value) i.e treated as 
for trading stock. 
Note: Farmer elects not to include ewe hoggets in the herd scheme as at 1990 
balance date (refer page D-33). 
1990 Closing Tax Value 
Ewehoggets 
2thewes 
3 &4yrewes 
5 & 6yrewes 
Rams 
less Opening Tax Values 
Ewehoggets 
2thewes 
3 & 4yr ewes 
5 &6yrewes 
Rams 
900 x $14.28 
700 x $32.20* 
1300 x $21.20 
600 x $17.60 
60 x $156.10 
860 x $12.27 
760 x $32.20* 
1340 x $21.20 
590 x $17.60 
75 x $156.10 
Decrease in taxable income due to changes in livestock 
numbers and values($82,878.oo minus $85,523.70) 
$ 
12,852.00 
22,540.00 
27,560.00 
10,560.00 
9.366.00 
$82,878.00 
$ 
10,552.20 
24,472.00 
28,408.00 
10,384.00 
11.707.50 
$85.523.70 
$2,645.70 
* Herd livestock values remain the same through the income year (see page D-33) 
Income from Livestock Operations 
Sales 
less Purchases 
Cash Surplus 
less Decrease in value of livestock 
Taxable Income from livestock operations, 1990 
$40,000.00 
6.000.00 
34,000.00 
2.645.70 
$31.354.30 
Note: If the taxpayer had elected to classify ewe hoggets as herd animals, taxable 
income would increase by 900 x ($25.80 - $14.28) = $10,368.00. 
D-72 
4.15.6 Summary of Livestock Taxation Changes in 1987 
Significant changes to the tax treatment of livestock took place in 1987. Transitional 
arrangements included a spreading and deferring some income to the 1988/1992 
income years. The 1987 changes are set out below: 
Transition to the New Livestock Tax Regime 
The major steps in the transition process were as follows: 
1. The taxpayer had to choose a method of livestock valuation and notify the Tax 
Department by the due date for the 1987 tax return. If no election is made, 
then it was assumed that the trading stock scheme was selected. 
2. Livestock on hand at the end of the 1987 income year were revalued as 
follows: 
* trading stock scheme - 70% of market value 
* herd scheme - herd animals at 100% market value, 
- non herd animals at 70% market value 
* cost option - 70% of market value ("cost" is deemed to be the same as for 
trading stock) 
The value of stock on hand at the 1987 balance date was calculated as the 1981 
closing numbers multiplied by the 1987 closing tax value, aggregated for all 
types and classes of livestock. 
The exceptions to this were: 
* Stud or pedigree stock owned at the end of the 1986 income year which, 
at the time, had a tax value higher than the 1987 average market value. 
Such stock were to be retained at the old value until such time as the 
average market value exceeded the old value. (This does not apply to the 
* 
herd scheme.) 
High priced livestock purchased during 1986 income year (based on 1986 
market values). 
* 
High priced livestock purchased during 1987 income year. 
* ,Stock subject to the progressive write-down provisions. 
3. The amount of concessional income write-off was calculated. The total write-off 
was the aggregate for all classes of the amounts calculated using the formula: 
see over page for formula 
D-73 
ax(b-c) 
where "a" is the base number of livestock for that class which is at the 
taxpayer's option: 
either - the number on hand at 1985 balance date; 
or - the lesser of (i) or (U), below: 
(i) the number of stock over 12 months old on hand at 12 
D(,,cember 1985. 
(ii) the number of stock on hand at 1986 balance date. 
"b" is 70% of the 1987 (national) average market value for that class. 
"c" is the 1987 opening tax value for that class. 
provided that (i) if (b-c) for any class is less than zero, then the result for that 
class is deemed to be nil. 
(ii) if the aggregate is less than zero, then it is deemed to be nil. 
For a farmer who ceased farming between 12 December 1985 and the end of the 
1986 income year, the wri.te-off was calculated as: 
(70% x sale proceeds) - 1987 opening tax value or probate value 
4. The amount of spreadable livestock revaluation income was calculated. This 
could be spread forward oller a period of up to 5 income years (commencing 
1987), subject to a minimum of 20% p.a. 
The amount which could be spread was the amount left after deducting the income 
write-off from the aggregate for aU classes of the amounts calculated using the 
formula: 
ax(b-c) 
where "a" is the lesser of: either- 1987 ending numbers for that class. 
or - 1987 opening numbers for either the same class 
or the class which is one year younger. 
(Whatever choice is made will apply to all 
classes \vithin one type of livestock). 
"b" is the 1987 ending tax value 
"c" is the 1987 opening tax value 
provided that if the aggregate is less than zero, then it is deemed to be nil. 
5. The amount of income which could be deferre,d from the 1987 income year was 
calculated. 
The 5 year spread of excess livestock revaluation income was broadly based on the 
lesser of opening and closing numbers. The amount of revaluation income due to 
an increase in stock numbers over the 1987 income year could, at the taxpayers 
election, be spread over the 1987, 1988 and 1989 income years. Written election 
was to be made by 31 March 1988 or within the 1987 tax return. 
D-74 
'The amount of deferrable livestock valuation income was calculated as; 
a-(b-c)-d 
where "a" is 1987 closing tax value minus 1987 opening tax value. 
"b" is the cost of herd class livestock purchased or captured in the 1987 
year. 
"c" is the proceeds of herd class livestock sold in the 1987 year. 
"d" is the sum of * tax-free revaluation of base numbers (i.e.write-off). 
See 3. (page D-73). 
* the amount of revaluation eligible for the five-year 
spread (spreadable income). See 4. (page D-74). 
* the amount of loss incurred for the 1987 year plus 
any farming losses carried forward (if any). 
provided that (i) if (b-c) is negative, then it is deemed to be nil. 
(ii) if the aggregate is less than zero, then it is deemed to be 
nil. 
D-75 
4.15.7 Accrual Rules for Expenditure 
Expenditures which can be treated as a tax deductible expense when incurred during 
the 1991 income year, and the upper limit after which the unspent portion must be 
treated as inventory are as follows: 
Expenditure 
Postage and Stationery 
Subscriptions 
* Journals and periodicals 
* Trade and professional 
associations 
Telephone 
Vehicle Registration 
Rents payable for lease of land 
and or buildings 
Rents payable for lease or 
bailment of livestock or 
bloodstock 
Insurance premiums 
Maintenance Contracts 
Service contracts 
Limit on Expenditure 
No limit 
No limit 
$6,000 (max. per year for each 
Association). 
Expenditure must not extend further than 
2 months past balance date. 
No limit 
Must not relate to a period beyond 
6 months past balance date and the 
amount unexpired must not exceed 
$23,000 (or may exceed this amount if it 
relates to a period not more than one 
month after balance date). 
Must not relate to a period beyond 
6 months past balance date and the 
amount unexpired must not exceed 
$23,000. 
Must not relate to a period beyond 12 
months past balance date and the amount 
unexpired must not exceed $12,000. 
The contract/warranty must have been 
purchased as an integral part of the 
asset(s). 
Performance completed within 3 months 
of balance date and the unexpired portion 
must not exceed $23.000. 
D-76 
Consumable aids 
Periodic charges 
Rates 
Advance bookings for 
travel and accommodation 
Advertising 
Road User Charges 
Audit Fees 
Accounting Costs 
Must be in the possession of the taxpayer 
at balance date and the unexpired portion 
must not exceed $58.000. 
Must not relate to a period beyond 12 
months past balance date and the 
unexpired portion must not exceed 
$12.000. 
No Limit 
Maximum $12,000. must not 
exceed 6 months after balance date. 
Maximum $12.000, 6 months. 
No Limit 
No limit 
No Limit 
If the above conditions are not met then the expenditures must be treated as an asset 
(prepayment) and progressively written off as an expense as the goods or services are 
used or provided. 
D-77 
4.15.8 Accident Compensation Levy 
All persons who suffer injury by accident in New Zealand (and in certain cases, 
outside New Zealand) and who are employees or self-employed at the time of the 
accident, have cover under the Earners' Scheme of the Accident Compensation Act. 
The scheme is funded by a levy paid by employers and self employed persons. These 
levies are a tax-deductible expense. 
Levies on Employers 
Every employer, whether an individual, a partnership, trust, company or club, must 
pay an annual levy by 31 May each year, based on the amount of leviable earnings 
paid to employees during the year ended 31 March. Levy rates vary according to the 
industrial activity of the employer. 
For example: (These rates do not include GST) 
Industrial Activity Class No. Levy per $100 
1991/92 1990191 
Agricultural Contracting 21 1.76 1.70 
Fence-erecting and repairing 21 1.76 1.70 
Farming 21 1.76 1.70 
Fish farming 23 2.71 2.65 
Market gardening 21 1.76 1.70 
Orchards - including berry fruit 21 1.76 1.70 
Spraying - agricultural (excluding aircraft) 21 1.76 1.70 
Stock buying 39 1.26 1.20 
Drainage or Sewer System Construction 38 2.81 2.75 
Building Construction 38 2.81 2.75 
Aviation - fixed wing aircraft 
(aerial topdressing and spraying) 21 1.76 1.70 
Levies on the Self.Employed 
Owner-operators, partnerships and sharemilkers are generally regarded as self 
employed for accident compensation purposes. The levy payable is calculated by 
applying the values shown above to total assessable income. Self-employed ACC 
levy must be paid to the Inland Revenue Department by 7 February after balance date. 
D-78 
4.15.9 Schedule Rates of Depreciation 
These rates are as published in Depreciation Allowances Pamphlet (March 1987) 
I.R.270 - Inland Revenue Department. 
D.v. denotes Diminishing Value 
C.P. denotes Cost Price to Taxpayer 
S. V. denotes Standard Values 
* Denotes the/ollowing options: Replacement only 
Agricultural plant and equipment: 
or Annual revaluation 
or Standard values. 
General including tractor drawn implements 
Self propelled equipment 
Aircraft: 
Fixed wing agricultural aerial work aircraft, including 
wing attachments for spraying, dusting and distributing 
seed: 
- acquired on of before 31 march 1969 
- acquired after 31 March 1969 
Helicopters from and including year ended 31 march 1969 
- Airframe, engine,rotor system 
- Spraying tanks and attached spraying mechanism 
Barns: 
Simple loafing barns 
Wintering barns all types of construction 
Beehives - cost of replacing dilapidated hive may be claimed 
Boats - see Vessels 
Boilers 
Bores and wells 
Bridges: 
Wooden 
Others 
Buildings: 
Reinforced concrete, steel or reinforced concrete 
framed with walls of permanent materials. 
Brick, stone or concrete walled without steel or 
reinforced concrete frame stucco, steeltex or other 
similar construction with wooden frame. 
Wooden framed - not specified elsewhere. 
Affected by acid fumes - vinegar manufacturers, 
fertiliser works, bulk fertiliser stores, chemical works 
tanneries. 
Portable huts 
"Temporary Buildings" 
D-79 
% 
IOD.V. 
20D.V. 
50D.V. 
33.3 D.V. 
25D.V. 
33.3 D.V. 
IOC.P. 
10 c.P. 
IOD.V. 
* 
2.5 C.P. 
2C.P. 
1 C.P. 
2C.P. 
2.5 C.P. 
4C.P. 
IOD.V. 
IOD.V. 
4.15.9 continued 
Bulk lime spreaders 
Bulldozers: 
General 
Earthmoving contractors 
Cars and Trucks: 
Rental 
Other 
Chainsaws 
Cloches 
Compressors: 
Portable 
Fixed 
Computers - electronic 
Concrete mixers 
Electric test equipment 
Electronic scales 
Ensilage pits - concrete walls with sliding roof 
Feeding out units for cattle - all types of construction 
Fences: 
Electric 
Others 
Fire fighting plant and equipment: 
Reservoir 
Ring main and hydrants 
Breathing apparatus, hoses, pipelines, pumps and 
diesel engines 
Axes, ladders, blankets and fIre extinguishers costing 
less than $100 each 
Fish processing buiidings 
Fish processing plant 
Fishing boats and gear - see Vessels 
Fork lifts 
Freezers and cookers for preparation and storage of dog meat 
Fowl houses - see poultry 
Frost protection plant - pumping unit, sprinklers, standards 
and pipelines 
Fuel tanks: 
Underground 
Other including stands 
Gas cylinder containers 
Gas water heaters 
D-80 
lOD.V. 
2OD.V. 
2SD.V. 
2SD.V. 
20D.V. 
SOD.V. 
* 
ISD.V. 
lOD.V. 
20D,V. 
ISD.V. 
20D.V. 
20D.V 
IOD.V. 
4C.P. 
lOD.V. 
Maintenance 
1 C.P. 
1 C.P. 
lOD.V. 
* 
4C.P. 
lSD.V. 
20D.V. 
lOD.V. 
lOD.V. 
as for buildings 
lOD.V. 
S.V. 
lOD.V. 
4.15.9 continued 
Glasshouses: 
Wooden framed 
Metal framed 
P.V.C Tunnel houses 
Grain drying and storage bins 
Grain drying plant 
Grain - portable silos - see silos 
Hay balers 
Header harvesters 
Heating system 
Helicopters - see aircraft 
Herringbone milking sheds fIrSt used or converted on or 
after I April 1966 
Hop frames 
Hop kilns 
Incinerators 
Lawnmowers: 
Motor driven 
Others 
Lime spreaders bulk 
Livestock saleyards - see saleyards 
Loose tools - no single item to exceed $150 in cost 
Milking sheds - all types: 
5C.P. 
3C.P. 
7.5 C.P. 
50.V. 
100.V. 
200.V. 
200.V. 
100.V. 
IOC.P. 
? 
(or development expenditure) 
150.V. 
100.V. 
200.V. 
100.V. 
100.V. 
Built before I April 1966 4 C.P. 
Built after I April 1966 10 C.P. 
Cost of converting to herringbone design after I April 1966 - 10 C.P. 
Rotary Herringbone 
Motor vehicles, trucks and scooters 
Office equipment and machines 
Pallets 
Pig houses - all types 
Pipelines: 
Generally 
Irrigation plant/frost protection systems 
Plant and machinery - except as elsewhere specified: 
General including agricultural plant and implements 
but not motor vehicles 
Plastic pots for tomato growing 
0-81 
(of conversion costs) 
100.V. 
200.V. 
200.V. 
? 
10C.P. 
maintenance 
100.V. 
100.V. 
S.V. 
4.15.9 continued 
Poultry: 
Battery type cages 
Colony houses with wooden frames, iron roofs and 
netting sides and bases 
Fowl houses-steel framed 
-wooden framed 
Power lines 
Radio equipment including sound recording and echo sounders 
Saddlery and harnesses 
Saleyards: 
Constructed after 1 April 1971 
Constructed prior to April 1971 
- less than 40 years old. Spread over remaining years 
(assume life of 50 years) 
- 40 years or more 
Additions: 
- if part of an existing yard - spread over remaining life of yard 
- if virtually a new yard 
Saws - chain 
Sawmillers- diesel or petrol tractors, locomotives and power 
units used for log hauling 
Scales and weighing machines 
- mechanical 
- electronic 
Septic tanks and sewerage systems 
Sheep and cattle yards: 
lOD.V 
lOD.V. 
2.5 C.P. 
5C.P. 
maintenance 
20D.V. 
'" 
2C.P. 
lOC.P. 
2C.P. 
SOD.V. 
20D.V. 
lOD.V. 
20D.V. 
As for buildings 
Uncovered yards - see saleyards 
Roofed yards 
Gratings - fixed 
Appropriate building rate on roof 
Appropriate building rate 
- Loose 
Sheep crate 
Sheep and cattle dips: 
Shower type 
- tanks and pipes 
- dip or shower (including pumps) 
- electric motor and fitting 
Spray type 
'" 
15D.V. 
lOD.V. 
lOD.V. 
lOD.V. 
- Shed Building rates 
- Base (race, floor of dip, two draining pens and sump) Dev.expenditure 
- tanks and pipes, dip including pumps electric motor and fittings 10 D.V. 
Silage storage bunkers Development expenditure and maintenance 
D-82 
4.15.9 continued 
Silos - Grain: 
- with built in drying and loading/unloading machinery lOD.V. 
5D.V. 
lOD.V. 
- With separate drying, loading/unloading machinery 
- if erected on farms 
- portable Cost of replacement or scrapping if abandoned 
Slaughterhouse on farms: 
Concrete 
Timber and concrete 
Timber 
Spray plant - orchardists: 
Self propelled and air blast units 
Others 
Stock food manufacturing plant 
Storage tanks - underground 
Tank stands 
Tarpaulins 
Threshing plant 
Tomatoes: 
Plastic pots for growing 
Structure for shading 
Tools - see loose tools 
Traction engines 
Tractors 
Trailers Rate applicable to vehicle by which drawn 
Trickle irrigation equipment in glasshouses 
Trucks - see motor trucks 
Tunnel houses P.V.C. 
Underground silage pits - concrete walled with sliding roof 
Vessels (Registered for fishing): 
- Huiis induding fixed gear and refrigeration rooms 
5C.P. 
6C.P. 
lOC.P. 
20D.V. 
lOD.V. 
15D.V. 
As for buildings 
lOD.V. 
* 
20D.V. 
S.V. 
5C.P. 
lOD.V. 
20D.V. 
25D.V. 
7.5C.P. 
lOD.V. 
lOD.V. 
- Deck machinery, winches, freezing machinery and motors 15D.V. 
20D.V. 
lOD.V. 
- Main engines 
Waggons, carts and drays 
Water towers 
Weighing machines and scales 
Wells and water bores 
Windmills 
Wine making industry: 
Tanks and vats 
- stainless steel 
- Wooden 
- Concrete: 
for fermentation 
for storage 
D-83 
Appropriate building rate 
lOD.V. 
? 
lOD.V. 
lOD.V. 
IOD.V. 
lOD.V. 
4C.P. 
4.15.9 continued 
Casks and barrels 
- both circulating or storage 
Wintering barns - all types of construction 
Wire ropes 
D-84 
S.V. 
lOC.P. 
? 
SECTIONS 
ESTATE AND GIFf DUTIES 
Contributed by 
M.B. CLARK, M.Com. ACA. 
Senior Lecturer in Accounting 
LINCOLN UNIVERSITY 

5.1 INTRODUCTION 
Both estate duty and gift duty are levied under the Estate and Gift Duties Act 1968 as 
amended. Both are administered by the Inland Revenue Department 
The legal requirements and the rates of duty have remained relatively unchanged since 1984. 
5.2 EST ATE DUTY 
5.2.1 Introduction 
In broad terms, estate duty is a tax on the total value of propeny that was owned by a person 
who has died and that passes from one person to another because of that death. 
The final balance of the estate is calculated as: 
Estate Assets 
plus Notional Estate 
less Exempt Assets 
Dutiable Estate 
less Allowable Debts 
less Matrimonial Home Allowance 
less Charitable Allowance 
FINAL BALANCE 
Estate Duty is calculated as: 
Estate Duty (on final balance) 
less Reliefs 
NET DUTY 
5.2.2 Property Liable to Estate Duty 
1. All propeny situated in New Zealand. (Propeny is used in the widest sense to cover all 
assets including land, cash, proceeds of life insurance policies, etc.) 
2. All propeny outside New Zealand if the deceased was domiciled in New Zealand at the 
date of death. A credit is allowed in respect of estate duty paid overseas. 
3. "Notional Estate", being: 
(i) Dutiable gifts (Le. gifts which are or may be liable to gift duty) made within 3 
years of death. Gifts which are exempt from gift duty are also exempt from estate 
duty - refer section 5.3.3. Disposition of matrimonial propeny may also be exempt 
from gift duty - refer Section 5.3.4. 
(ii) Gifts made before death where the donor has reserved an interest for his/her 
lifetime (Le. gifts with strings attached). 
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(iii) Property disposed of before death where a benefit passes back to the estate upon 
his death. 
(iv) The deceased's share or interest in any property held jOintly, other than a joint 
family home. 
(v) Where all or part of the deceased's interest in a policy of life insurance on 
his/her life has been disposed of to a relative by the deceased within 3 years of 
death, a proportion of the gross benefits payable at death is included in the dutiable 
estate. This provision does not apply to a genuine disposition for full consideration 
to non-relatives. 
The value to be included in the dutiable estate is calculated according to the 
following formula: 
Premiums up to disposition 
Total ?remiums to death 
Gross 
x Proceeds 
Proportion of 
x interest disposed of 
Allowance is then made for any consideration paid to the deceased when the policy 
was assigned. 
Example: 
Policy taken out by deceased in 1979. Annual premium $200. Assigned by way of sale to 
his wife in 1987 for the surrender value of $2,000. Deceased died in 1989, and the policy 
realised $5,500. 
Amount to be included in the dutiable estate is: 
Premiums to date of assignment 
Total premiums during term 
(8 x $200) 
(10 x $200) 
less consideration paid on assignment 
Amount to be included 
x Proceeds 
x 5,500 $4,400 
If the deceased has continued to pay the premiums after assignment, then the annual 
premiums so paid would be treated as gifts within three years of death and included in the 
notional estate - see (i) above. 
(vi) The value of any pensions payable to a survivor on the death of the deceased. 
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5.2.3 Forgiveness of Debt 
The forgiving of a debt due to a deceased person has been a traditional feature of estate 
planning, but under the Financial Arrangement rules, the amount forgiven can in some 
circumstances be assessed for income tax in the hands of the person who owes the debt. A 
common example would include a provision under a will to forgive an outstanding family 
debt upon the death of the testator. However proper drafting of a will or gift deed can avoid 
the situation where gifts become taxable as income. Professional advice is recommended. 
Where the forgiving of a debt is by will prior to 1 October 1987 or is based upon 'natural 
love and affection' (ie a family estate planning arrangement) no income tax liability will 
result. All other debt forgiveness (made since 1 October 1987) is subject to income tax. 
5.2.4 Exemptions 
1. Non-dutiable gifts (see Section 5.3.3) 
Small gifts not exceeding $2000 to the same beneficiary per calendar year. 
Maintenance or education of the family. 
Gifts to charities. 
Certain superannuation elections and/or payments by employers. 
2. The first $2,000 p.a. of any pension or annuity payable to the surviving spouse of the 
deceased from a group superannuation scheme. 
3. The total of any such annuity payable to a child of the deceased until the child attains 
the age of twenty years. 
4. Accrued War Pensions and Social Security benefits. 
5. Personal chattels. 
The total value of personal chattels which pass to the surviving spouse. 
Up to $6,000 for personal chattels which pass to other beneficiaries. 
6. The deceased's share of a residence registered as a joint family home. (Applies to the 
estate of the first spouse to die.) 
5.2.5 Allowable Debts 
Debts which are owing by the deceased at the time of death may be deducted from the estate. 
It does not matter whether the debt was incurred in New Zealand. or overseas. 
Reasonable funeral expenses and income tax on income to date-of-death are regarded as 
allowable debts. However, no allowance should be made for any expenses of administering 
the estate or remuneration of the executor(s). 
The amount of any debt owing under any mortgage, charge, or other encumbrance over a 
joint family home is not an allowable debt. 
E-5 
5.2.6 Matrimonial Home Allowance 
In the case of a matrimonial home, an allowance is 'llade in respect of the value of the family 
residence (i.e. the matrimonial home), or other property to the equivalent value of the home 
if the home does not pass to the surviving spouse. The allowance is restricted to one home 
only, and does not apply to a joint family home. 
Value of the Allowance: 
The value of the home where the matrimonial home passes to the surviving spouse; or 
where property other than the matrimonial home passes to the surviving spouse, the 
allowance is the lesser of: 
the value of the matrimonial home; or 
the value of the other property passing. 
NOTE: All debts incurred in order to purchase the matrimonial home or equivalent 
property, irrespective of whether or not they are secured over that home or property will 
reduce the value of the matrimonial home allowance. 
5.2.7 Charitable Allowance 
Allowance is given for bequests made to charitable organisations. 
The charitable allowance is the lesser of: 
The sum of all charitable successions, or 
$100,000 ($25,000 prior to 1 April 1990). 
5.2.8 Valuation of Estate 
All property included in the dutiable estate will be valued as at the date of death, except that 
gifts will be valued as at the date of gift In general, the same principles apply to valuations 
foI' both estate duty and gift duty purposes. (Refer to section 53.2 - Valuation of Gift). 
The value of land and buildings is determined by a special Government valuation, and 
specifically excludes the timber value of any growing trees. All other property should be 
valued by persons competent to value the assets concerned. However, it is not necessary to 
value personal chattels where they are exempt from duty. (Refer section 5.2.4.). 
Special provisions apply regarding the valuation of annuities, pensions etc. for estate duty 
purposes, and care should be exercised in assessing such values. Calculation is necessary to 
establish the value of pensions etc. and reference must be made to the tables contained in the 
Second Schedule to the Estate and Gift Duty Act. There are four tables in all, and these 
refer to life expectancies for males and females, expectancy of widowhood for females of 
various ages, and financial factors for specific time periods. These are reproduced as Tables 
A,B,C, and D, respectively (Section 5.4.3). Reference should be made to the Valuation of 
Succession (section 5.2.9) and to the Example of Estate Duty Assessment (section 5.2.13). 
5.2.9 Valuation of Successions 
The whole of the estate is divided into variOIJS successions (i.e. inheritances) as at the date of 
death, and each succession, whether it be property, an annuity, or some other future interest. 
must be valued. The general rules of valuation are outlined in section 5.2.8 (above). In 
E-6 
calculating the value of each succession no deduction should be made for administration 
expenses, the administrators' commission or remuneration, the estate duty payable, or any 
mortgage or encumbrance where the beneficiary has a right to be reimbursed in respect of 
such charge. Also, it should be noted that where a matrimonial home allowance has been 
made, the succession of the surviving spouse is reduced by the amount of that allowance. 
Valuation of Annuities, Life Interests, etc. 
Where an annuity or some other form of future interest is involved, the value of each 
inheritance is calculated using the tables in Section 5.4.3 and the total estate then 
apportioned between the beneficiaries. Thus if a widow is to receive an annuity for the rest 
of her life, the value of that annuity is calculated (based on her life expectancy), and this 
value is the widow's succession; the balance goes to the remainderman. The combined total 
of the two equals the value of the estate. 
An annuity is a fixed sum of money payable each year for a number of years or for life. An 
annuity may commence as at date of death, or some time thereafter, such as after a certain 
number of years or upon the happening of some specific event. 
Example: 
Son aged 45 is left an annuity of $2,000 for life. 
Value of his succession would be calculated as: 
Present value of $1 per annum for life of a male aged 45 (from Table A) is $14.92971. 
Present value of $2,000 pa = $2,000 x 14.9297l 
= $29,859 
A life interest is the right to receive the income for life from a certain fund or specified 
assets, or to have the use of an asset for life. The successor entitled to this is the life tenant. 
Example: 
Mr X died on 18 November 1989 leaving a final balance of $100,000. Under his will his 
widow (age 63) receives income for life and on her death estate assets pass to surviving 
children. 
Successions: 
Widow: Present value of income on capital of $1 for life of a female aged 63 
(from Table B) is $0.54800. 
Present value of income on $100,000 is 
Remainderman: Present value of interest 
$54,800 
$45,200 
$100,000 
Interests may terminate otherwise than on death. Common examples would include: 
Income from residue of estate during her widowhood. 
Table C should be used. 
Income from estate's farming activities to widow until the youngest child attains the 
age of 21. Table D should be used. 
Annuity of $1,040 to son until he attains age of 25. Table D should be used. 
E-7 
Life interests under an estate must be valued in accordance with the deceased's entitlement 
as set out in the provisions of the will of the head estate. Where the entitlement of the life 
tenant is not ascertainable from that will, any unpaid income plus any surplus livestock at 
standard values should be added to the estate of the life tenant at his or her death. 
5.2.10 Calculation of Estate Duty 
Estate duty is assessed on the final balance of the estate at the rate set out in Section 5.4. I. 
The allowable reliefs are then deducted in order to obtain the actual estate duty payable. 
5.2.l1 Reliefs 
Reliefs are deducted from the estate duty assessed, where applicable. Available reliefs 
include the following: 
Relief from Successive Estate Duties (Le. Quick Succession) 
If the estate of a deceased person includes property which was inherited within 5 years of 
death, relief from duty may be given in the second estate in order to reduce the effect of a 
double impact of estate duty. 
The reduction is applied to the lesser of the duty payable on the particular property in the 
first and second estates. The reduction is graduated according to the period which has 
passed between the two dates of death, as shown in the following table. 
Period between Death of 
Successor and Predecessor 
O? 4 months 
4 - 8 months 
8 - 12 months 
1 - 2 years 
2 - 3 years 
3 - 4 years 
4 - 5 years 
Relief for Gift Duty Paid 
Duty 
Reduced by 
75% 
60% 
50% 
40% 
30% 
20% 
10% 
Where gifts have been included in the notional estate, the gift duty paid plus interest at 3% 
p,a. from the date the gift duty was paid to the date of death, will be refunded to the person 
who paid it. If the donor (i.e. the deceased) paid the gift duty, the amount of gift duty 
refunded (excluding any interest) is included in his dutiable estate. The total refund under 
these circumstances is first applied towards the payment of any estate duty and then any 
excess is refunded to the administrator of the deceased donor's estate. 
5.2.12 Assessment and Collection 
The administrator must file an Administrators' Statement together with various supporting 
forms within six months after the grant of administration. The forms prescribed for filing 
are available from the Inland Revenue Department. 
An assessment is issued immediately after the accounts are filed, but this assessment may be 
amended as a result of the Department's examination or from further information received. 
E-8 
After any queries have been satisfied, the Department then certifies the fmal balance and that 
duty is, or is not, payable. 
Once this notice of assessment has been issued, any estate duty payable should be paid 
within three months after which a penalty of 5% of the unpaid duty is imposed. 
Interest at 5% p.a. is charged on the amount of duty unpaid after six months from the date of 
death. Interest at 5% p.a. is also charged on any unpaid penalty on estate duty calculated 
from the date the penalty became payable. 
S.2.13 Example of Estate Duty Assessment 
Mr Green died on 30 October 1989 and his estate included the following property (at market 
value): 
Matrimonial home 
Investments 
Personal chattels 
Cash at Bank. 
Interest accrued at Bank 
Car and boat 
Mortgage over son's farm 
Interest accrued on mortgage 
His liabilities were: 
Mortgage over matrimonial home 
Accounts payable 
Income tax assessed to date of death 
Funeral expenses 
$165,000 
84,000 
7,000 
3,250 
50 
30,000 
220,000 
2,000 
15,000 
1,300 
1,400 
1,200 
In May 1966, Green took out a policy of life assurance which has annual premiums of $300. 
In lune 1986 he sold a half interest in the policy to his wife for $7,000 which was half the 
then surrender value. Green continued to pay the premium until his death. The gross 
proceeds of this policy at death were $20,000. Green also had a second insurance policy 
which had a death cover of $100,000. 
Green had also contributed to a superannuation scheme which, on his death, would provide 
his widow with $5,000 per annwn for the remainder of her life. 
In addition, Green had forgiven debts to his son as follows: 
llanuary 1988 $30,000 llanuary 1989 $30,000 
Gift duty of $150 and $150 respectively, had been paid by Green's son. (Refer to section 
5.3.5, Calculation of Gift Duty.) 
E-9 
In his will, Green made the following bequests: 
To son John, aged 25, debt forgiven 
To daughter Sue, aged 19, cash 
To St John Ambulance Association 
To wife Alice, aged 65 - the residue of the estate. 
$50,000 
$80,000 
$ 5,000 
The [mal balance on which duty would be assessed is calculated as follows: 
Estate Assets: $ $ 
Matrimonial home 165,000 
Investments 84,000 
Personal chattels 7,000 (1) 
Bank - cash plus 
accrued interest 3,300 
Car and boat 30,000 
Mortgage and accrued interest 222,000 
Proceeds of insurance policy 
-no. 1 10,000 (2) 
-no.2 100,000 
621,000 
plus Notional Estate: 
Dutiable gifts to son 60,000 (3) 
Interest in life policy 
disposed of 1,696 (4) 
Superannuation payable to widow 30,908 (5) 
92,604 
713,604 
less Exempt Assets: 
Personal chattels to widow (1) 7,000 
706,604 
less Allowable Debts: 
Mortgage over home 15,000 
Accounts payable 1,300 
Income tax 1,400 
Funeral expenses 1,200 
18,900 
Matrimonial Home Allowance 
Matrimonial Home 165,000 
less Mortgage 15,000 
150,000 
E-I0 
Charitable Allowance 
Value of bequest 5,000 
173,900 
FINAL BALANCE $532,704 
=== 
Value of Successions: 
Final balance of estate $532,704 
Matrimonial Home Allowance 150,000 
Charitable Allowance 5,000 
Net Value of the Estate $687,704 
=--= 
Successions: 
Son (John) 
Gifts 60,000 (3) 
Bequest 50,000 
110,000 
Daughter (Sue) 
Bequest 80,000 
St John Ambulance Association 5,000 
Widow (Mrs Alice Green) - residue of the estate 492,704 
Net Value of the Estate $687,704 
ESTA1E DUTY CALCULATION: 
Estate duty on final balance (see Section 5.4.1) $33,081.60 
less Reliefs: 
Credit for gift duty paid: (6) 
Gift 1 Jan 1987: 150.00 
Interest (3% pa for 667 days) 8.22 
Gift 1 Jan 1988: 150.00 
Interest ( 3% pa for 302 days) 3.72 
311.94 
NET ESTA1E DUTY PAYABLE $32769.66 
== 
E-11 
NOTES: 
1. The value of personal chattels passing to the ~idow is totally exempt from estate duty. 
Thus the $7,000 could be omitted from the calculation. 
2. Green had sold a half interest in the insurance policy to his wife in 1986, so only half 
the proceeds belong to the estate. 
3. Only dutiable gifts made within 3 years of death are included. 
4. Green's interest in the life policy is calculated as: 
20x300 
23 x 300 
x 50% of $20,000 
less consideration received 
Amount included as notional estate 
5. The value is calculated as: 
Superannuation to widow 
less exemption 
Dutiable 
= $8,696 
$5,OOOp.a. 
2,OOOp.a. 
$3,OOOp.a. 
Life expectancy for a female aged 65 is 14.84 years, and the present value of $1 p.a. for 
her life is $10.3027 (from Table B). The value of the superannuation is therefore 
calculated as: 
$3,000 x 10.3027 = $30,908. 
6. The gift duty paid is not included in the notional estate as it was paid by the son. The 
estate, however, does receive a credit for the gift duty paid to be offset against the estate 
duty payable. Similarly the interest due by the Crown on the gift duty paid, although 
strictly payable to the son, will be offset against the estate duty payable. The estate 
should account to the son, John, for these amounts. 
E-12 
5.3 GIFT DUTY 
5.3.1 Definitions 
A gift is any disposition of property made otherwise than by will, without fully adequate 
consideration in money or money's worth passing to the donor (the person making the gift). 
"Disposition of property" is used in its widest sense to cover any alienation of property, such 
as any conveyance, transfer, settlement or assignment, including transactions which diminish 
the value of one estate to the betterment of another. It includes all gifts of property in New 
Zealand and all gifts of foreign property if the owner is domiciled in New Zealand. 
"Consideration" is what one party in a transaction gives to the other party. The most 
common form is money. but it could be a promise to do or not to do something, or another 
form of property. Whatever form is involved, its value is calculated in monetary tenns. 
5.3.2 Valuation of Gift 
The value of a gift is the monetary value of the property gifted less any consideration paid. 
The value of land and buildings is determined by agreement between the donor and the 
Commissioner ofInland Revenue, or by the Valuer-General. All other property is at market 
value as assessed by a competent valuer. 
Date of Valuation 
A gift (and any consideration) is valued as at the date the gift is made, which is taken to 
mean the date at which the donor has put himself in the position where the gift cannot be 
revoked (Le. the gift is complete). 
The completion dates of some of the more common forms of gift are illustrated in the 
following chart 
Description of Gift 
Cash 
Cheques 
Land 
Shares 
When Complete 
On delivery to the beneficiary. 
When the cheque has been cashed. (Until then it can 
be revoked.) 
Except where a valid trust is 
created, the earlier of the dates 
on which-
(a) the instrument of transfer is registered in the Land 
Transfer Office; or 
(b) the beneficiary has possession of all the necessary 
documents to enable the registration to be effected. 
As for land, except that the instrument of transfer is 
registered by the company. 
E-13 
Chattel 
Release and 
forgiveness of debt 
Where there has been effective 
delivery of tJ.e chattels or there has been a deed of 
assignment. 
Normally the execution of a 
legally effective deed of release or forgiveness will be 
required. 
NOTE: The forgiving of a debt can, in some circumstances, be assessed for income tax 
in the hands of the person who owes the debt. Refer to Section 5.2.3. 
5.3.3 Exemptions from Gift Duty 
A dutiable gift is any gift which is or may be liable to gift duty. However, certain gifts are 
specifically excluded from gift duty, and include: 
1. Small gifts, not exceeding an aggregate of $2,000 to the same beneficiary in the same 
calendar year, are not taken into account if they are made in good faith as part of the 
normal expenditure of the donor. 
2. Gifts made towards the maintenance or education of a relative provided the gift is not 
excessive having regard to the obligation of the donor. 
3. Gifts made to charitable bodies. 
4. Special exemptions including: 
- certain superannuation elections. 
- contributions by an employer to superannuation fund. 
- certain gratuitous payments from employer to employee. 
- settlement of a joint family home. 
5.3.4 Dispositions of Matrimonial Property 
Since 28 July 1983 one spouse may transfer up to 50% of the matrimonial property to the 
other spouse under Section 21 of the Matrimonial Property Act 1976, without giving rise to 
a liability for gift duty or estate duty at the time of transfer. Duty will be payable on the 
value of property which exceeds a 50% share. Transfers of matrimonial assets made by 
Court Order under Section 25 of the Matrimonial Property Act 1976 are totally exempt 
A copy of the agreement which involves the disposition of matrimonial property must be 
delivered to the Commissioner within 3 months of the date of disposition. 
Matrimonial property includes property which both spouses have directly or indirectly 
contributed to or made use of. Any other property is called "separate property" and is not 
subject to these rules. However spouses can convert separate property to matrimonial 
property by including it in a Matrimonial Property Agreement. 
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Example 
Before entering into an agreement to dispose of matrimonial property under Section 21 of 
the Matrimonial Property Act 1976, property was held as follows: 
Husband - Farm 
Shares 
Bank Account 
Wife Bank Account 
$300,000 
20,000 
10,000 
$15,000 
On 30 November 1988 the couple decided to share ownership of the matrimonial property 
on a 50:50 basis, and executed an agreement to that effect 
The farm and shares would be regarded as matrimonial property, whereas the two bank 
accounts could be regarded as separately owned assets (depending on the circumstances). 
The end result of the transfers would be: 
Husband - Bank Account 
Wife 
Farm (half share) 
S hares (half share) 
Bank Account 
Farm (half share) 
S hares (half share) 
$ 10,000 
150,000 
10,000 
$15,000 
150,000 
10,000 
The wife, as transferee, does not hold more than 50% of the matrimonial property after the 
transfer. Accordingly, there is no liability for gift duty. 
5.3.5 Calculation of Gift Duty 
Gift duty does not become payable until the value of any dutiable gifts over any twelve 
month period exceeds $27,000 in total value. Rates of Gift Duty are detailed in 
Section 5.4.2 
If more than one dutiable gift is made within a twelve month period, the duty is apportioned 
to each dutiable gift involved in accordance with the foilowing formula: 
~ 
b 
where: (a) 
xc 
is the value of the dutiable gift. 
(b) is the total value of this gift and all other dutiable gifts made within twelve 
months. 
(c) is the amount of gift duty payable on item (b). 
It should be noted that the 12 month period is chosen so as to maximise the amount of gift 
duty payable. 
E-I5 
5.3.6 Aggregation of Gifts 
It is important to note that although gift duty is charged on each individual dutiable gift. the 
rate of gift duty charged on any such individual gift depends upon the aggregation of the 
value of all dutiable gifts made at the same time or within twelve months subsequently or 
previously by the same donor (not being a gift exempted from duty. e.g. to a charity). The 
day the gift is made is included in the twelve month period. so that gifts completed on the 
same day each year cannot be aggregated. Furthermore. all dutiable gifts are aggregated. 
irrespective of the identity of the recipient (donee). 
Example 1: 
Gift to A of $20,000 made on 1 August 1988. 
Gift to B of$15,000 made on 31 July 1989. 
These gifts would be aggregated and be liable to gift duty of $400, even though each gift is 
below the exemption level of $27,000. Note that if the gift to B was made on 1 August 
1989, no aggregation would occur as the gifts are not within a twelve month period. 
Example 2: 
Gift to C of $30,000 made on 1 August 1988 - duty of $150 paid. 
Gift to D of $15,000 made on lJanuary 1989. 
These gifts would be aggregated and duty of $1,350 on the sum of $45,000 would be 
payable, less the $150 already paid. 
5.3.7 Assessment and Collection 
If the value of a gift exceeds $12,000 or if the aggregated value of this gift and all other gifts 
made over the previous twelve months exceeds $12,000, a Gift Statement (form IR 635) 
must be delivered to the Commissioner by the donor within three months of making the gifl 
A gift statement must always be flled where property is settled under a matrimonial property 
agreement - refer Section 5.3.4. 
If the donor fails to deliver the Gift Statement within the specified time, the donee has an 
extra month to do so. 
If gift duty remains unpaid within six months of making a dutiable gift, a penalty of 5% will 
be added to the unpaid duty. 
Interest at 5% p.a. on the duty payable, and subsequently on any penalty levied, will be 
added to any duty unpaid within three months of making a dutiable gifl 
The donor is primarily liable to pay gift duty, but the Inland Revenue can obtain payment 
from the donee. Unless the terms of the gift provide otherwise, the donee is entitled to 
recover such duty paid from the donor. 
E-16 
5.3.8 Example of Gift Duty Assessment: 
Gift made to D on 14 August 1988 of $22,000 
Gift made to E on 18 November 1988 of $22;000 
Gift made to F on 31 October 1989 of $35,000 
Duty assessment is as follows: 
14 August 1988 
Gift duty payable on gift of $22,000 to D is zero. (refer to section 5.4.2). 
18 November 1988 
Gift duty payable on total gifts for previous 12 months ($44,000) is $1,250.00 
The duty of $1250 would be apportioned in the following manner: 
Gift to D: 
Gift to E 
31 October 1989 
22,000 
44,000 
22,000 
44,000 
x 
x 
1250= 
1250= 
$625.00 
$625.00 
Gift duty payable on total gifts for previous 12 months 
($57,000) is $2,850. 
The duty of $2,850 would be apportioned as follows: 
Gift to E: 
22,000 
57,000 
less duty already paid 
DUTY PAYABLE 
GifttoF: 
Total gift duty payable is: 
GiettoD 
Gift to E (625 + 475) 
Gift to F 
35,000 
57,000 
x 
x 
E-l7 
2850 = $ 1100.00 
$ 625.00 
$ 475.00 
2850 = $ 1750.00 
$625 
$Hoo 
$1750 
$3475 
5.4 ESTATE AND GIFT DUTY APPENDICES 
5.4.1 Rates of Estate Duty 
PERSONS DYING ON OR AFTER 1 APRIL 1984 
Final Balance Rate of Duty 
Up to $450,000 Nil 
Over $450,000 40% of excess over $450,000 
5.4.2 Rates or Gift Duty 
GIFTS MADE ON OR AFTER 1 APRIL 1984 
Value of Dutiable 
Gifts Made 
Within 12 months 
$1 -$27,000 
$27,001 - $36,000 
$36,001 - $54,000 
$54,001 - $72,000 
Over $72,000 
Amount and Rate of Duty 
$0 plus 
$450 plus 
$2,250 plus 
$5,850 plus 
B-IS 
Nil 
5% of excess over $27,000 
10% of excess over $36,000 
20% of excess over $54,000 
25% of excess over $72,000 
5.4.3 Tables for Valuation of Pensions etc. 
Table A 
Present Value of Annuity or Other Interest for Life 
of MALE or Expectant on Death of MALE 
Years of Expectation Present Present Present Value 
Age of Life of Value of Value of of Income on 
Male $1 per $1 Payable Capital of $1 
Annum on Death for Life 
Years $ $ $ 
0 68.29 19.28531 0.03573 0.96427 
1 69.03 19.31080 0.03446 0.96554 
2 68.17 19.28117 0.03594 0.96406 
3 67.27 19.24885 0.03756 0.96244 
4 66.33 19.21357 0.03932 0.96068 
5 65.39 19.17665 0.04117 0.95883 
6 64.44 19.13758 0.04312 0.95688 
7 63.48 19.09622 0.04519 0.95481 
8 62.53 19.05334 0.04733 0.95267 
9 6156 19.00747 0.04963 0.95037 
10 60.60 18.95988 0.05201 0.94799 
11 59.63 18.90948 0.05453 0.94547 
12 58.66 18.85664 0.05717 0.94283 
13 57.69 18.80124 0.05994 0.94006 
14 56.74 18.74441 0.06278 0.93722 
15 55.79 18.68488 0.06576 0.93424 
16 54.86 18.62391 0.06880 0.93120 
17 53.92 18.55941 0.07203 0.92797 
18 53.00 18.49340 0.07533 0.92467 
19 52.07 18.42335 0.07883 0.92117 
20 51.15 18.35084 0.08246 0.91754 
21 50.23 18.27503 0.08625 0.91375 
22 49.32 18.19663 0.09017 0.90983 
23 48.40 18.11378 0.09431 0.90569 
24 47.48 18.02716 0.09864 0.90136 
25 46.56 17.93660 0.10317 0.89683 
26 45.63 17.84085 0.10796 0.89204 
27 44.70 17.74068 0.11297 0.88703 
28 43.76 17.63473 0.11826 0.88174 
29 42.83 17.52505 0.12375 0.87625 
30 41.89 17.40904 0.12955 0.87045 
E-19 
Table A continued 
Years $ $ 
$ 
31 40.96 17.28896 0.13555 
0.86445 
32 40.03 17.16314 0.14184 
0.85816 
33 39.10 17.03125 0.14844 
0.851~ 
34 38.17 16.89325 0.15534 
0.84466 
35 37.24 16.74887 0.16256 
0.83744 
36 36.32 16.59947 0.17003 
0.82997 
37 35.40 16.44326 0.17784 
0.82216 
38 34.48 16.27992 0.18600 
0.81400 
39 33.57 16.11105 0.19445 
O.805SS 
40 32.65 15.93259 0.20337 
0.79663 
41 31.74 15.74811 0.21259 
0.78741 
42 30.83 15.55535 0.22223 
0.77777 
43 29.92 15.35394 0.23230 
0.76770 
44 29.02 15.14570 0.24271 
0.75729 
45 28.13 14.92971 0.25351 
0.74649 
46 27.25 14.70681 0.26466 
0.73534 
47 26.38 14.47697 0.27615 
0.72385 
48 25.52 14.24019 0.28799 
0.71201 
49 24.67 13.99650 0.30018 
0.69982 
50 23.83 13.74593 0.31270 
0.68730 
51 23.00 13.48857 0.32557 
0.67443 
52 22.18 13.22161 0.33892 
0.66108 
53 21.38 12.95106 0.35245 
0.64755 
54 20.59 12.67399 0.36630 
0.63370 
55 19.82 12.39437 0.38028 
0.61972 
56 19.06 12.10793 0.39460 
0.60540 
57 18.32 11.81622 0.40919 
0.59081 
58 17.60 11.52338 0.42383 
0.57617 
59 16.89 11.22607 0.43870 
0.56130 
60 16.19 10.92067 0.45397 
0.54603 
61 15.50 10.60871 0.46959 
0.53044 
62 14.82 10.29307 0.48535 
0.51465 
63 14.16 9.97560 0.50122 
0.49878 
64 13.52 9.65621 0.51719 
0.48281 
65 12.90 9.34054 0.53297 
0.46703 
66 12.29 9.01705 0.54915 
0,45085 
67 11.71 8.70177 0.56491 
0.43509 
68 11.14 8.38437 0.58078 
0.41922 
69 10.59 8.06670 0.59666 
0.40334 
70 10.05 7.75097 0.61245 
0.38755 
E-20 
Table A cominued 
Years $ 
$ $ 
71 9.S3 7.43320 
0.62834 0.37166 
72 9.01 7.11396 
0.64430 0.35570 
73 8.51 6.79196 
0.66040 0.33960 
74 8.03 6.48255 
0.67587 0.32413 
75 7.51 6.17217 
0.69139 0.30861 
76 7.13 5.87436 
0.70628 
0.29372 
77 6.71 5.58028 
0.72099 0.27901 
78 6.31 5.29600 
0.73520 0.26480 
79 5.92 5.01599 
0.74920 0.25080 
80 5.55 4.73990 
0.76300 0.23700 
81 5.19 4.47126 0.77644 
0.22356 
82 4.84 4.20411 
0.78979 0.21021 
83 4.51 3.94555 0.80272 
0.19728 
84 4.19 3.69482 
0.81526 0.18474 
85 3.89 3.45545 
0.82723 0.17277 
86 3.60 3.21687 0.83916 
0.16084 
87 3.33 2.99474 0.85026 
0.14974 
88 3.07 2.78084 
0.86096 0.13904 
89 2.83 2.51640 0.87118 
0.12882 
90 2.60 2.37771 0.88111 
0.11889 
91 2.39 2.19631 0.89018 
0.10982 
92 2.19 2.02354 0.89882 
0.10118 
93 2.01 1.86805 0.90660 
0.09340 
94 1.84 1.71429 0.91429 
0.08511 
95 1.68 1.56916 0.92154 
0.07846 
96 1.53 1.43311 0.92834 
0.07166 
97 1.39 1.30612 
0.93469 0.06531 
98 1.27 1.19728 
0.94014 0.05986 
99 1.15 1.08844 0.94558 
0.05442 
100 1.05 0.99773 G.95011 
0.04989 
B-2! 
Section 5.4.3 continued 
Years of 
Age 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
Present Value of Annuity or Other Interest for Life 
of FEMALE or Expectant on Death of FEMALE 
Expectation Present Present Present Value 
of Life of Value of Value of of Income on 
Female $1 per $1 Payable Capital of $1 
Annum on Death forLile 
Years $ $ $ 
72.43 19.41600 0.02920 0.97080 
72.90 19.42934 0.02853 0.97147 
72.05 19.40521 0.02974 0.97026 
71.12 19.37756 0.03112 0.96888 
70.18 19.34831 0.03258 0.96742 
69.23 19.31737 0.03413 0.96587 
68.26 19.28427 0.03579 0.96421 
67.30 19.24994 0.03750 0.96250 
66.33 19.21357 0.03932 0.96068 
65.35 19.17505 0.04125 0.95875 
64.37 19.13464 0.04327 0.95673 
63.39 19.09226 0.04539 0.95461 
62.41 19.04779 0.04761 0.95289 
61.42 19.00067 0.04997 0.95003 
60.44 18.95172 0.05241 0.94759 
59.47 18.90092 0.05495 0.94505 
58.50 18.84765 0.05762 0.94238 
57.53 18.79180 0.06041 0.93959 
56.56 18.73325 0.06334 0.93666 
55.60 18.67252 0.06637 0.93363 
54.64 18.60887 0.06956 0.93044 
53.67 18.54147 0.07293 0.92707 
52.71 18.47156 0.07642 0.92358 
51.75 18.39830 0.08008 0.91992 
50.79 18.32154 0.08392 0.91608 
49.83 18.24110 0.08795 0.91205 
48.87 18.15682 0.09216 0.90784 
47.92 18.06947 0.09653 0.90347 
46.96 17.97698 0.10115 0.89885 
46.01 17.88108 0.10595 0.89405 
45.06 17.78043 0.11098 0.88902 
44.11 17.67502 0.11625 0.88375 
43.16 17.56461 0.12177 0.87823 
42.21 17.44898 0.12755 0.87245 
41.26 17.32787 0.13361 0.86639 
E-22 
Table B continued 
Years $ 
$ $ 
35 40.32 17.20238 
0.13988 0.86012 
36 39.38 17.07102 
0.14645 0.85355 
37 38.44 16.93352 
0.15332 0.84668 
38 37.50 16.78959 
0.16052 0.83948 
39 36.57 16.64058 
0.16797 0.83203 
40 35.64 16.48470 
0.17576 0.82424 
41 34.71 16.32162 
0.18392 0.81608 
42 33.79 16.15293 
0.19235 0.80765 
43 32.88 15.97856 
0.20107 0.79893 
44 31.97 15.79638 
0.21018 0.78982 
45 31.06 15.60540 
0.21973 0.78072 
46 30.17 15.40991 
0.22950 0.77050 
47 29.29 15.20817 
0.23959 0.76041 
48 28.41 14.99774 
0.25011 0.74989 
49 27.54 14.78078 
0.26096 0.73904 
50 26.68 14.55732 
0.Z7213 0.72787 
51 25.82 14.32456 0.28377 
0.71623 
52 24.98 14.08804 0.29560 
0.70440 
53 24.14 13.83998 0.30800 
0.69200 
54 23.31 13.58470 0.32077 
0.67923 
55 22.49 13.32253 0.33387 
0.66613 
56 21.67 13.05019 0.34749 
0.65251 
57 20.87 12.77449 0.36128 
0.63872 
58 20.08 12.49093 0.37545 
0.62455 
59 19.30 12.19839 0.39008 
0.60992 
60 18.53 11.89933 0.40503 
0.59497 
61 17.77 11.59402 Q.42030 
0.57970 
62 17.02 11.28238 0.43588 
0.56412 
63 16.28 10.95993 
0.45200 0.54800 
64 15.56 10.63620 0.46819 
0.53181 
65 14.84 10.30270 0.48487 
0.51513 
66 14.14 9.96598 0.50170 
0.49830 
67 13.45 9.62085 0.51896 
0.48104 
68 12.77 9.27160 0.53642 
0.46358 
69 12.11 8.92159 0.55392 
0.44608 
70 11.46 8.56256 0.57187 
0.42813 
71 10.83 8.20702 0.58965 
0.41035 
72 10.22 7.85036 0.60748 
0.39252 
73 9.63 7.49459 0.625Z7 
0.37473 
74 9.07 7.15080 0.64246 
0.35754 
75 8.53 6.80486 0.65976 
0.34024 
76 8.01 6.46966 0.67652 
0.32348 
77 7.52 6.13833 0.69308 
0.30692 
78 7.05 5.82022 0.70899 
0.29101 
79 6.59 5.49499 0.72525 
0.Z7475 
80 6.16 5.18940 0.74053 
0.25947 
E-23 
Table B continued 
Years $ $ 
$ 
81 5.74 4.88168 0.75592 
0.24408 
82 5.34 4.58319 0.77084 
0.22916 
83 4.96 4.29814 0.78509 . 
0.21491 
84 4.59 4.00823 0.79959 
0.20041 
8S 4.24 3.73400 0.81330 
0.18670 
86 3.91 3.47191 0.82640 
0.17360 
87 3.60 3.21687 0.83916 
0.16084 
88 3.31 2.97829 0.85109 
0.14891 
89 3.04 2.75616 0.86219 
0.13781 
90 2.78 2.53320 0.87334 
0.12666 
91 2.S4 2.32588 0.88371 
0.11629 
92 2.32 2.13584 0.89321 
0.10679 
93 2.12 1.96307 0.90185 
0.09815 
94 1.93 1.79592 0.91020 
0.08980 
9S 1.75 1.63265 0.91837 
0.08163 
96 1.59 1.48753 0.92562 
0.07438 
97 I.4S 1.36054 0.93197 
0.06803 
98 1.31 1.23356 0.93832 
0.06168 
99 1.19 1.12472 Q.94376 
0.05624 
100 1.07 1.01587 0.94921 
0.05079 
E-24 
Section 5.4.3 continued 
TableC 
Present Value of Annuity or Other Interest for Widowhood 
or Expectant on Termination of Widowhood 
Years of Expectation Present Present Present Value 
Age of Value of Value of of Income on 
Widowhood $1 per $1 Payable Capital of$t 
Annum For on Termin- for Widowhood 
Widowhood ation of 
Widowhood 
Years $ $ $ 
Up to 20 1.5 6.12419 0.69316 0.30624 
21 8.2 6.59213 0.61039 0.32961 
22 8.9 7.04336 0.64783 0.35211 
23 9.8 7.59895 0.6200S 0.37995 
24 10.7 8.13101 0.59344 0.40656 
25 11.5 8.58483 0.57076 G.42924 
26 12.2 8.96931 0.55153 0.44847 
27 12.8 9.28751 0.53562 0.46438 
28 13.3 9.54509 0.52275 0.47725 
29 13.7 9.74712 0.51264 0.48736 
30 14.1 9.94674 0.50266 0.49734 
31 14.4 10.09104 0.49545 0.S0455 
32 14.9 10.33156 0.48342 0.51658 
33 15.3 10.51709 0.47415 0.52585 
34 15.8 10.74614 0.46269 0.53731 
35 16.3 10.96866 0.45157 0.54843 
36 16.9 11.23044 G.43848 0.56152 
37 17.6 11.52338 0.42383 0.57617 
38 18.2 11.76874 
Q.41156 0.58844 
39 18.8 12.00617 0.39969 0.60031 
40 19.5 12.Z1376 0.38631 0.61369 
41 20.3 12.56989 0.37151 0.62849 
42 20.9 12.78526 0.36074 0.63926 
43 21.4 12.95789 0.35211 0.64789 
44 21.8 13.09463 0.345Z1 0.65473 
E-25 
Table C continued 
Years of Expectation Present Present Present Value 
Age of Value of Value of of Income on 
Widowhood $1 per $1 Payable Capital of $1 
Annum For on Termin- for Widowhood 
Widowhood ation of 
Widowhood 
Years $ $ $ 
45 22.0 13.16300 0.34185 0.65815 
46 22.1 13.19556 0.34022 0.65978 
47 22.2 13.22811 0.33859 0.66141 
48 22.2 13.22811 0.33859 0.66141 
49 22.1 13.19556 0.34022 0.65978 
50 22.0 13.16300 0.34185 0.65815 
51 2\.8 13.09463 0.34527 0.65473 
52 21.6 13.02626 0.34869 0.65131 
S3 21.3 12.92370 0.35381 0.64619 
54 20.9 12.78526 0.36074 0.63926 
55 20.5 12.64168 0.36792 0.63208 
56 20.0 12.46221 0.37689 0.62311 
57 19.6 12.31145 0.38443 0.61557 
58 19.1 12.12301 0.39385 0.60615 
59 18.5 11.88745 0.40563 0.59437 
60 18.0 11.68959 0.41552 0.58448 
61 17.4 11.44028 0.42799 0.57201 
62 16.8 11.18681 0.44066 0.55934 
63 16.1 10.88140 0.45593 0.54407 
64 15.4 10.56290 0.47186 0.52814 
6S 14.6 10.18725 0.49064 0.50936 
For widows 66 years of age or over, the expectations oflife and widowhood are deemed to 
be identical, and Table B applies for both purposes. 
E-26 
Section 5.4.3 continued 
TableD 
Present Value of Annuity or Other Interest for Period 
Otber Than Life or Expectant on Event Otber Than Death 
Years Present VaIue Present VaIue Present VaIue 
of$1 per of $1 Payable of Income 
Annum for After Period on Capital of 
Period $lfor Period 
$ $ $ 
1 0.95238 0.95238 0.04762 
2 1.85941 0.90703 0.09297 
3 2.72325 0.86384 0.13616 
4 3.54595 0.82270 0.17730 
5 4.32948 0.78353 0.21647 
6 5.07569 0.74622 0.25378 
7 5.78637 0.71068 0.28932 
8 6.46321 0.67684 0.32316 
9 7.10782 0.64461 0.35539 
10 7.72173 0.61391 0.38609 
11 8.30641 0.58468 o.41S32 
12 8.86325 0.55684 0.44316 
13 9.39357 0.S30J2 0.46968 
14 9.89964 0.S0S07 0.49493 
15 10.37966 0.48102 o.s1898 
16 10083m 0.45811 o.S4189 
17 11.27407 0.43630 0.56370 
18 11.68959 0.41552 o.s8448 
19 12.08532 0.39573 0.60427 
20 12.46221 0.37689 0.62311 
21 12.82115 0.35894 0.64106 
22 13.16300 0.34185 0.65815 
23 13.48857 0.32S57 0.67443 
24 13.79864 0.31007 0.68993 
25 14.09394 0.29530 0.70470 
26 14.37518 0.28124 0.71876 
27 14.64303 0.26785 0.73215 
28 14.89813 0.25509 0.74491 
29 15.14107 0.24295 0.75705 
30 15.37245 0.23138 0.76862 
31 15.59281 0.22036 0.77964 
32 15.80268 0.20987 0.79013 
33 16.00255 0.19987 0.80013 
34 16.19290 0.19035 0.8096S 
35 16.37419 0.18129 0.81871 
E-27 
Table 0 C01IIinued 
$ $ 
$ 
36 16.S468S 0.17266 
0.82734 
37 16.71129 0.16444 
0.83556 
38 16.86789 0.15661 
0.84339 
39 17.01704 0.14915 
o.SSOSS 
40 17.15909 0.14205 
0.85795 
41 17.29437 0.13528 
0.86472 
42 17.42321 0.12884 
0.87116 
43 17.54591 0.12270 
0.87730 
44 17.66277 0.11686 
0.88314 
45 17.77407 0.11130 
0.88870 
46 17.88007 0.10600 
0.89400 
47 17.98101 0.10095 
0.8990S 
48 18.07716 0.09614 
0.90386 
49 18.16872 0.09156 
0.90844 
50 18.25592 0.08720 
0.91280 
51 18.33898 0.08305 
D.91695 
52 18.41807 0.07910 
0.92090 
53 18.49340 0.07533 
0.92467 
54 18.56514 0.07174 
0.92826 
55 18.63347 0.06833 
0.93167 
56 18.69854 0.06507 
0.93493 
57 18.76052 0.06197 
0.93803 
58 18.81954 0.05902 
0.94098 
59 18.87575 0.05621 
0.94379 
60 18.92929 0.05354 
0.94646 
61 18.98027 0.05099 
0.94901 
62 19.02883 0.04856 
0.95144 
63 19.07508 0.0462S 
0.95375 
64 19.11912 0.04404 
0.95596 
65 19.16107 0.04195 
0.95805 
66 19.20102 0.03995 
0.9600S 
67 19.23907 0.03805 
0.96195 
68 19.27530 0.03623 
0.96377 
69 19.30981 0.03451 
D.96549 
70 19.34268 0.03287 
0.96713 
71 19.37398 0.03130 
0.96870 
72 19.40379 0.02981 
0.97019 
73 19.43218 0.02839 
0.97161 
74 19.45922 0.02704 
0.97296 
75 19.48497 0.02575 
0.97425 
76 19.50949 0.02453 
0.97547 
77 19.5328S 0.02336 
0.97664 
78 19.55510 0.02225 
0.97775 
79 19.57628 0.02119 
0.97881 
80 19.59646 0.02018 
0.97982 
E-28 
Table D continued 
$ $ 
$ 
81 19.61568 0.01922 
0.98078 
82 19.63398 0.01830 
0.98170 
83 19.65141 0.01743 
0.98257 
84 19.66801 0.01660 
0.98340 
85 19.68382 0.01581 
0.98419 
86 19.69887 0.01506 
0.98494 
87 19.71321 0.01434 
0.98566 
88 19.72687 0.01366 
0.98634 
89 19.73987 0.01301 
0.98699 
90 19.75226 0.01239 
0.98761 
91 19.76406 0.01180 
0.98820 
92 19.77529 0.01124 
0.98876 
93 19.78599 0.01070 
0.98930 
94 19.79618 
0.01019 0.98981 
95 19.80589 0.00971 
0.99029 
96 19.81513 0.00924 
0.99076 
97 19.82394 0.00880 
0.99120 
98 19.83232 0.00838 
0.99162 
99 19.84030 0.00798 
0.99202 
100 19.84791 0.00760 
0.99249 
E-29 
SECTION 6 
INDEX 
F-2 
Page 
A 
A.B., cost of, - see Artificial Breeding 
Access crossings, cost of ........................................................................................ B- 132 
Accident Compensation Levy ............................................................. B-I04,D- 30,0-78 
Accident (personal), insurance ......?..?.?................................?..........?..?.......????.??...... B- 103 
Accountancy Fees ......................?...........................................................?.....?......?..... B- 96 
Accrual, (invoice) basis for taxation ........?..?..?......................................................... 0- 52 
,rules for expenditure (taxation) ....................................................................... 0- 76 
Administration expenses ........................................................................................... B- 99 
, bank and stock company charges ................................................................... B-I07 
, postage ............................................................................................................. B- 99 
,subscriptions ................................................................................................... B-l00 
, telephone and toll calls .................................................................................... B- 99 
,travelling expenses ......................................................................................... B-I01 
Advance payments, export apples ...........................................................?.???....???..?.. A- 65 
, export pears .......................................... ~ .......................................................... A- 67 
, wheat. .........................................................................................................?.?... A- 53 
, whole milk (milkfat) ....................................................................................... A- 36 
Advisory Services ..................................................................................................... B- 96 
Aerators, soil - cost of .............................................................................................. B-161 
Aerial, spraying - cost of ........................................................................................... B- 82 
, spreading of fertiliser - rates ............................................................................ B- 60 
, topdressing/spraying ACC levy rates ............................................................. 0- 78 
Aggregation of gifts ................................................................................................. .E- 16 
Agricultural, chemicals - cost of .............................................................................. B- 51 
, contracting - ACC levy ................................................................................... 0- 78 
, lime - cost of .................................................................................................... B- 59 
, Market Index .................................................................................................... A- 3 
, plant and equipment - rates of depreciation .................................................... D- 79 
, salt - cost of ........................................................ "' .......... "' .............................. B- 27 
, workers award ................................................................................................... B- 7 
A.I., cost of, - see Artificial Breeding 
Air freight rates ......................................................................................................... B- 66 
Aircraft, rate of depreciation ..................................................................................... 0- 79 
Allowable debts, Estate duty ...................................................................................... E- 5 
Almond trees, cost of ............................................................................................... .B- 71 
Amenity Grasses, herbage seed levy ........................................................................ B- 87 
Ammonium Sulphate, cost of ................................................................................... B- 53 
Amortised loans ....................................................................................................... B-I20 
Angora goats, average market values (Taxation) .......................................... O- 63,0- 66 
, bucks - cost of .................................................................................................. B- 22 
, fibre sale prices ............................................................................................... A- 47 
, livestock prices ................................................................................................ A- 47 
Animal Crushes, cost of ........................................................................................... B- 39 
Animal Feed and Nutrition ....................................................................................... B- 26 
F-3 
Page 
Animal Health, cost of ....................................................................... B- 14,C- 6 to C- 18 
, equipment - cost of .......................................................................................... B- 19 
Animal Shelters, cost of.. ......................................................................................... B-182 
Annuity, present value - life of female ..................................................................... E- 22 
- life of male ................................................................................................. E- 19 
- widowhood ................................................................................................. E- 25 
Anthelmintics, cost or. .............................................................................................. B- 15 
Anti-dust helmet, cost of.. ........................................................................................ B-171 
Anti-explosive containers, cost of ........................................................................... B-171 
Anti-freeze, cost of .................................................................................................... B- 92 
Apple(s), bags - cost of ............................................................................................. B- 42 
, export prices .................................................................................................... A-. 64 
,gross margin (export) ...................................................................................... C- 27 
, local prices ....................................................................................................... A- 65 
, Market Price Index/price forecast. ................................................................... A- 3 
, prices paid to grower 
- export ......................................................................................................... A- 64 
- processing .................................................................................................. A- 67 
, trees - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 71 
Appreciation of currency, impact on farm revenue ................................................... A- 6 
Apricot(s), average prices paid to growers 1987-1990 ............................................ A- 71 
,levy ................................................................................................................... B- 88 
, process fruit prices .......................................................................................... A- 72 
, tre?es - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 71 
Arable Farms, accounting fees .................................................................................. B- 96 
, cultivation costs ............................................................................................... B- 40 
, soil testing ........................................................................................................ B- 61 
, wages ................................................................................................................ B- 9 
, weed and pest control budget figures ..................................... B- 74,C- 21 to C- 25 
Artificial Breeding fee (dairy), cost of.. ................................................................... B- 21 
Asian Pears - see Nashi 
Asparagus, levy ......................................................................................................... B- 88 
,price paid to growers (processing) .................................................................. A- 75 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 70 
Assessable Income, farmers (taxation) ..................................................................... O- 28 
,individuals (taxation) ...................................................................................... 0- 14 
Assessment and collection of, estate duty ................................................................. E- 8 
, gift duty ............................................................................................................ E- 16 
, taxation ............................................................................................................ 0- 12 
Asset Sale, taxation of .............................................................................................. 0- 36 
Assistance (Government) to pastoral farms .............................................................. A- 7 
Aster, seed cost. ........................................................................................................ B- 71 
A.S.W. wheat prices ................................................................................................. A- 52 
Auction sales, in relation to GST ............................................................................. O- 56 
Auger. tree planting - cost of ................................................................................... B-186 
Aviation (fixed wing aircraft). ACC levy ................................................................ O- 78 
F-4 
Page 
Avocados, wholesale market prices (Auckland) ...................................................... A- 63 
, levy ................................................................................................................... B- 88 
Average Market Values of Livestock, 1988 income year ....................................... D- 65 
, 1989 income year ............................................................................................ D- 65 
, 1990 income year ............................................................................................ D- 62 
Average Prices for farm, equipment.. ...................................................................... B-149 
, vehicles ........................................................................................................... B-146 
Awards (wages), details ............................................................................................. B- 7 
B 
Backfill, shingle - cost of ......................................................................................... B-133 
Baconers, price of.. ................................................................................................... A- 51 
Bags, fruit - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 42 
, planter - cost of.. .............................................................................................. B- 73 
? sacks - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B- 42 
Bails, dairy shed - cost of.. ....................................................................................... B-17 4 
, head - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 39 
Bale, hay - cost of.. ........................................................................................ B- 30, B- 47 
, impaler (hay) - cost of .................................................................................... B-153 
? weigher (wool) - cost of. ................................................................................. B- 34 
Baler, conventional- cost of ......................................................................... B-149,B-152 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 81 
,large square/round - cost of.. ............................................................... B-149,B-152 
Baling, contracting - rates ......................................................................................... B- 47 
, twine, cost of.. ................................................................................................ B-152 
Bank, charges/fees ................................................................................................... B-107 
, interest rates ........................................................................................ B-I07, B-IIO 
Barbed wire, cost of. ................................................................................................ B-137 
Barley, contract harvesting ....................................................................................... B- 48 
, contract prices .................................................................................................. A- 55 
, dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 44 
, drying charges .................................................................................................. B- 43 
, feed - cost of.. ....................................................................................... A- 55, A- 57 
, Gross margin .................................................................................................... C- 23 
,malting - contract price ................................................................................... A- 55 
, Market Price Index ........................................................................................... A- 3 
, meal - cost of.. ................................................................................................. B- 29 
, price forecast.. ........................................................................................ A- 3,A- 58 
, price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 55 
,price trends (World) ........................................................................................ A- 56 
, prices 1971-1991 actual and .. real ......................................................... A- 56,A- 57 
, seed cost.. ......................................................................................................... B- 68 
Barns, cost of.. .......................................................................................................... B-179 
, depreciation of. ................................................................................................ D- 79 
Battens, cost of. ........................................................................................................ B-137 
F-5 
Page 
Battery powered energisers. cost of ......................................................................... B-143 
Baylage Tubing. cost of.. ......................................................................................... B-156 
Beans. dressing and store handling charges ............................................................. B- 44 
? price paid to growers (processing) .................................................................. A-74 
? seed cost .................................................................................................. B-68.B- 70 
Beef. see also Cattle 
? Agricultural market index ................................................................................ A- 3 
? bull - see Bull/Bull beef 
? contracts ........................................................................................................... A- 29 
? cow beef - price trends .................................................................................... A- 29 
? export schedule ................................................................................................ A- 26 
? farm - accounting fees ..................................................................................... B? 96 
- input price trends ........................................................................................ B- 3 
- repairs and maintenance costs ................................................................... B- 89 
- vehicle expenses ........................................................................................ B- 90 
- wages .......................................................................................................... B- 9 
- weed and pest control budget figures ........................................................ B- 74 
? gross margin .................................................................................................... C- 12 
? killing charges ................................................................................................. B- 84 
? price forecast. ....................................... , ........................................................... A- 3 
? price trends (export) ........................................................................................ A- 28 
? price trends (world) ......................................................................................... A- 28 
? prices - impact of exchange rates ..................................................................... A- 6 
? stock prices/value .................................................................................. A- 31.C- 12 
Beehives. rate of depreciation .................................................................................. D- 79 
Bees. cost of hive hire ............................................................................................... B- 40 
Beetroot. price paid to growers (processing) ........................................................... A-76 
? seed cost.. ......................................................................................................... B- 70 
Beet, seed cost. .......................................................................................................... B- 70 
Beneficiaries (Trusts). income tax ............................................................................ D- 26 
Berryfruit, containers - cost of .................................................................................. B- 42 
? cool storage ...................................................................................................... B- 45 
? levies ................................................................................................................ B- 87 
? plants - cost of.. ............................................................................................... B- 72 
? price paid to growers (processing) .................................................................. A- 72 
Beta lambs. price paid to producers ......................................................................... A- 14 
Big balers. cost of ......................................................................................... B-149.B-152 
Bikes (farm) - see Motor Bikes 
Bike trailers. cost of ................................................................................................. B-148 
Bins. fertiliser - cost of ............................................................................................ B-175 
Birdnetting. cost of ...................................................................................... B-172. B-130 
Bird Scarers. cost of.. ............................................................................................... B-172 
Blackberries. price paid to grower (processing) ....................................................... A- 72 
Blackcurrants. levies ................................................................................................. B- 87 
? plants - cost of ................................................................................................. B- 72 
Blade shearing rates .................................................................................................. B- 10 
F-6 
Page 
Blast Freezing, cost of ............................................................................................... B- 45 
Blending, small seeds - cost of ................................................................................. B- 44 
Bloat, control- cost of .............................................................................................. B- 18 
, mix dispenser - cost of.. ................................................................................... B- 19 
Block, salt lick - cost of.. .......................................................................................... B- 27 
Bloodstock, taxation of ............................................................................................. D- 35 
Blood and Bone, cost of.. .......................................................................................... B- 57 
Blueberries, levies ..................................................................................................... B- 88 
Board and Lodging, employees ................................................................................. B- 7 
Boars, average market value of (taxation) - 1988 .................................................... D- 70 
- 1989 ........................................................................................................... D- 67 
-1990 ........................................................................................................... D- 64 
,insurance of ..................................................................................................... B-I03 
Bobby calf, price ....................................................................................................... A- 40 
,price trends 1985-1990 .................................................................................... A- 40 
Boilers, rate of depreciation ...................................................................................... D- 79 
Bonus issues (shares), taxation of ............................................................................ D- 24 
Borderdyke irrigation, component costs .................................................................. B-131 
, scheme charges ............................................................................................... B-130 
Bores and wells, rate of depreciation ....................................................................... D- 79 
Boron fertiliser, cost of ............................................................................................. B- 52 
Boxes (packing), cost of ........................................................................................... B- 42 
Boxes (seed), capacities ................................ : ........................................................... B- 42 
, hire charges ...................................................................................................... B- 42 
Boysenberries, levies ................................................................................................ B- 87 
, plants - cost of ................................................................................................. B- 72 
,price paid to growers (processing) .................................................................. A-72 
Brambles, plants - cost of ......................................................................................... B- 72 
Brands, tattoos - cost of ............................................................................................ B- 37 
Brassica seed, cost of ................................................................................................ B- 68 
, price paid to grower ......................................................................................... A- 62 
Breeding Cow, Gross Margin ................................................................................... C- 12 
Breeding Deer Herd, Gross Margin .......................................................................... C- 18 
Breeding Expenses .................................................................................................... B- 21 
Breeding Ewe Flock, Gross Margins (see also Sheep) .......................... C- 5,C- 8,C- 10 
Breeding Fees, artificial ............................................................................................ B- 21 
Breeding Stock, prices - beef cattle .......................................................................... A- 32 
- dairy cattle ................................................................................................. A- 39 
- sheep .......................................................................................................... A- 18 
,price trends ............................................................................................ A- 19,A- 20 
Bridges, cost of ........................................................................................................ B-174 
, depreciation of ................................................................................................. D- 79 
Broad Beans, prices paid to growers (processing) ................................................... A- 76 
, seed cost. ................................................................................................. B- 68,B-70 
Broccoli, price paid to growers (processing) ........................................................... A- 76 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 70 
F-7 
Page 
Brokers charges (wool) ............................................................................................. B- 83 
Brome, herbage seed levy ......................................................................................... B- 87 
Browntop, dressing and store handling charges ....................................................... B- 44 
, herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 87 
, price paid to grower ......................................................................................... A- 61 
BrushcuttersITrimmers, cost of ............................................................................... B-168 
Brussel Sprouts, price paid to growers (processing) ................................................ A- 76 
, seed cost ................................................................................................. B- 68,B- 70 
Bucks, value/cost of ........................................................................................ A- 49,B- 22 
Budget figures, Weed and Pest all farm types .......................................................... B- 74 
Building construction, ACC levy ............................................................................. D- 78 
, materials - cost of.. ......................................................................................... B-183 
, permit charges ................................................................................................. B-173 
Buildings, cost of ..................................................................................................... B-174 
, depreciation of ...................................................................................... D- 36,D- 79 
, insurance of ..................................................................................................... B-I02 
, repairs and maintenance of .............................................................................. B- 89 
Building Societies, interest rates .............................................................................. B- 83 
Bulbs, air freight rates ............................................................................................... B- 67 
, cost of ............................................................................................................... B- 71 
Bulk lime spreaders, rate of depreciation ................................................................. D- 80 
Bull beef, contracts for calves .................................................................................. A- 29 
, Agricultural Market Index/price forecast. ........................................................ A- 3 
, killing charges ................................................................................................. B- 84 
, price trends (export) ............................. ~ ................................................ A- 28,A- 29 
, schedule price (export) .................................................................................... A- 27 
Bulls, cost of ............................................................................................................. B- 22 
, insurance of. .................................................................................................... B-I03 
Bulldozers, cost of. .................................................................................................. B-167 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 80 
Bushcutters, cost of .................................................................................................. B-168 
Butter Beans, seed cost ............................................................................................. B- 70 
Buttercup, levy .......................................................................................................... B- 88 
, wholesale market prices (Auckland) 1990 ...................................................... A- 74 
, wholesale market prices (Auckland) 1989 ...................................................... A- 75 
Butynollined tanks, cost of.. ................................................................................... B-123 
c 
Cabbage, seed cost. ................................................................................................... B- 70 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1990 ....................................................... A- 74 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1989 ....................................................... A-75 
Calcined Magnesite, cost of ...................................................................................... B- 54 
Calcium Borogluconate, cost of ............................................................................... B- 19 
Calculation of, Estate Duty ........................................................................................ E- 8 
, Fringe Benefits Tax ......................................................................................... D- 49 
F-8 
Page 
,Gift Duty .......................................................................................................... E- 15 
? Goods and Sevices Tax ................................................................................... D- 53 
, Taxable Income - companies .......................................................................... D- 22 
- farmers ....................................................................................................... D- 28 
- fishing ........................................................................................................ D- 44 
- horticulture ................................................................................................ D- 42 
- individual ................................................................................................... D- 14 
- overview .................................................................................................... D- 14 
- partnerships ................................................................................................ D- 25 
- trusts ........................................................................................................... D- 26 
Calf, bobby - prices ................................................................................................... A- 40 
, contracts Dairy/Bull beef ................................................................................ A- 29 
, feed - milk, cost of ........................................................................................... B- 26 
, meal - cost of.. ................................................................................................. B- 28 
, shelters - cost of .............................................................................................. B-182 
, weaner (dairy) - prices ..................................................................................... A- 40 
Carnbridge Roller, cost of.. ...................................................................................... B-164 
Capillary matting, cost of.. ........................................................................................ B- 73 
Capless pack conversion kits, cost of.. ..................................................................... B- 33 
Car, depreciation of. .................................................................................................. D- 80 
, expenses in relation to taxation ....................................................................... D- 29 
, licensing fee - cost of.. ..................................................................................... B- 93 
, repairs and maintenance .................................................................................. B- 89 
Carnations, price trends ............................................................................................ A- 79 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 71 
, wholesale market prices (Auckland) ............................................................... A- 79 
Carrots, processing - price paid to producer.: .......................................................... A- 76 
, seed cost ................................................................................................. B- 68,B- 70 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1990 ....................................................... A- 74 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1989 ....................................................... A- 75 
Ca..-'"..age Rates ..................... u ....... s ............................................................................. B- 64 
Cartons, horticultural- cost of. ................................................................................. B- 42 
Carts, rate of depreciation ......................................................................................... D- 83 
Cases, horticultural - cost of.. ................................................................................... B- 42 
Cash Cropping, expenses .......................................................................................... B- 41 
Cashgora and Cashmere, price trends ...................................................................... A- 49 
,prices paid for .................................................................................................. A- 47 
,stock value/worth .................................................................................. A- 49,B- 22 
Casks, kegs and barrels - rate of depreciation .......................................................... D- 84 
Castration, equipment - cost of ................................................................................. B- 26 
Casual Wages, Agricultural workers ............................................................... B -9,B- 12 
Catchment Commision Grants ................................................................................. A- 80 
Cattle - see also Beef; Dairy 
,average prices for stock - 1986-90 .................................................................. A- 33 
, beef schedule ................................................................................................... A- 26 
, breeding stock prices ....................................................................................... A- 32 
F-9 
Page 
, cartage rates ..................................................................................................... B- 65 
, commission on sale ......................................................................................... B- 83 
, crush - cost of .................................................................................................. B- 39 
, dairy stock - prices ........................................................................................... A- 39 
- values ......................................................................................................... C- 14 
, de-homing equipment - cost of ....................................................................... B- 38 
, dips - rate of depreciation ................................................................................ D- 82 
,drenching costs ................................................................................................ B- 16 
, Export Beef Schedule ...................................................................................... A- 26 
, feed - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 28 
, grazing fees ...................................................................................................... B- 31 
, gross margin - beef.. ........................................................................................ C- 12 
- dairy ........................................................................................................... C- 14 
, head bail - cost of.. .......................................................................................... B- 39 
, health costs ............................................................................................ B- 14,C- 12 
, killing charges ................................................................................................. B- 84 
, meat inspection fees ........................................................................................ B- 85 
, levies ................................................................................................................ B- 85 
, prime cattle prices (local market) ................................................................... A- 31 
, sales ....................................................................................................... A- 31,A- 32 
, scales - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B- 38 
? selling charges ................................................................................................. B- 83 
, stops - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B-143 
, store and breeding stock prices ............................................................. A- 31,C- 12 
, weighing platform - cost of ............................................................................. B- 38 
, valuation of for taxation ................................................... D- 32,0- 62,D- 65,D- 68 
, yard fees ........................................................................................................... B- 83 
, yards - cost of.. ............................................................................................... B-183 
- rate of depreciation ........................ : ........................................................... D- 82 
Cauliflower, price paid to growers (processing) ...................................................... A- 77 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 70 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1990 ....................................................... A- 74 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1989 ....................................................... A- 75 
Cedars, cost of.. ........................................................................................................ B-184 
Celery, seed cost.. ..................................................................................................... B- 70 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) ................................................................ A- 74 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) ................................................................ A- 75 
Cement, cost of ........................................................................................................ B-183 
Centrifugal pumps, cost of ....................................................................................... B-125 
Certificate of Exemption (taxation) ........................................................................... D- 6 
Certification of seeds, charges ................................................................................. B- 40 
Chaff, freight rates - rail ............................................................................................ B- 65 
Chain link netting, cost of ....................................................................................... B-140 
Chainsaws, cost of ................................................................................................... B-168 
, depreciation of ................................................................................................. D- 80 
Charitable Allowance, Estate duty ............................................................................. E- 6 
F-lO 
Page 
Chelated trace elements. cost of ............................................................................... B- 58 
Chemical metering pump. cost of ............................................................................ B-127 
Chemicals. agricultural. cost of ................................................................................ B- 74 
Cheque fees .............................................................................................................. B-l 07 
Cherries. levy ............................................................................................................ B- 88 
Cherry trees. cost of .................................................................................................. B- 71 
Chestnut trees. cost of ............................................................................................... B- 72 
Chevon. prices .......................................................................................................... A- 46 
Chicken - see Poultry 
Chickory. seed cost. .................................................................................................. B- 69 
Child Care Rebate ..................................................................................................... D- 18 
Child Taxpayer. Rebate ............................................................................................ D- 17 
Chisel Plough, cost of .............................................................................................. B-160 
? contracting rates ............................................................................................... B- 47 
Choppers (pigs). price of.. ........................................................................................ A- 51 
Chou moellier. dressing and store handling charges ................................................ B- 44 
? price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 62 
Chrysanthemum. seed cost ....................................................................................... B- 71 
Citric Solubility. fertiliser ......................................................................................... B- 54 
Citrus Fruit. gross margin ......................................................................................... C- 29 
? levies ................................................................................................................ B- 88 
? price paid to growers (processing) .................................................................. A- 73 
? trees - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 77 
? wholesale market prices (Auckland) ............................................................... A- 63 
Classification of. income for trusts ........................................................................... D- 27 
? trusts ................................................................................................................ D- 26 
Clippers. cost of ........................................................................................................ B- 32 
Cloches. rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 80 
Clover seed. box hire ................................................................................................ B- 42 
? coating - cost of.. ............................................................................................. B- 71 
? contract harvesting ........................................................................................... B- 49 
, cost of ............................................................................................................... B- 69 
, dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 44 
, gross margin .................................................................................................... C- 24 
? herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 86 
, price paid to grower ......................................................................................... A- 62 
CNG, cost of ............................................................................................................. B- 92 
Coating of Seed, cost of ............................................................................................ B- 71 
Cobalt fertiliser, cost of ............................................................................................ B- 52 
Cocksfoot, dressing and store handling charges ...................................................... B- 44 
, herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 86 
, price paid to grower ......................................................................................... A- 61 
, seed coating ..................................................................................................... B-71 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
Combine Harvester. cost of .......................................................................... B-146,B-l66 
, licensing - cost of ............................................................................................. B- 93 
F-ll 
Page 
, running cost ..................................................................................................... B- 94 
Combs, shearing - cost of ......................................................................................... B- 32 
Commission on Stock Sales ..................................................................................... B- 83 
Community Water Supply Charges ......................................................................... B-121 
Companies, taxation of .................................................................................... D- 8,D- 22 
, taxation rates .................................................................................................... D- 58 
Compressors, rate of depreciation ............................................................................ D- 80 
Computers, farmer requirements ............................................................................. B-188 
,general guidelines ........................................................................................... B-189 
, guide for purchasing ....................................................................................... B-188 
, hardware prices ............................................................................................... B-190 
, progrruns ......................................................................................................... B-190 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 80 
,software prices ................................................................................................ B-190 
Concentrates, cost of ................................................................................................. B- 28 
Concrete, cost of. ..................................................................................................... B-183 
, mixers - rate of depreciation ........................................................................... D- 80 
, slabs - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B-175 
, tanks - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B-122 
, water troughs - cost of .................................................................................... B-122 
Conditioners, hay _ cost of ........................................................................... B-149, B-151 
, mower - cost of. .............................................................................................. B-151 
Connection fee, electricity ........................................................................................ B- 50 
, telephone .......................................................................................................... B- 99 
Conservation Grant (Soil and Water) ....................................................................... A- 80 
Consolidated Dressing and Store Handling Charges ............................................... B- 44 
Consultancy Charges (Farm Advisory Services) ..................................................... B- 96 
Consultation, Veterinary - cost of ............................................................................. B- 20 
Consumable Aids, as a tax deduction ....................................................................... D- 31 
, valuation of ...................................................................................................... D- 32 
Consumer Price Index 1891 - 1989 ........................................................................... B- 4 
Contamination of milk, price penalties .................................................................... A- 38 
Contract, fencing - cost of ........................................................................................ B-134 
, lamb prices ...................................................................................................... A- 12 
, wheat prices ..................................................................................................... A- 52 
Contracting Charges .................................................................................................. B- 47 
Contractors, Accident Compensation Levies on ...................................................... D- 78 
Cooks (shearing gang), wages of.. ............................................................................ B- 11 
Cool Storage Rates .................................................................................................... B- 45 
Co-operatives (Farmer), lamb prices received .......................................................... A- 9 
Copper fertiliser, cost of. .......................................................................................... B- 52 
Corriedale wool price ............................................................................................... A- 22 
Cost Price Scheme (livestock taxation) .................................................................... D- 33 
Cottages, cost of ....................................................................................................... B-180 
Council (District), rates ............................................................................................ B-I04 
Courier Charges ....................................................................................................... B-l00 
F-12 
Page 
Covered Yards, cost of ............................................................................................. B-182 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 82 
Covers, hay and silage - cost of ............................................................................... B-150 
Cow, beef - see Beef or Cattle 
, dairy - see Dairy Cattle 
Cow Pregnancy Testing, cost of.. ............................................................................. B- 20 
C.P ............................................................................................................................. D-79 
C.P.l ............................................................................................................................ B- 4 
Cradle (lamb), cost of.. ............................................................................................. B- 36 
Crate (stock), cost of ................................................................................................. B- 38 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 82 
Crayons (marker), cost of.. ....................................................................................... B- 35 
Credit, cost of ............................................................................................... B-107, B-110 
Cress, seed cost. ........................................................................................................ B- 70 
Crested Dogstail, dressing and store handling charge .............................................. B- 44 
, herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 86 
,price ................................................................................................................. A- 61 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
Crop, expenses .................................................................................. B- 4O,C- 21 to C- 25 
, farms - see Arable Farms 
, gross margins .................................................................................... C- 21 to C- 26 
, insurance ......................................................................................................... B-1 03 
, prices - see individual crops 
, spraying - cost of ............................................................................................. B- 82 
Cropfme Lime, cost of.. ............................................................................................ B- 59 
Cropmaster fertiliser, cost of .................................................................................... B- 53 
Crossbred, Wool Prices ........................................................................................... A- 22 
, Ewe flock, Gross Margin ................................................................................. C- 5 
, Two year flock, Gross Margin ......................................................................... C- 8 
Crown Renewable leases, rent. ................................................................................ B-I05 
CrumbIer (cultivator), cost of .................................................................................. B-162 
Crumbles (meal), cost of.. ......................................................................................... B- 28 
Crushes, animal- cost of ........................................................................................... B- 39 
Crutching costs ............................................................................................... B- 10,B- 32 
Cucumber, seed cost. ................................................................................................ B- 70 
Cultivation, contracting ................................. ~ .......................................................... B- 47 
, costs for arable farms .............................................................. B- 4O,C- 21 to C- 25 
, equipment - cost of ......................................................................................... B-160 
Cultivators, cost of ........................................................................................ B-149,B-162 
,rotary - cost of.. ................................................................................... B-149,B-163 
Culverts, cost of ....................................................................................................... B-133 
, repairs and maintenance of .............................................................................. B- 89 
Cup Remover, cost of ............................................................................................... B- 25 
Cut flowers, wholesale markets prices (Auckland) .................................................. A- 79 
Cutters (shearing), cost of ......................................................................................... B- 32 
Cypress trees, cost of.. ............................................................................................. B-184 
F-13 
Page 
D 
Daggers wages .......................................................................................................... B- 11 
Dagging Plant, cost of ...........................................................?................................... B- 32 
Dahlia, seed costs ...................................................................................................... B- 71 
Dairy, beef calves - contracts ................................................................................... A- 29 
,cattle - animal health ....................................................................................... B- 14 
- commissions on sale ............................?..................................................... B- 83 
- costs per cow ................................................................................... B- 24,C- 14 
- gross margin .............................................................................................. C- 14 
- sales, heifers/cowslherds ........................................................................... A- 39 
- valuation of for taxation ...................................................?.............. D- 62,D- 65 
- value ............................................................................................... A- 39, C- 14 
- yard fees ....... : ............................................................................................. B- 83 
, Companies - interest rate ................................................................................ B-119 
- payout ........................................................................................................ A- 36 
, farm - accounting fees ..................................................................................... B- 96 
- electricity cost. ........................................................................................... B- 50 
- repairs and maintenance ............................................................................ B- 89 
- vehicle expenses ........................................................................................ B- 90 
- wages .......................................................................................................... B- 7 
- weed and pest control budget figures ........................................................ B- 74 
, grazing fees ...................................................................................................... B- 31 
, herd - clearing sales ......................................................................................... A- 39 
, produce - see also Milkfat 
- Market Price Index ..................................................................................... A- 3 
- milkfat price .............................................................................................. A- 36 
- milkfat price trends .................................................................................... A- 31 
- whole milk for town supply ...................................................................... A- 38 
,shed - cost of.. ................................................................................................. B-174 
- equipment, cost of .................................................................................... B- 25 
- expenses ..................................................................................................... B- 24 
- inspection fees ........................................................................................... B- 24 
, workers award .................................................................................................. B- 4 
Dams, cost of ............................................................................................................ B-132 
D.A.P., cost of ........................................................................................................... B- 53 
Debt forgiveness ......................................................................................................... E- 5 
Debt Servicing charges ............................................................................................ B-120 
Deer, animal hea1th ......................................................................................... C- 16,C- 18 
, commission on sale ......................................................................................... B- 83 
, complexes and yards - cost of.. ...................................................................... B-175 
, crush - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B- 39 
, drenching cost .................................................................................................. B- 16 
, feed - cost of ..... , ... : ........................................................................................... B- 28 
, fence - cost of ..................................................................................... B-134, B-135 
F-14 
Page 
,gates - cost of .................................................................................................. B-138 
, Gross Margin - breeding herd ..........?.............................................................. C- 18 
- venison (stag) ............................................................................................. C- 16 
,insurance of .................................................................?................................... B-I03 
, killing charges ...................................................................................... : .......... B- 85 
, levies .................................................... : ........................................................... B- 86 
,livestock prices, value/Worth ...................................................... A- 45,C- 16,C- 18 
, meat inspection fees ........................................................................................ B- 85 
, netting - cost of.. ............................................................................................. B-140 
, posts - cost of .................................................................................................. B-137 
, sales ................................................................................................................. A- 45 
, shed - cost of.. ................................................................................................. B-l75 
, stags - Gross Margin ........................................................................................ C- 16 
- prices of .......................................................................................... A- 45, B- 22 
, valuation of for taxation ................................................... D- 32,0- 63,D- 66,D- 69 
, value/worth - see above, livestock prices 
, velvet prices ..................................................................................................... A- 43 
,venison - prices ................................................................................................ A- 41 
- price trends ................................................................................................ A- 42 
, venison - production ........................................................................................ C- 16 
, - market price index/price forecast. .............................................................. A- 3 
, veterinary charges ............................................................................................ B- 20 
, weaner prices ................................................................................................... A- 45 
Deer/Game Industry Board levies ............................................................................ B- 86 
De-homers, cost of ................................................................................................... B- 38 
Depreciation, impact on farm input prices ................................................................ A- 6 
, of currency - impact on farm revenue .............................................................. A- 6 
,primary industry .................................................................................... D- 35,0- 42 
, schedule rates ........................................................................................ D- 59,D- 79 
Detergents, dairy shed - cost of ................................................................................ B- 24 
Development, expenditure (taxation allowances) .............................. D- 36,0- 42,0- 59 
, fish farming ..................................................................................................... D- 44 
Di-Calcic Phos, cost of ............................................................................................. B- 52 
Diaphram pumps, cost of ......................................................................................... B-I24 
Diesel, cost of ............................................................................................................ B- 92 
, vehicle consumption of ................................................................................... B- 90 
Diggers (vegetable), cost of ..................................................................................... B-167 
Dipping, contract cost ............................................................................................... B- 48 
,materials - cost of ................................................................................. B- 14, B- 17 
Dips, pour-on - cost of .................................. , ........................................................... B- 17 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 82 
, repairs and maintenance .................................................................................. B- 89 
, sprays and dressings - cost of .......................................................................... B- 14 
Direct Costs, farms ..................................................................................................... C- 3 
Direct drilling, contracting ............................................................................ B- 40, B- 47 
Directors fees, withholding payments ....................................................................... D- 5 
F-15 
Page 
Disc drill, cost of ...................................................................................................... B-164 
Discounts, fann inputs ................................................................................. , ............. B- 3 
Discs (cultivation), cost of.. ............................................................. B-149, B-160, B-161 
Disease control, crops - cost of.. ............................................................................... B- 79 
Disinfectants, cost of ................................................................................................. B- 18 
Dispensers, bloat/zinc - cost of.. ............................................................................... B- 19 
, dairy shed - cost of.. ........................................................................................ B- 26 
Dispositions of Matrimonial Property .......... : ................................................. D- 46,E- 14 
Distance Licences ..................................................................................................... 8- 94 
District Council, rates .............................................................................................. B-I04 
, stock water charges ......................................................................................... B-121 
Dividends, P AyE ...................................................................................................... D- 6 
, taxation of.. ...................................................................................................... D- 20 
Docking, costs ........................................................................................................... B- 36 
, cradles - cost of.. .............................................................................................. B- 36 
, pens - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 36 
Does, sale price ......................................................................................................... A- 49 
Dog, commission on sale .......................................................................................... B- 83 
,expenses (Fann Workers Award) ..................................................................... B- 9 
, feeds - cost of.. ................................................................................................. B- 30 
, hydatid control. ................................................................................................ B- 20 
,motels - cost of.. ................................................................ ,,, ........................... B-183 
, registration - cost of ......................................................................................... B- 20 
, trainers - cost of.. ............................................................................................. B- 39 
Dogstail, dressing and store handling charges ......................................................... B- 44 
, herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ 8- 86 
, price paid for ................................................................................................... A- 61 
,seed coating - cost of.. ..................................................................................... B- 71 
, seed - cost ........................................................................................................ 8- 69 
Dolomite, cost of. ...................................................................................................... B- 54 
Donations, as tax rebates .......................................................................................... D- 18 
Douglas Firs, cost of ................................................................................................ B-183 
Drainage tiles/pipes/moles, cost of .......................................................................... B-132 
Drainage/Sewer system construction, ACC levy ..................................................... D- 78 
Drawings, level of ..................................................................................................... B- 13 
Drays, rate of depreciation ........................................................................................ D- 83 
Drench and Dip, price comparison (Cattle) .............................................................. 8- 17 
Drenches (anthelmintics), cost of ............................................................................. B- 15 
Drenching, costs for cattle/sheep/goats/deer/horses ................................................. B- 16 
, guns - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 19 
, systems ............................................................................................................. B- 19 
Dressing Charges, seed .............................................................................................. B- 44 
Dried blood, cost of. .................................................................................................. B- 29 
Drilling, contract cost ................................................................................................ B- 47 
, direct costs ....................................................................................................... B- 40 
, wells - cost of .................................................................................................. B-124 
F-16 
Page 
Drills. and seed boxes - cost of.. ................................................................... B-149.B-164 
? precision - cost of ........................................................................................... B-165 
Drip tube (irrigation). cost of ................................................................................... B-130 
Drippers (irrigation). cost of .................................................................................... B-129 
Drivers (post). cost of .............................................................................................. B-142 
Droppers (fencing). cost of.. .................................................................................... B-137 
Drying Charges. grain and seed ................................................................................ B- 43 
Due dates for. annual returns (taxation) ................................................................... D- 10 
? provisional tax payments ................................................................................ D- 57 
Dust mask. cost of.. ....................................... ; .......................................................... B-171 
Dusting applicator. cost of. ...................................................................................... B-157 
Duty. estate ................................................................................................................. E- 3 
? gift .................................................................................................................... E- 13 
? stamp ................................................................................................................ B- 97 
Dwarf Beans. seed cost.. ........................................................................................... B- 48 
D.V ............................................................................................................................ D-79 
Dwellings. costs of ................................................................................................... B-l80 
? insurance of ..................................................................................................... B-I02 
, repairs and maintenance of. ............................................................................. B- 89 
E 
Earmarkers, cost of ................................................................................................... B- 36 
Eartags, cost of.. ........................................................................................................ B- 37 
Earthing equipment (electric fencing), cost of.. ...................................................... B-145 
Earthworks, borderdyke irrigation - cost of ............................................................ B-131 
Effluent irrigator, cost of.. ....................................................................................... B-129 
Egg Plant, seed cost of .............................................................................................. B- 70 
Electric, fence - components, cost of.. ..................................................................... B-143 
- cost per kilometre ..................................................................................... B-134 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 80 
, grinders - cost of.. ............................................................................................ B- 33 
, test equipment - rate of depreciation ............................................................... D- 80 
Electricity, cost of.. ................................................................................................... B- 50 
, installation cost ................................................................................................ B- 51 
, regional charges - examples ............................................................................ B- 50 
, total farm costs ................................................................................................ B- 50 
Electrouic Scales, depreciation of ............................................................................ D- 80 
Elk, average market value of - 1988 (taxation) ........................................................ D- 69 
- 1989 (taxation) .......................................................................................... D- 66 
- 1990 (taxation) .......................................................................................... D- 63 
Emasculators, cost of ................................................................................................ B- 36 
Employers, Accident compensation levy ................................................................. D- 78 
Employers liability, insurances ................................................................................ B-l 03 
Energisers, electric fencing - cost of.. ...................................................................... B-143 
Ensilage - see silage 
F-17 
Page 
Enterprise Analysis .................................................................................................... C- 3 
Environment controllers, cost of.. ........................................................................... B-178 
Equipment, farm average prices of.. ........................................................................ B-149 
Estate agent charges .................................................................................................. B- 98 
Estate and Gift Duties Act ......................................................................................... E- 3 
Estate Duty ................................................................................................................. E- 3 
, allowable debts ................................................................................................. E- 5 
, assessment and collection ................................................................................. E- 8 
, calculation of.. ................................................................................................... E- 8 
, charitable allowances ........................... ~ ............................................................ E- 6 
, example of calculations .................................................................................... E- 9 
, exemptions from ............................................................................................... E- 5 
, matrimonial home allowance ........................................................................... E- 6 
, property liable to ............................................................................................... E- 3 
, rates of .............................................................................................................. E- 18 
, reliefs ................................................................................................................. E- 8 
, valuation of - estate ........................................................................................... E- 6 
- succession ................................................................................................... E- 6 
Eucalyptus trees, cost of. ......................................................................................... B-184 
Evasion of tax, penalties ........................................................................................... D- 13 
Ewes - see also Breeding Ewe; Sheep 
, average prices - breeding stock 1975-90 ........................................................ A- 20 
- store stock 1986-90 ................................................................................... A- 19 
, store and breeding stock prices ....................................................................... A- 18 
Exchange rate, impact on product prices and farm revenue ..................................... A- 6 
, fluctuations - impact on farm input prices ....................................................... B- 3 
Exempt Income, taxation .......................................................................................... D- 16 
Exemptions from, Estate Duty ................................................................................... E- 5 
, Gift Duty .......................................................................................................... E- 14 
, Taxation ........................................................................................................... D- 16 
Expenditure, fann ....................................................................................................... B- 3 
, taxation considerations - see Income Taxation 
Export, apples - advance payments to growers ........................................................ A- 65 
- gross margin .............................................................................................. C- 27 
- prices .......................................................................................................... A- 64 
, fruit gross margins ........................................................................................... C- 27 
, kiwifuit, gross margin ...................................................................................... C- 28 
, incentives ......................................................................................................... D- 46 
Export prices/schedules, refer to specific products 
Extinguishers (fire), cost of ..................................................................................... B-171 
F 
Factory Supply (rnilkfat), price paid ........................................................................ A- 36 
, Gross Margin .................................................................................................... C- 9 
Fallow deer - see deer 
F-18 
Page 
Family Income and Support Tax Credits ................................................................. D?? 19 
Family partnerships, taxation of ............................................................................... D- 25 
Family Support Tax Credits ..................................................................................... D- 19 
Fans, ventilation/heating - cost of... ............................................................ B-177, B-178 
Farm, advisory services - fees ................................................................................... B- 96 
, bikes - cost of.. .................................................................................... B-146,B-148 
, bike trailers - cost of.. ..................................................................................... B-148 
, buildings - cost of.. ......................................................................................... B -173 
- depreciation allowance (tax) ..................................................................... D- 27 
- repairs and maintenance ............................................................................ B- 89 
, consultancy charges ......................................................................................... B- 96 
, equipment - average prices ............................................................................. B-149 
, expenses ............................................................................................................ B- 3 
- (taxation) .................................................................................................... D- 29 
, forestry -labour costs ..................................................................................... B-187 
- plants/trees cost of .................................................................................... B-184 
- taxation of.. ......................................................................... D- 38, D- 39, D- 60 
, Gate Prices (Real) 1976-1989 .......................................................................... A?? 5 
, income - see also Farm revenue 
- assessable for taxation ............................................................................... D- 28 
- equalisation scheme ................................................................................... D- 40 
, inputs - impact of exchange rate on ................................................................. B- 3 
- price movements ......................................................................................... B- 3 
, insurances ....................................................................................................... B-I02 
, ownership savings rebate (taxation) ................................................................ D- 18 
, protection (subsidies) N.Z. and Intemational .................................................. A- 7 
, revenue .............................................................................................................. A- 3 
- cattle ........................................................................................................... A- 26 
- crops ........................................................................................................... A- 52 
- cut flowers ................................................................................................. A- 79 
- dai..ry ........................................................................................................... A- 36 
- deer ............................................................................................................ A- 41 
- fruit. ........................................................................................................... A - 63 
- goat. ........................................................................................................... A- 46 
- impact of exchange rate on ........................................................................ A- 6 
- NWSCA grants .......................................................................................... A- 80 
- pig .............................................................................................................. A- 50 
- refunds of sales taxes on fuels ................................................................... A- 80 
- small seeds ................................................................................................. A- 61 
- sheep ........................................................................................................... A- 8 
- vegetables .................................................................................................. A- 74 
- wool. .......................................................................................................... A- 21 
, vehicles - average prices ................................................................................. B-146 
, wages - Dairy Farms ......................................................................................... B- 7 
- Sheep, Beef and Cropping Farms ............................................................... B- 9 
- Market Gardens ......................................................................................... B- 12 
F-19 
Page 
,work - PA YE (withholding payments) ............................................................ D- 6 
Farmer, co-operatives, lamb prices ........................................................................... A- 9 
, taxation of.. ...................................................................................................... D- 28 
Farming, ACC levy ................................................................................................... D- 77 
, depreciation of land improvement ........................................................ D- 36,D- 59 
Farms and Stations awards ........................................................................................ B- 7 
Fat lambs, cartage rates ............................................................................................. B- 64 
, meat schedule ................................................................................................... A- 8 
,price trends (export) ........................................................................................ A- 10 
,stock prices ...................................................................................................... A- 17 
Fat stock, cartage rates ............................................................................................. B- 64 
FBT ........................................................................................................................... D-47 
Federated Farmers, levies (livestock) ............................................................. A- 50,B- 85 
, subscriptions ................................................................................................... B-IOI 
Feed, barley - price ................................................................................................... A- 55 
- price forecast. ............................................................................................ A- 58 
- price trends ................................................................................................ A- 57 
- seed cost. .................................................................................................... B- 68 
, concentrates - cost of.. ..................................................................................... B- 28 
, crops - seed cost. .................................................................... : ......................... B- 68 
, grazing fees ...................................................................................................... B- 31 
, hay - cost of .................................................................................................... B- 30 
, quality analysis - cost of.. ................................................................................ B- 62 
, wagons - cost of.. ............................................................................................ B-lS5 
, wheat - price .................................................................................................... A- 53 
Feed and Nutrition (stock), cost of ........................................................................... B- 26 
Feedout, equipment - grain feeders cost of.. ........................................................... B-157 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 80 
, wagons (silage), cost of .................................................................................. B-155 
Feedstuffs, nutritional testing - cost of.. ................................................................... B- 62 
Fees, bank ................................................................................................................. B-I07 
, dairy shed inspection ....................................................................................... B- 24 
, land transfer ..................................................................................................... B- 98 
, legal .................................................................................................................. B- 97 
, meat inspection ................................................................................................ B- 85 
, professional ...................................................................................................... B- 96 
, seed testing ...................................................................................................... B- 45 
,yard .................................................................................................................. B- 83 
Feijoa, levy ................................................................................................................ B- 88 
, plants - cost of.. ............................................................................................... B- 72 
Fence erecting and repairing, ACC levy .................................................................. D- 78 
Fencing, costs - examples ........................................................................................ B-134 
,equipment and materials ................................................................................. B-136 
, guide to cost .................................................................................................... B-134 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 80 
, tools - cost of .................................................................................................. B-141 
F-20 
Page 
Ferry (inter-island), transport charges ...................................................................... B- 66 
Fertiliser, bins - cost of ............................................................................................ B-175 
, citric solubility ................................................................................................. B- 54 
, cost of ............................................................................................................... B- 52 
- orchard, examples ......................................................................... C-27 to C- 29 
, cartage rate - road ............................................................................................ B- 64 
- rail .............................................................................................................. B- 66 
, horticultural ..................................................................................................... B- 53 
, liquid ................................................................................................................ B- 54 
, spreaders - cost of ........................................................................................... B-157 
, spreading - contract ......................................................................................... B- 60 
Fescue, dressing and store handling charges ............................................................ B- 44 
? herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 87 
? price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 61 
? seed - cost of .................................................................................................... B- 69 
Fibre glass fencing, cost of .......................................................................... B-107. B-134 
Fibre prices (goats) ................................................................................................... A- 47 
Field. peas - dressing and store handling charges .................................................... B- 44 
- prices paid for ................................ : ........................................................... A- 58 
- seed cost ..................................................................................................... B- 68 
? rollers - cost of.. .............................................................................................. B-164 
? tiles (drainage) - cost of .................................................................................. B-132 
Fig Trees. cost of ....................................................................................................... B-71 
Film (plastic). cost of.. ............................................................................................. B-177 
Filters. dairy shed - cost of ....................................................................................... B- 25 
? water supply - cost of.. ................................................................................... B-130 
Final payment for milkfat .............................................................................. A- 36, A- 37 
Finance, Companies - interest rates ............................................................. B-I07. B-II0 
? seasonal- cost of ............................................................................................ B-107 
? term - cost of ................................................................................................... B-I09 
Fine wool. prices ....................................................................................................... A- 21 
? gross margin .................................................................................................... C- 10 
Finnish Landrace. ram cost. ...................................................................................... B- 22 
Fire. extinguishers - cost of.. ................................................................................... B-171 
? fighting equipment - rate of depreciation ....................................................... D- 80 
? insurance ......................................................................................................... B-I02 
Fish. cool store charges ............................................................................................. B- 45 
Fish farming. ACC levy ............................................................................................ D- 78 
? Depreciation allowances ................................................................................. D- 79 
? Development expenditure (taxation) ..................................................... D- 44.D-60 
? taxation of ........................................................................................................ D- 44 
, rates of depreciation ........................................................................................ D- 79 
Fishing vessels, Ownership Savings rebate (taxation) ............................................. D- 18 
? rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 80 
Fishmeal. cost of.. ..................................................................................................... B- 29 
Fixed costs. vehicles ................................................................................................. B- 90 
F-21 
Page 
Flax, cost of plants ................................................................................................... B-185 
Fleece, testing - cost of ............................................................................................. B- 34 
? weigher - cost of.. ............................................................................................ B- 34 
Flexinet, cost of.. ...................................................................................................... B-l44 
Flour, freight rates ..................................................................................................... B- 65 
Flowers, air freight rates ........................................................................................... B- 67 
,cut - wholesale market price (Auckland) ........................................................ A- 79 
, seeds - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B- 71 
Fodderbeet, seed - cost of.. ....................................................................................... B- 69 
Foodstuffs, air freight rates ....................................................................................... B- 67 
Footrot, control - cost of ........................................................................................... B- 14 
Forage, crops - cost of.. ............................................................................................. B- 69 
, harvester - cost of.. .............................................................................. B-146,B-155 
Foreign trusts, taxation.of.. ....................................................................................... D- 26 
Forest Development Expenditure (Tax Provisions) ...................................... D- 39,D- 60 
Forestry, depreciation of land irnprovement.. .......................................................... D- 60 
, Service (NZ) Guide to Labour Cost ............................................................... B-187 
, taxation of.. ...................................................................................................... D- 39 
Forgiveness of debt.. .................................................................................................. E- 5 
Fork (tractor), for feed - cost of ............................................................................... B-153 
Forklifts, cost of ............................................ : .......................................................... B-168 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 80 
Forward contracts (summer lambs) .......................................................................... A- 13 
Freesias, bulb cost. .................................................................................................... B-71 
, seed cost. .......................................................................................................... B- 71 
Freeze brands, cost of.. ............................................................................................. B- 37 
Freezing charges, cost of.. ........................................................................................ B- 45 
Freezer peas, price paid for ....................................................................................... A- 58 
Freezers (dog meat), rate of depreciation ................................................................. D- 80 
Freight rates, air ........................................................................................................ B- 66 
, rail .................................................................................................................... B- 65 
, road .................................................................................................................. B- 64 
Fringe Benefits, definition of. .................................................................................. D- 47 
, valuation of. ..................................................................................................... D- 49 
Fringe Benefits Tax .................................................................................................. D- 47 
, calculation of.. ................................................................................................. D- 48 
Front end loader fork, cost of .................................................................................. B-l53 
Frost, alarm - cost of ................................................................................................ B-172 
, protection plant - rate of depreciation ............................................................. D- 80 
Fruit, citrus - gross margins ...................................................................................... C- 29 
, export - gross margins ..................................................................................... C- 27 
, levies ................................................................................................................ B- 87 
, plants - cost of.. ............................................................................................... B- 71 
, prices paid to growers ..................................................................................... A- 63 
, pruning/thinning/picking/packing costs - orchard examples ........... C- 27 to C- 29 
, tree prices ......................................................................................................... B- 71 
F-22 
Page 
, trees - cost of planting, tax rules ..................................................................... D- 42 
FSTC ......................................................................................................................... D- 19 
Fuel, consumption of tractors ................................................................................... B- 90 
, cost of ............................................................................................................... B- 92 
, tanks - rate of depreciation .............................................................................. D- 80 
, tax refund on .................................................................................................... A- 80 
Fumigants, soil - cost of.. .......................................................................................... B- 82 
Fungicides, agricultural - cost of. ............................................................................. B- 79 
, cost of application ........................................................................................... B- 82 
Furniture, commission on sale .................................................................................. B- 83 
G 
Galvanised Wire - see Wire 
Game Industry Board Levies .................................................................................... B- 86 
Garages, cost of.. ...................................................................................................... B-175 
Garden Peas, dressing and store handling charges ................................................... :B- 44 
, price paid for ................................................................................................... A- 58 
, seed cost.. ......................................................................................................... B- 70 
Garden sheds, cost of.. ............................................................................................. B-181 
Garlic, levy ................................................................................................................ B- 88 
Gas, cylinders/water heaters - rate of depreciation .................................................. D- 80 
, heaters (greenhouse) - cost of .............. ; .......................................................... B-178 
Gates, cost of.. .......................................................................................................... B-138 
Generators (portable), cost of. ................................................................................. B-170 
Geranium, seed cost .................................................................................................. B- 71 
Gerbera, seed cost ..................................................................................................... B- 71 
Gherkins, seed cost. .................................................................................................. B- 70 
Gift duty, aggregation of gifts ................................................................................... E- 16 
,assessment and collection ................................................................................ E- 16 
, calculation of.. .................................................................................................. E- 15 
, defInitions ........................................................................................................ E- 13 
, example of assessment. .................................................................................... E- 17 
, exemptions from .............................................................................................. E- 14 
, rates of .............................................................................................................. E- 18 
, valuation of gift ................................................................................................ E- 13 
Glasshouses, cost of ................................................................................................. B-176 
, depreciation rates on ........................................................................................ D- 81 
, equipment - cost of ......................................................................................... B-177 
GMFI ......................................................................................................................... D- 19 
Goats, chevon prices ................................................................................................. A- 46 
, commission on sale ......................................................................................... B- 83 
,drenching costs ................................................................................................ B- 16 
, feed - cost of. ................................................................................................... B- 28 
, fibre prices ....................................................................................................... A- 47 
,fibre price trends .............................................................................................. A- 49 
F-23 
Page 
,harness (mating) - cost of ................................................................................ B- 36 
,insurance of ..................................................................................................... B-I03 
, livestock prices, value/worth ................................................................ A- 49,B- 22 
, meat prices ....................................................................................................... A- 46 
,milk prices ....................................................................................................... A- 46 
, netting, cost of ................................................................................................ B-141 
,sales ................................................................................................................. A- 49 
, shelter - cost of ............................................................................................... B-182 
, valuation offor taxation ............... " .................................. D- 32,D- 63,D- 66,D- 69 
Goods and Services Tax, auction sales .................................................................... D- 56 
,exemptions ....................................................................................................... D- 51 
, input tax ........................................................................................................... D- 52 
, output tax ......................................................................................................... D- 52 
, overview .......................................................................................................... D- 51 
, records ............................................................................................................. D- 54 
, registration ....................................................................................................... D- 51 
, returns and payment.. ...................................................................................... D- 52 
, returns and payment - worked example ................................................ D- 52,D- 54 
, tax invoices ...................................................................................................... D- 55 
, tax rates ............................................................................................................ D- 51 
Gooseberry bushes - cost of.. .................................................................................... B- 72 
Gorse cutting, contract rates .................................................................................... B- 48 
Government Assistance to Pastoral Farms ................................................................ A- 7 
Grades, milk penalties .............................................................................................. A- 37 
Grading (velvet) charges ............................... ; ........................................................... B- 84 
Grain, bulk cartage rates - road ................................................................................. B- 64 
- rail .............................................................................................................. B- 65 
, drying charges .................................................................................................. B- 43 
, drying plantlbins - rate of depreciation ........................................................... D- 81 
,feeders - cost of.. ................................................................................ B-148, B-157 
, laboratory tests ................................................................................................. B- 44 
, silos - cost of.. ................................................................................................. B-176 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 81 
, screening charge .............................................................................................. B- 43 
, seed prices ........................................................................................................ B- 68 
, storage - cost of.. ............................................................................................. B- 43 
Grants, Soil and Water Conservation ....................................................................... A- 80 
Grapefruit, gross margin ........................................................................................... C- 29 
? proccessing - price paid for fruit ..................................................................... A- 73 
Grapes, levy (table) ................................................................................................... B- 88 
, prices (processing) ........................................................................................... A- 73 
, vine costs ......................................................................................................... B- 72 
, wholesale market prices (Auckland) ............................................................... A- 63 
, wine - price paid to growers ............................................................................ A- 73 
Grass seed, contract harvesting ................................................................................. B- 48 
? cost of ............................................................................................................... B- 47 
F-24 
Page 
, dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 44 
, herbage seed levies .......................................................................................... B- 86 
,price paid for ................................................................................................... A- 61 
Gratings, rate of depreciation ................................................................................... D- 82 
Grazing fees .............................................................................................................. B- 31 
, commission on ................................................................................................. B- 83 
Grease, cost of.. ......................................................................................................... B- 92 
Greenhouse fIlm, cost of.. .............................................................................. B- 73,B-177 
Greenhouses, cost of ................................................................................................ B-176 
Grinders, shearing - cost of.. ..................................................................................... B- 33 
Gross Farm Revenue, impact of exchange rate ......................................................... A- 6 
Gross Margins, crop - current. .................................................................... C- 21 to C- 25 
- historic ....................................................................................................... C- 26 
, citrus fruit. ....................................................................................................... C- 29 
, kiwifruit. .......................................................................................................... C- 28 
,livestock - current. ........................................................................... : .. C- 5 to C- 19 
- historic ....................................................................................................... C- 20 
, pipfruit. ............................................................................................................ C- 27 
Ground, spraying - contract. ..................................................................................... B- 82 
,spreading of fertiliser ....................................................................................... B- 60 
Growing Tunnels, cost of.. ....................................................................................... B-17 6 
, depreciation rate of.. ........................................................................................ D- 81 
Growth Regulants, cost of ........................................................................................ B- 81 
Grubbing, contract cost. ............................................................................................ B- 47 
, direct cost. ........................................................................................................ B- 40 
GST - see Goods and Services Tax 
Guaranteed Minimum Family Income Tax Credit. .................................................. D- 19 
Guide to fencing costs .............................................................................................. B-134 
Gypsopbila, seed cost. ............................................................................................... B- 71 
, wholesale market prices (Auckland) ............................................................... A- 79 
H 
Hail damage compensation, taxation of ................................................................... D- 42 
Haj contracts (live lamb) .......................................................................................... A- 11 
Half Bred wool prices ............................................................................................... A- 22 
Handguns, sprayers .................................................................................................. B-154 
Handling Charges ...................................................................................................... B- 83 
Handpiece (shearers), cost of.. .................................................................................. B- 32 
Hardware, computer - cost of.. ................................................................................ B-188 
Harnesses, crayons - cost of ...................................................................................... B- 36 
, horse - rate of depreciation .............................................................................. D- 82 
, ram and goat - cost of.. .................................................................................... B- 36 
Harrowing, contract cost. .......................................................................................... B- 47 
, direct cost. ........................................................................................................ B- 40 
Harrows, cost of ............................................................................................ B-149,B-163 
F-25 
Page 
Harvesters, combine - cost of ....................................................................... B-146,B-166 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 81 
.. running costs .............................................................................................. B- 94 
, forage / silage - cost of. ....................................................................... B-1 08,B-116 
, vegetable - cost of ........................................................................................... B-167 
, wages - market gardeners ................................................................................ B- 13 
Harvesting, contractmg ............................................................................................. B- 48 
Hay, bale - cost of.. ................................................................................................... B- 30 
, balers - cost of ..................................................................................... B-149.B-152 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 81 
? barns - cost of ................................................................................................. B-179 
, conditioners - cost of.. ......................................................................... B-149.B-151 
, contract. ........................................................................................................... B- 47 
? covers - cost of ................................................................................................ B-156 
, feeders - cost of ............................................................................................... B-153 
, handling equipment - cost of .......................................................................... B-153 
,ma..ldng equipment - cost of.. .......................................................................... B-151 
Hazelnut trees. cost of ............................................................................................... B- 72 
Headbails. cost of ...................................................................................................... B- 39 
Headers. cost of ............................................................................................. B-146.B-166 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 81 
? running costs .................................................................................................... B- 94 
Heading. contract rates .............................................................................................. B- 48 
Health. animal - cost of - see Animal health 
Heat box. cost of. ...................................................................................................... B- 36 
Heat Detectors. cost of .............................................................................................. B- 21 
Heater Pads, cost of.. ................................................................................................. B- 73 
Heating systems, rate of depreciation ....................................................................... D- 81 
Heavy Lamb contracts .............................................................................................. A- 12 
Heavy roller. cost of. ................................................................................................ B-164 
Hedge trimmers. cost of ........................................................................................... B-168 
Heifers - see also Cattle 
, average prices ....................................................................................... A- 34. A- 36 
? dairy - stock prices ............................................................................... A- 39. A- 40 
? export meat schedule ....................................................................................... A- 26 
? livestock prices ................................................................................................ A- 31 
Helicopters. contract rates .............................................................................. B- 6O.B- 82 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 81 
Helmet (anti-dust), cost of ....................................................................................... B-171 
Herbage seed levy ..................................................................................................... B- 86 
Herbicides (agricultural). cost of .............................................................................. B- 74 
Herd recording services. dairy - cost of.. .................................................................. B- 23 
Herd scheme. for taxation of livestock ..................................................................... D- 32 
? example ............................................................................................................ D- 72 
Herd testing charges .................................................................................................. B- 23 
Herring bone milking plants. rate of depreciation .................................................. D- 81 
F-26 
Hickory nut trees, cost of .......................................................................................... B- 72 
High priced livestock, taxation of ............................................................................ D- 33 
High tensile wire, cost of ......................................................................................... f.!-136 
Hinds, price ............................................................................................................... A- 45 
Hive hire .................................................................................................................... B-
Hoggets, breeding stock prices .................................................................................. A- J. 8 
, local meat market prices ................................................................................... A.- 7 
Home, cost of.. ....................................................................................................... ,.B?130 
Home Ownership Savings, rebate taxation ............................................................... D? 18 
Honoraria, withholding payments ............................................................................ ,D- 6 
Hoof clarnp, cost of. .................................................................................. , ............... B,? 
Hoof cutting equipment, cost of ............................................................................... B-
Hop frames/kilns, rate of depreciation ..................................................................... D-
Hoppers, fertiliser - cost of.. .................................................................................... Il-l LiS 
Hormone implants ..................................................................................................... 8-
Hormones, root forming ........................................................................................... B-
Hom Removers ......................................................................................................... 8-
Horses, commission on sale ...................................................................................... 8-
, drenching costs ................................................................................................ B-
, feed concentrate - cost of.. ................................................................................ 8-
, feed supplements ............................................................................................. B-
Horticultural, crop gross margins ............................................................ , ....... C- 3,G? 
, levies ................................................................................................................ 8-
, posts - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B-137 
, properties - soil testing ........................ ; ........................................................... B-
,wages ............................................................................................................... B-
Horticulture, taxation of ........................................................................................... D-
Hoses (irrigation), cost of.. ...................................................................................... B-128 
Hot-tape, cost of.. ..................................................................................................... B?144 
House, cost of.. ......................................................................................................... B .. l 80 
,insurance - cost of ....... " ............. 04.n.u~H ............. ~ ?????? 04 ?????????? H ???????????? , ???????????? ,B-IO~2 
Housekeeper/Child care rebate ................................................................................. D- IS 
Humidity gauges, cost of.. ....................................................................................... B?178 
Hurdles - see Gates 
Hybrid basis for G.S.T .............................................................................................. D- 52 
Hydatid control fee ................................................................................................... B-? 20 
Hydrated lime, cost of.. ............................................................................................. B- 59 
Hydroponic ftlm, cost of.. ......................................................................................... 8- 73 
I 
Implants, hormone .................................................................................................... 8- 35 
Implement sheds, cost of.. ....................................................................................... B-179 
, commission on sale ......................................................................................... B- 83 
Implements, repairs and maintenance of.. ................................................................ B- 89 
Improvements!Development Expenditure, taxation of.. ..................... D- 36,D- 42,D- 59 
F-27 
Page 
Imputation System (taxation) ................................................................................... D- 22 
Incinerators, rate of depreciation .............................................................................. D- 81 
Income Equalisation Scheme, ........................................................................ D- 4O,D- 43 
? fishing .............................................................................................................. D- 45 
Income, farm .............................................................................................................. A- 3 
, relUms .............................................................................................................. D- 10 
, sundry .............................................................................................................. A- 80 
Income Taxation ........................................................................................................ D- 3 
, accrual rules for expenditure ........................................................................... D-76 
, allowable deductions ....................................................................................... D- 17 
, assessable income ............................................................................................ D- 15 
, assessment. ...................................................................................................... D- 12 
, assessment notice ............................................................................................ D- 12 
, beneficiaries income ............................ : ........................................................... D- 26 
, bloodstock. ...................................................................................................... D- 35 
, calculation of. .................................................................................................. D- 14 
- worked examples .............................................................................. D- 9,D- 19 
, certificate of exemption (with holding tax) ..................................................... D- 6 
, changes ................................................................................................... D- 3,D- 10 
, companies .............................................................................................. D- 22,D- 58 
, credits .................................................................................................... D- 14,D- 18 
, dates for payment. ........................................................................................... D- 57 
, dates for retllrns ............................................................................................... D- 11 
, debits ................................................................................................................ D- 23 
,deductions ........................................................................................................ D- 14 
- from employees ......................................................................................... D- 17 
, depreciation allowances ........................................................................ D- 35,D- 42 
, development expenditure ................................................. D- 37,0- 42,D- 44,D- 59 
, dividend imputation credits ............................................................................. D- 23 
, dividends ............................................................................................... D- 19,D- 22 
, evasion - penalties ...... o ............ o ?????????????????? un ??????????? H.~ ............................. ~ ????? D- 13 
, exempt income ...................................................................................... D- 14,D- 16 
, fam.ily partnerships .......................................................................................... D- 25 
, Family support/minimum income tax credit ........................................ D- 19,D- 20 
, Farmers/farm income/farm expenditure ......................................................... D- 28 
? Fi.shing Industry ............................................................................................... D- 43 
, forestry/timber ................................................................................................. D- 39 
, Fringe Benefit Taxes ....................................................................................... D- 47 
, Horticulture ..................................................................................................... D- 42 
, imputation t.ax credit/debits ............................................................................. D- 22 
, income equalisation scheme ....................................................... D- 4O,D- 43,D- 45 
? individuals ............................................................................................. D- 14,D- 58 
, interest.. ........................................................................................................... D- 16 
, interest P.A. Y.E. - see Resident Withholding Tax 
, invoices - GST ................................................................................................. D- 55 
, in New Zealand ................................................................................................ D- 3 
F-28 
Page 
, late payment .................................................................................................... D- 13 
, legislation ......................................................................................................... D- 3 
, liability ............................................................................................................. D- 14 
, livestock - see stock, below 
, loss ......................................................................................................... D- 24,D- 39 
,matrimonial property ....................................................................................... D- 46 
, partnerships ..................................................................................................... D- 25 
, partnerships - family ....................................................................................... D- 25 
.PAYE ................................................................................................................ D- 5 
- offences!penalties ...................................................................................... D- 12 
- worked example of .................................................................................... D- 20 
, penalties ........................................................................................................... D- 13 
, personal rebates ............................................................................................... D- 17 
,property/land sales and revenues .................................................................... D- 15 
, provisional taxation ................................................................................ D- 7,D- 27 
- payment dates ................................ : ........................................................... D- 57 
- worked example ......................................................................................... D- 9 
, rates for individuals and companies ................................................................ D- 58 
, rebates - personal tax .................................................................. D- 14,D- 17,D- 20 
, refund ........................................................................................... D- 8,D- 12,D- 21 
, resident withholding tax ........................................................................ D- 6,D- 23 
, return forms ..................................................................................................... D- 11 
? returns of income/due dates ............................................................................ D- 10 
, salaries ................................................................................................... D- 5,D- 15 
, share issue ........................................................................................................ D- 24 
, stock - taxation changes .................................................................................. D- 73 
- valuation of ..................................................................................... D- 32,D- 62 
- valuation, worked examples ...................................................................... D- 71 
, superannuation surcharge ................................................................................ D- 21 
, tax credits .............................................................................................. D- 18,D- 22 
, tenrJnal tax.~ .................... ~ ................ H ?????????????? G ??? u ???????????????????????????? oe ???????????? D- 7 
- payment dates ............................................................................................ D- 57 
, trusts - qualifying/non qualifying ................................................................... D- 26 
, trustees income ................................................................................................ D- 26 
, wages ...................................................................................................... D- 5,D- 15 
, withholding payments ...................................................................................... D- 5 
Individuals, Taxation of ............................................................................................ D- 14 
Inflation, farm costs ................................................................................................... B- 3 
, rate of 1891-1989 ............................................................................................. B- 4 
Input, prices - faIm ..................................................................................................... B- 3 
- impact of exchange rate on ......................................................................... B- 3 
, tax .................................................................................................................... D- 52 
Inputation tax credits ................................................................................................ D- 20 
Insecticides, cost of application ................................................................................ B- 82 
, sprays - cost of.. ............................................................................................... B- 78 
Insemination (artificial), cost of ............................................................................... B- 21 
F-29 
Page 
Inspection fees. dairy sheds ...................................................................................... B- 24 
? meat. ................................................................................................................. B- 84 
Insulators. electric fencing - cost of ......................................................................... B-143 
Insultimber. cost of ...................................................................................... B-134. B-138 
Insurance. rates ......................................................................................................... B-I02 
? wooL ................................................................................................... B- 83. B-I02 
Interest. charges - seasonal ...................................................................................... B-I07 
- term ........................................................................................................... B-l 09 
? P.A.y.E ............................................................................................................. D- 6 
? taxation of ........................................................................................................ D- 16 
International air freight rates ..................................................................................... B- 67 
? levels of Farm Protection (subsidies) ............................................................... A- 7 
Inter-Island. freight rates ........................................................................................... B- 66 
Invoice (accrual) basis for G.S.T .............................................................................. D- 52 
IR3.3B.3F.4.5.6.7 tax return forms .......................................................................... D- 11 
Iris. bulb cost. ............................................................................................................ B- 71 
Irrigation. borderdyke ............................................................................................... B- 97 
? electricity costs ................................................................................................ B- 50 
,equipment - cost of ......................................................................................... B-128 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 81 
? farm costs .......................................................................................... C- 21 to c- 25 
? pumps - cost of ............................................................................................... B-129 
? water charges .................................................................................................. B-130 
? water rights ...................................................................................................... B-130 
J 
Jetter wash system. cost of ....................................................................................... B-174 
K 
Kale. dressing and store handling charges ............................................................... B- 44 
? price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 62 
? seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
Kellogg Farm Management Unit. ............................................................................ B-192 
Killing charges .......................................................................................................... B- 84 
Killing shed. cost of.. ............................................................................................... B-181 
Kiwifruit. export prices ............................................................................................. A- 69 
? gross margin ......................................?............................................................. C- 28 
? "ideal" production 1991 .................................................................................. A-70 
? initial payments ............................................................................................... A- 71 
? levies ................................................................................................................ B- 88 
? market price index/price forecast ..................................................................... A- 3 
? orchard returns 1983 - 1989 ............................................................................ A- 69 
? pollination cost. ............................................................................................... B- 24 
? posts - cost of .................................................................................................. B-137 
F-30 
Page 
,price trends ...................................................................................................... A- 69 
,processing prices ............................................................................................. A- 71 
, vines - cost of.. ................................................................................................. B- 72 
, wholesale market prices (Auckland) ............................................................... A- 63 
Kumara, wholesale market prices (Auckland) ......................................................... A- 74 
, wholesale market prices (Auckland) ............................................................... A- 75 
L 
Labels (plant), cost of ............................................................................................... B- 73 
Labour charges, farm ................................................................................................. B- 7 
,forestry ............................................................................................................ B-187 
, horticultural ..................................................................................................... B- 12 
, shearers ............................................................................................................. B- 8 
Lacing wire, cost of.. ................................................................................................ B-137 
Ladders, cost of ........................................................................................................ B-170 
Lamb, Beta price ....................................................................................................... A- 14 
, box - cost of.. ................................................................................................... B- 36 
, contract price ................................................................................................... A- 12 
, cradles - cost of.. .............................................................................................. B- 36 
, Export - meat schedule ..................................................................................... A- 8 
- price forecast .............................................................................................. A- 3 
, fat - cartage rates .............................................................................................. B- 64 
, killing charges ................................................................................................. B- 84 
, live export contract.. ........................................................................................ A- 11 
, Local meat prices ............................................................................................ A- 17 
, market price index ............................................................................................ A- 3 
,price trends .............................................................................................. A- 5,A- 9 
, prices - impact of exchange rate ...................................................................... A- 6 
, skin price forecast.. ........................................................................................... A- 3 
, store - cartage rates .......................................................................................... B- 65 
, Store prices ...................................................................................................... A- 18 
Land Improvement, expenditure on - taxation/depreciation ......................... D- 35,D- 59 
Land tax ...................................................................................................................... D- 4 
Land Transaction Registration fee ............................................................................ B- 98 
Land Transfer Fees .................................................................................................... B- 98 
Late Payment of tax - penalties ................................................................................ D- 13 
Lawnmowers, rate of depreciation ........................................................................... D- 81 
Lease rentals ............................................................................................................. B-I05 
Leeks, seed cost ......................................................................................................... B- 70 
Legal Fees ................................................................................................................. B- 97 
Legislation, Tax ......................................................................................................... D- 3 
Legumes, price paid for seed .................................................................................... A- 62 
Lemons, gross margin ............................................................................................... C- 29 
, wholesale market prices (Auckland) ............................................................... A- 63 
Lentils, dressing and store handling charges ............................................................ B- 44 
F-31 
Page 
,price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 60 
Lettuce, seed cost ...................................................................................................... B- 70 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1990 ....................................................... A- 74 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1989 ....................................................... A- 75 
Levies, A.C.C - employer ......................................................................................... D- 78 
- self employed ............................................................................................ D- 78 
, Berryfruit Federation ....................................................................................... B- 87 
, Citrus Board Planning Council ............................................................. B- 88,C- 29 
,deer ................................................................................................................... B- 86 
, Game Industry Board ...................................................................................... B- 86 
, Herbage seed .................................................................................................... B- 86 
, Horticultural ..................................................................................................... B- 87 
, livestock ........................................................................................................... B- 85 
, orchard ................................................................................................... B- 88,C- 29 
, pork industry .................................................................................................... A- 50 
? potato ............................................................................................................... B- 87 
, vegetables ........................................................................................................ B- 88 
, Wheat growers ................................................................................................. B- 87 
, Wool Board ...................................................................................................... B- 83 
L.LA. charges ............................................................................................................ B- 21 
Liability for income tax, trusts ................................................................................. D- 26 
Licences, time and distance (vehicles) - costof ....................................................... B- 94 
Licencing Fees for vehicles ...................................................................................... B?? 93 
Life Insurance Companies, interest rates ................................................................. B-119 
Life Insurance, cost of.. ............................................................................................ B-1 03 
Lift trucks, cost of .................................................................................................... B-168 
Lifters (vegetable), cost of.. ..................................................................................... B-167 
Lime, cost at works ................................................................................................... B- 59 
, cartage rates ..................................................................................................... B- 64 
, hydrated - cost of.. ........................................................................................... B- 59 
, spreaders - rate of depreciati.on ............... ~.o ????? n ?????????? no ................................. D- 81 
, spreading costs ................................................................................................. B- 60 
Limitation of tax losses from farming or landowning ............................................. D- 39 
Lincoln University, Farm Advisory Service ............................................................ B- 96 
,Kellogg Farm Management Unit ................................................................... B-192 
, Property Management Service ........................................................................ B- 97 
Liners, dairy - cost of ................................................................................................ B- 25 
, packing - cost of.. ............................................................................................ B- 42 
, water tanks - cost of ........................................................................................ B-l24 
, well - cost of.. ................................................................................................. B-124 
Linseed, contract harvesting ..................................................................................... B- 49 
, dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 45 
Liquid fertilisers, cost of.. ......................................................................................... B- 54 
Livesheep, export lamb contracts ............................................................................. A- 11 
, market price index ............................................................................................ A- 3 
Livestock, commission on sale ................................................................................. B- 83 
F-32 
Page 
,gross margins .................................................................................................... C- 5 
, high priced - taxation scheme ......................................................................... D- 33 
, insurance of ..................................................................................................... B-I03 
, levies ............................................................................................................. " .B- 85 
? purchases .......................................................................................................... B- 21 
? valuation of - for Taxation Purposes ............................... D- 32,D- 62,D- 65,D- 68 
- worked examples ....................................................................................... D-71 
Livestock Improvement Corporation, charges ......................................................... B- 21 
Livestock Taxation - see also Income Taxation 
,Examples 1989/90 - Herd Scheme .................................................................. D-72 
- Trading Stock Scheme .............................................................................. D- 71 
Livestock Values / Prices, see Sections 2 and 3 
Living expenses - see Drawings 
Loader wagons (feed), cost of.. ........ " ...................................................................... B-146 
Loans, cost of.. ......................................................................................................... B-1 07 
Loans and Fringe Benefit tax liability ...................................................................... D- 50 
Lobelia, seed cost ...................................................................................................... B- 71 
Longlife super. cost of .............................................................................................. B- 52 
Losses (in relation to Company tax) ......................................................................... D- 24 
Lotus, Herbage seed levy .......................................................................................... B- 87 
? price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 62 
, seed costs ......................................................................................................... B- 69 
LPG, cost of.. ............................................................................................................ B- 92 
Lucerne. dressing and store handling charges .......................................................... B- 44 
, fertiliser - cost of ................................. : ........................................................... B- 52 
? hay - cost of ..................................................................................................... B- 30 
,Herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 87 
, price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 54 
? seed coating - cost of.. ..................................................................................... B- 71 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
Lupins, contract harvesting ....................................................................................... B- 48 
, dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 44 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 68 
M 
Machinery. farm cost of ........................................................................................... B-146 
, insurance of ..................................................................................................... B-I02 
, licencing - cost of ............................................................................................ B- 93 
Macrocarpa, cost of trees ......................................................................................... B-184 
Magazines (farming), cost of ................................................................................... B-1OO 
Magnesium fertiliser, cost of. ................................................................................... B- 52 
Mail charges .............................................................................................................. B- 99 
Maintenance - see Repairs and Maintenance 
Maize, choppers - cost of ......................................................................................... B-167 
,levy ................................................................................................................... B- 87 
F-33 
Page 
,price paid to growers (contract) ...................................................................... A- 59 
, seed cost.. ......................................................................................................... B- 68 
, world price trends/price forecast. .................................................................... A- 56 
Maku Lotus, seed cost of .......................................................................................... B- 69 
Malting Barley - see also Barley 
, contract price ................................................................................................... A- 55 
, gross margin .................................................................................................... C- 23 
,price trends 1971 - 1992 .................................................................................. A- 57 
, seed cost of ...................................................................................................... B- 68 
Management, charges - see Consultancy Charges 
Mandarins, gross margin ........................................................................................... C- 29 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) ................................................................ A- 63 
Manure spreaders, cost of ........................................................................................ B-157 
Maple peas, price paid to producers ......................................................................... A- 58 
Marigolds, seed cost. ................................................................................................. B-71 
Market Garden Workers Award ............................................................................... B- 12 
Market gardening, ACC levy ................................................................................... D- 78 
Market Index Price Trends - Agricultural Produce ................................................... A- 3 
Market Indicator Rates, apples ................................................................................. A- 65 
, pears ................................................................................................................. A- 67 
Market price forecasts - see Section 1 
Market value of livestock (see also Sections 1 and 3) ................................... D- 62,D -66 
Marking agents (spraying), cost of ........................................................................... B- 81 
Marking and Tailing requisites, cost of.. .................................................................. B- 36 
Marrow, seed cost.. ................................................................................................... B- 70 
Mash, cost of.. ........................................................................................................... B- 28 
Mating management aids, cost of ................. : ........................................................... B- 35 
Matrimonial, home allowance .................................................................................... E- 6 
,property - disposition of.. ...................................................................... D- 46,E- 14 
Meadow hay, cost of.. ............................................................................................... B- 30 
Meal, cost of ................................................................................................... B- 28, B- 29 
Meat, goat - price of - see Chevon 
, inspection fees ................................................................................................. B- 85 
,local prices - cattle (prime) ............................................................................. A- 31 
- pork. ........................................................................................................... A- 50 
- sheep (prime) ............................................................................................. A- 17 
, killing charges ................................................................................................. B- 84 
, producer board levies ...................................................................................... B- 84 
Meat schedules, cattle ............................................................................................... A- 26 
,lamb .................................................................................................................. A- 8 
, mutton .............................................................................................................. A- 15 
,pork .................................................................................................................. A- 50 
, venison ............................................................................................................. A- 41 
Meatmeal, cost of.. .................................................................................................... B- 29 
Merino, gross margin ................................................................................................ C- 10 
, wool prices ...................................................................................................... A- 22 
F-34 
Page 
Mesh, cost of ............................................................................................................ B-I40 
Metabolics, cost of .................................................................................................... B- 19 
Micro irrigation, cost of.. ......................................................................................... B-129 
Microcomputers ....................................................................................................... B-188 
Milk, fat - payouts ......................................................................................... A- 36, A- 39 
- price forecast .............................................................................................. A- 3 
- price trend .................................................................................................. A- 36 
, fever treatment ................................................................................................. B- 19 
, goat - price paid for ......................................................................................... A- 46 
, grades ............................................................................................................... A- 37 
, powder - cost of.. ............................................................................................. B- 26 
,price penalties (poor quality) .......................................................................... A- 37 
, price trends ...................................................................................................... A- 36 
,prices - milk fat. .............................................................................................. A- 36 
- winter contracts ......................................................................................... A- 39 
, replacers - cost of.. ........................................................................................... B- 26 
, supplements - cost of.. ..................................................................................... B- 26 
, town supply - price paid to suppliers .............................................................. A- 31 
, winter contracts ............................................................................................... A- 39 
Milking goats, average livestock values - 1988 (taxation) ...................................... D- 70 
- 1989 (taxation) .......................................................................................... D- 67 
- 1990 (taxation) .......................................................................................... D- 64 
Milking, machine equipment - cost of.. ........................................................ B- 25, B-174 
, sheds/machines - cost of ................................................................................. B-I7 4 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 81 
Milling wheat, contracts ........................................................................................... A- 53 
, gross margin .................................................................................................... C- 21 
, price trends ...................................................................................................... A- 54 
MINDA Herd Recording Service ............................................................................. B- 23 
Mineral supplements, cost of ...................................................................... B- 27 to B- 29 
Mist unit, cost of ....................................................................................................... B- 73 
Mohair, price trends .................................................................................................. A- 49 
,prices paid ........................................................................................................ A- 47 
Moisture, tester (hay) - cost of.. ............................................................................... B-153 
Mole, drainage ......................................................................................................... B-132 
,plough - cost of ............................................................................................... B-160 
Molybdate fertiliser, cost of ...................................................................................... B- 52 
Moozlee, cost of ........................................................................................................ B- 28 
Mortgage, interest charges ........................................................................... B-I 09, B-II 0 
, repayments - standard charges ....................................................................... B-120 
Motor, bikes - farm, cost of .......................................................................... B-146,B-148 
- licencing fees ............................................................................................. B- 93 
- trailers, cost of .......................................................................................... B-148 
,spirits duty - refund on .................................................................................... A- 80 
, vehicles - rate of depreciation ......................................................................... D- 81 
Motorised plant, commission on sale ....................................................................... B- 83 
F-35 
Page 
, repairs and maintenance .................................................................................. B- 89 
Mower conditioners, cost of .................................................................................... B-151 
Mowers, cost of.. ...................................................................................................... B-149 
Mulch film, cost of .................................................................................................... B- 73 
Muriated potash, cost of.. .......................................................................................... B- 55 
Mustard, dressing and store handling charges .......................................................... B- 44 
Mutton, export schedule ........................................................................................... A- 15 
, killing charges ................................................................................................. B- 84 
, market price index ............................................................................................ A- 3 
, price forecast.. .................................................................................................. A- 3 
? price trends ............................................................................................. A- 5,A- 16 
, prices - impact of exchange of exchange rate .................................................. A- 6 
N 
Nashi (Asian Pear), trees - cost of ............................................................................ B- 71 
Narcissus bulbs, cost of. ........................................................................................... B- 71 
National superannuation, tax surcharge .................................................................... D- 21 
National Water and Soil Conservation Authority grants ......................................... A- 80 
Neck tags, cost of.. .................................................................................................... B- 37 
Nectarines, average prices paid to growers 1987-1990 ........................................... A- 71 
? process fruit prices .......................................................................................... A- 72 
, trees - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 71 
Netting (wire), cost of ................................................................................... , .......... B-l40 
Nitrogen. cost of.. .......................................................................................... B- 52, B- 53 
Nominated Service, A.B ........................................................................................... B- 21 
Notional estate ........................................... ., ............................................................... E- 3 
Nursery Stock (horticulture) valuation of (tax) ........................................................ D- 43 
Nutrient Solutions, testing/analysis of.. .................................................................... B- 63 
Nutritional, supplements(pigs) - cost of.. ................................................................. B- 29 
, value of feedstuffs - cost of testing ................................................................. B- 61 
Nutrition, cost of.. ..................................................................................................... B- 26 
Nuts I concentrates, cost of ....................................................................................... B- 28 
Nut trees, cost of ....................................................................................................... B- 72 
N.Z. Dairy Board. prices ........................................................................................... A- 36 
o 
Oats, contract harvesting ........................................................................................... B- 48 
, contract price ................................................................................................... A- 58 
? dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 45 
, drying charges .................................................................................................. B- 43 
, price ................................................................................................................. A- 58 
, seed cost ........................ , .................................................................................. B- 68 
F-36 
Page 
Offal pit/trench digging, contr!!C~ cost" ...??... , ........................................................... B- 48 
Office, construction cost. ........ , .. , ... " ... , ....... , ............................................................ B-175 
, equipment - rate of deprc<eiation ..................................................................... D- 81 
Oil, cost of ......................................... " ...................................................................... B- 92 
, sprays - cost of .............. " ........... , .... ".". ........................................................... B- 82 
, vehicle use/cost .................................. "' ........................................................... B- 90 
Oilseed Rape, price paid to growers ............. , ........................................................... A- 60 
? world price trends ............................................................................................. A- 60 
Ointments, dairy - cost of ....... "" .............. , ?. , ............................................................ B- 24 
Opportunity cost (machinery "'Placement)., ............................................................ B- 90 
Onions, price paid to growers (pl'Qcessing) .............................................................. A- 77 
? seed cost ......................................... : ... , ............................................................. B- 70 
, wholesale market price (Auc;kland) l~90 ....................................................... A- 74 
? wholesale market price (Au?;k1!md) 1989 ....................................................... A- 75 
Oranges. gross margin ........... ., ................. " .............................................................. C- 29 
? wholesale market prices (Auck1!md) ............................................................... A- 63 
Orchard, equipment - cost of" ................................................................................. B-168 
? levies ................................................. " ............................................................. B- 88 
Orchards, ACC levy ................................................................................................... D- 78 
Output tax .................................................................................................................. D- 52 
Overdraft. interest rates ............................................................................................ B-I07 
Oxford Down rams, cost of ....................................................................................... B- 22 
P 
Packaging equipment, CO!!t of ................................................................................... B- 42 
Packing costs, orchard eJ.amples ................................................................ C- 27 to C- 29 
Packs (wool), cost of ........ , ........................................................................................ B- 34 
Pallets, rate of deprecia~on ........... , .......................................................................... D- 81 
Palpation, rams - cost of ........................................................................................... B- 20 
P.A.P.R., cost of.. ...................................................................................................... B- 52 
Paraplow, cost of.. .................................................................................................... B-161 
Parsley, seed cost ...................................................................................................... B- 70 
Parsnips. seed cost of .................................... : ........................................................... B- 70 
Partnerships. taxation of ........................................................................................... D- 25 
, family ............................................................................................................... D- 25 
Pastoral, leases - rent. ............................................................................................... B-105 
, properties - soil te!!ting .................................................................................... B- 61 
Pasture, contract drilling ................................... ' ........................................................ B- 48 ' 
, direct drilling cost ............................................................................................ B- 40 
, establishment expenses., .................................................................................. B- 40 
, probes - cost of ................... "' ......................................................................... B-170 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 68 
, sPecies - prices paid for seed ........................................................................... A- 61 
Pay period, taxpayer ................................................................................................. 0- 10 
P .A. Y .E. taxation ....................................................................................................... D- 5 
F-37 
Page 
? offences - penalties ........................................................................................... D- 13 
? weekly tax deductions ..................................................................................... D- 82 
P.C. computers, cost of ............................................................................................ B-190 
Pea(s). contract harvesting ........................................................................................ B- 48 
? dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 44 
? gross margin - vining ....................................................................................... C- 25 
? prices paid to growers (contract) ..................................................................... A- 58 
? seed box hire .................................................................................................... B- 42 
? seed cost - cereal .............................................................................................. B- 68 
- vegetable .................................................................................................... B- 70 
? straw/vine - cost of.. ........................................................................................ B- 30 
Peaches. levy ............................................................................................................. B- 88 
? prices - processing ........................................................................................... A- 72 
- trends 1987-1990 ....................................................................................... A- 71 
- wholesale market (Auckland) ................................................................... A- 63 
, trees - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 70 
Pears. advance prices (export) .................................................................................. A- 67 
? cost of trees ...................................................................................................... B- 70 
,prices - export .................................................................................................. A- 67 
- local ........................................................................................................... A- 68 
- process ....................................................................................................... A- 68 
Pecans. cost of trees .................................................................................................. B- 72 
Pedigree animals. insurance of. ............................................................................... B-103 
Pellets (animal nutrition). cost of ............................................................................. B- 28 
Pelts. price paid for .......................................................................................... A- 9,A- 15 
? price trends ...................................................................................................... A- 11 
Penalties. milk quality .............................................................................................. A- 37 
, tax offences ...................................................................................................... D- 13 
Penetrants, cost of ..................................................................................................... B- 81 
Pens, docking - cost of .............................................................................................. B- 36 
Pensions, table of valuations ..................................................................................... E- 19 
Perennial ryegrass see also Ryegrass 
Persimmons, cost of trees ......................................................................................... B- 70 
, levy ................................................................................................................... B- 88 
Personal, accident insurance .................................................................................... B-1 03 
, computers - cost of. ............................. : .......................................................... B-190 
,drawings/expenditure (fanners and growers) ................................................. B- 13 
, income tax ........................................................................................................ D- 5 
, tax rebates ........................................................................................................ D- 17 
- child taxpayer ............................................................................................ D- 17 
- donations and school fees .......................................................................... D- 18 
- Home, Fann and Fishing Vessels Ownership Savings ............................. D- 18 
- housekeeper/child ...................................................................................... D- 18 
- low income ................................................................................................ D- 17 
- transitional tax allowance .......................................................................... D- 17 
- visitors from overseas ................................................................................ D- 18 
F-38 
Page 
Pest control, cost of ........................................................................................ B- 78, B- 82 
Petrol, cost of.. .......................................................................................................... B- 92 
, refunds of taxes ............................................................................................... A- 80 
Phalaris, Herbage Seed Levy ........................ : ........................................................... B- 87 
, price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 61 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
Phosphate rock, cost of.. ........................................................................................... B- 52 
Picking costs, orchard examples ................................................................ C- 27 to c- 29 
Pig(s), commission on sale ....................................................................................... B- 83 
, feed - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 29 
, houses - rate of depreciation ........................................................................... O- 81 
, levies ................................................................................................................ A- 50 
,livestock prices ................................................................................................ A- 51 
, meat prices ....................................................................................................... A- 50 
, rations .............................................................................................................. B- 29 
, sales ................................................................................................................. A- 51 
, valuation of for taxation .................................................... O- 30,0- 64,0- 67,0-70 
, yard fees ........................................................................................................... B- 83 
Piggeries, cost of.. .................................................................................................... B-182 
, repairs and maintenance - cost of.. .................................................................. B- 89 
Pine trees, cost of ..................................................................................................... B-184 
Pipelines, rate of depreciation .................................................................................. 0- 81 
Pipes, and fittings - cost of ...................................................................................... B-127 
, culverts - cost of.. ........................................................................................... B-133 
Pipfruit, levies ........................................................................................................... B- 88 
, price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 63 
, trees - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 71 
Planning fees, building - cost of .............................................................................. B-173 
Plant and machinery, commission on sale ................................................................ B- 83 
, cost.. ................................................................................................................ B-146 
, depreciation allowances ........................................................................ D- 36,D- 79 
, insurance of.. ................................................................................................... B-I02 
, repairs and maintenance of .............................................................................. B- 89 
Plant raising panels, cost of.. .................................................................................... B- 73 
Plant testing/analysis ................................................................................................. B- 61 
Planter, cost of.. ........................................................................................................ B-166 
Planterbags, cost of ................................................................................................... B- 72 
Planting/Propagating materials, cost of.. ...... : ........................................................... B- 72 
Plastic, labels - cost of .............................................................................................. B- 73 
, pots (tomato growing) - rate of depreciation .................................................. O- 81 
, silage covers ................................................................................................... B-156 
Platform, rotary shed - cost of ................................................................................. B-174 
, weighing - cost of ............................................................................................ B- 38 
Plough, cost of.. ........................................................................................... B-149, B-160 
, chisel- cost of.. ............................................................................................... B-160 
, disc - cost of .................................................................................................... B-160 
F-39 
Page 
,mole - cost of ......................................................................................... , ........ B-160 
Ploughing, contract cost ............................................................................................ B- 47 
, direct costs ....................................................................................................... B- 40 
Plums, prices paid to growers - processing, ............................................................. A- 72 
, trees - cost of.. ........................................................................... "' ..................... B- 71 
Pneumatic drill (seed), cost of.. .................... : ............. , ............................................ B-165 
Poles, horticultural- cost of ..................................................................................... B-137 
Pollination, cost of hive hire .............................. , ................ , ..................................... B- 40 
, kiwifruit orchards - example ........................................................................... C -35 
Pollinator, cost of ......................................... , ......... , ..... , ....... , .................................... B- 40 
Polyanthus, seed cost ........................................................... , .................................... B-71 
Polythene, building - cost of .................................................................................... B-183 
, covers - cost of.. ... " ............................................................................................ B- 17 
, film - cost of ............................................. , ................................ " ........ B- 73, B-156 
, piping - cost of.. ..................................... , ........ , ............................................... B-127 
Poplars, cost of trees ................................................................................................ B-184 
Pork Industry Board levies ..................................... ,., .... , .......................................... B- 85 
Pork Industry Council levies .................................................................................... A- 50 
Pork Marketing Board Stabilisation levy ................................................................. A- 50 
Pork prices ................................................................................................................ A- 50 
Porkers, price of ............................................................ " ........................................... A- 51 
Portable, dagging unit - cost of ................................................................................. B- 32 
, generator - cost of.. ......................................................................................... B-170 
Post, cost of .............................................................................................................. B-137 
, drivers - cost of.. ............................................................................................. B-142 
,hole diggers" cost of. ..................................................................................... B-142 
, removers - cost of.. ......................................................................................... B .. 142 
Postage costs ............................................................................................................. B- 99 
Potash fertiliser, cost of.. .......................................................................................... B- 52 
Potato Growers Federation -levy ............................................................................. B- 87 
Potato(es), levies ............................................................................. , ......................... B- 87 
, planters - cost of ............................................................................................. B-166 
, prices paid to growers (processing) ................................................................ A- 77 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1990 ....................................................... A-74 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1989 ....................................................... A- 74 
Pots, seedling - cost of .............................................................................................. B- 73 
Potties for seedlings, cost of ..................................................................................... B- 73 
Potting mix test, cost of ............................................................................................ B- 62 
Poultry, farming - equipment, depreciation of ......................................................... D- 82 
, feed - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 28 
, house - rate of depreciation ............................................................................. D- 82 
Pour-on dip, cost of.. ...................................................................................... B- 14, B- 17 
Power, drenching systems ......................................................................................... B- 19 
, electric - cost of.. ............................................................................................. B- 50 
- installation cost. ......................................................................................... R- 51 
- lines, rate of depreciation .......................................................................... D- 82 
F-4O 
Page 
,harrowing - contract cost ................................................................................. B- 47 
- direct cost. .................................................................................................. B- 40 
,harrows - cost of ................................................................................. B-149, B-163 
Prairie grass, dressing and store handling charges ................................................... B- 44 
, herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 86 
,price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 61 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
Precision drill, cost of .............................................................................................. B-165 
Pregnancy, detectors - cost of.. .......................................... " ..................................... B- 21 
, testing (cows) - cost of.. .................................................................................. B- 20 
Premier sires, A.B ..................................................................................................... B- 21 
Prepaid expenditure, taxation of ............................................................................... D- 31 
Pressers wages ........................................................................................................... B- 11 
Presses, wool - cost of.. ....................................................... " .................................... B- 33 
Pressure, pipes (PVC) - cost of ................................................................................ B-127 
, pumps .............................................................................................................. B-124 
Price, discounts ......................................................................................................... ,B? 3 
, index . consumer .............................................................................................. B- 4 
- farm costs .................................................................................................... B- 3 
- farm income ................................................................................................ A- 3 
Price Indicators (wool), trends 1988-90 ................................................................... A- 24 
Prices, Impact of exchange rates ..................................................................... A- 6, B- 3 
Prime, beef schedule ................................................................................................. A- 26 
, cattle - local sales ............................................................................................ A- 31 
, lamb schedule ................................................................................................... A- 8 
, mutton .............................................................................................................. A- 15 
, sheep, local sales ............................................................................................. A- 17 
Prime Stock, transport ............................................................................................... B- 64 
Principal repayments ................................................................................................ B-120 
Printers (computer), cost of ..................................................................................... B-190 
Probes (pasture), cost of ............... oe.u ........ u .............. eou .......... u ........... uu ... n ...... u.HB-170 
Process, apple prices ................................................................................................. A- 67 
, apricot prices ................................................................................................... A- 72 
, berry fruit prices .............................................................................................. A- 72 
, blackberry prices ............................................................................................. A- 72 
, boysenberry prices ........................................................................................... A- 72 
,crop seed prices (Watties) ............................................................................... B- 68 
, fruit prices - see individual fruits, by name 
,kiwifruit prices ................................................................................................ A- 71 
, nectarine prices ................................................................................................ A- 72 
, pea prices ......................................................................................................... A- 58 
, pear prices ........................................................................................................ A- 68 
, plum prices .......................................... : ........................................................... A- 72 
, peach prices ..................................................................................................... A- 72 
, raspberry prices ............................................................................................... A- 72 
, stone fruit prices .............................................................................................. A- 72 
F-41 
Page 
, strawberry prices ............................................................................................. A- 72 
, vegetable - levies ............................................................................................. B- 88 
- prices .......................................................................................................... A- 75 
Processing charges .................................................................................................... B- 84 
Produce (fann), price trends ...................................................................................... A- 5 
Productivity Improvers, cost of. ............................................................................... B- 35 
Professional Fees ....................................................................................................... B- 96 
Programs. computer - cost of ................................................................................... B-190 
Propagation panels (heating), cost of ....................................................................... B-178 
Propagating materials (horticulture), cost of ............................................................ B- 72 
Protection grants, soil and water ................... : .......................................................... A- 80 
Protection (horticultural), cost of.. ........................................................................... B-172 
Protective equipment. .............................................................................................. B-171 
Provisional, taxation system ...................................................................................... D- 7 
, tax payers - last date for payments ....................................................... D- IO,D- 57 
Pruning, costs -orch~.rd examples .......... " ................................................... C- 27 to C- 29 
, equipment - cost of ... " ..................................................................................... B-170 
Prunus trees, cost of ............. " ................................................................................... B-71 
Public Liability, insurance ....................................................................................... B-I03 
Pulsator (d"jIY shed), cost of.. .................................................................................. B- 25 
Pumphouses, cost of ....................... " ........................................................................ B-181 
Pumpkin, seed cost. ................................................................................................... B- 70 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1990 ....................................................... A- 74 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) 1989 ....................................................... A- 75 
Pumps, cost of .......................................................................................................... B-l24 
Punnets, cost of. ........................................................................................................ B- 72 
Purchase of Land, development expenditure (tax) ................................................... D- 38 
Purity and germination seed test.. ............................................................................. B- 45 
PVC, covers - cost of.. ............................................................................................. B-172 
, pipe - cost of ................................................................................................... B-127 
Q 
Quince trees, cost of .................................................................................................. B- 71 
Quota milk prices ...................................................................................................... A- 38 
R 
Rabbits, feed - cost of ............................................................................................... B- 28 
Races, fann - repairs and maintenance cost ........................................................... "B- 89 
Raddle, cost of. .......................................................................................................... B- 36 
Radio equipment, rate of depreciation ..................................................................... D- 82 
Radish, seed cost ....................................................................................................... B- 70 
Railway transport rates ............................................................................................. B- 65 
Rakes (hay), cost of ....................................... : .......................................................... B-151 
RalgI'o, cost of ........................................................................................................... B- 3S 
F-42 
Page 
Ram, bleeding - cost of ............................................................................................. B- 20 
, cost. .................................................................................................................. B- 21 
, harness - cost of ............................................................................................... B- 35 
, insurance of ..................................................................................................... B-I03 
, palpation - cost of ............................................................................................ B- 20 
Ram pumps, cost of .................................................................................................. B-162 
Rape, dressing and store handling charges ............................................................... B- 44 
, oilseed - price paid to growers ........................................................................ A- 60 
, price paid to grower for seed ........................................................................... A- 62 
, seed cost.. ......................................................................................................... B- 68 
Raspberries, levies .................................................................................................... B- 88 
, plants - cost of ................................................................................................. B- 72 
, price paid to growers (processing) ...... : ........................................................... A- 72 
Rates ......................................................................................................................... B-I04 
Rates of, estate duty ................................................................................................... E- 18 
, gift duty ............................................................................................................ E- 18 
, income taxation ............................................................................................... D- 58 
Real Estate charges ................................................................................................... B- 98 
Reactive Phosphate Rock, cost of ............................................................................. B- 52 
Real Farm Gate Prices 1981-1989 ............................................................................ A- 5 
Rebates, taxation .................................................................................. D- 14,D- i7,D- 20 
Red Clover, dressing charges and store handling charges ....................................... B- 44 
, herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 86 
, price paid to grower ......................................................................................... A- 62 
, seed coating ..................................................................................................... B- 71 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
Red deer - see Deer 
Redimix (concrete), cost of ...................................................................................... B-183 
Regulants, growth - cost of ....................................................................................... B- 81 
Reels, electric fence ................................................................................................. B-l44 
Reels (wire), cost of ................................................................................................. B-142 
Refunds of taxes and fuels ........................................................................................ A- 80 
Regional charges for electricity ................................................................................ B- 50 
Registration, dogs - cost of ....................................................................................... B- 20 
Relief from, estate duty ............................................................................................. E- 8 
, gift duty ............................................................................................................ E- 8 
Rent .......................................................................................................................... B-I05 
Repairs and maintenance, buildings ......................................................................... B- 89 
, farm improvements .......................................................................................... B- 89 
, in relation to taxation ...................................................................................... D- 30 
, machinery/vehicles .......................................................................................... B- 89 
, plant ................................................................................................................. B- 89 
, total farm costs ................................................................................................ B- 89 
Replacement stock, cost of ....................................................................................... B- 21 
? dairy cattle - cost of.. ....................................................................................... A- 40 
Resident withholding tax ................................................................................. D- 6,D- 23 
F-43 
Page 
Residual Income Tax ...................................................................................... D- 7, D- 8 
Respirators, cost of ................................................................................................... B-171 
Return of income for taxation ................................................................................... 0- 10 
Revenue, Farm ........................................................................................................... A- 3 
, impact of exchange rate on .............................................................................. A- 6 
Roads, tracks and culverts, repairs and maintenance of ........................................... B- 89 
Reverted super, cost of .............................................................................................. B- 56 
RIT ............................................................................................................................. 0- 8 
Road Transport Rates ................................................................................................ B- 64 
Road User Charges ................................................................................................... B- 94 
Rockmelon, seed cost. ............................................................................................... B- 70 
Rollers, cost of .............................................................................................. B-149,B-164 
Rolling, contract cost. ............................................................................................... B- 47 
, direct cost ......................................................................................................... B- 40 
Root forming hormones, cost of ............................................................................... B- 82 
Roses, wholesale market prices (Auckland) ............................................................ A- 79 
Rotary. cultivators - cost of.. ....................................................................... B-149, B-163 
,dairy sheds - cost of ........................................................................................ B-174 
, hoeing - contract cost.. .................................................................................... B- 47 
- direct cost.. ................................................................................................. B- 40 
Round balers, cost of.. ............................................................................................. ~B-152 
Royalties, taxation of ................................................................................................ D- 16 
RPR fertilisers, cost of.. ............................................................................................ B- 55 
Running costs, combine harvester ............................................................................ B- 94 
? tractor .............................................................................................................. B- 90 
Rural Banking and Finance Corporation policies and interest rates ....................... B-110 
RWT ........................................................................................................................... D- 6 
Ryecom, dressing and store handling charges ......................................................... B- 44 
, price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 60 
, seed cost. .......................................................................................................... B- 68 
Ryegrass, contract harvesiing ................................................................................... B- 48 
, dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 44 
, herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 86 
,price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 61 
, seed box hire .................................................................................................... B- 42 
,seed coating, cost of.. ..................................................................................... B-71 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
s 
Sacks, cost of ............................................................................................................. B- 42 
Saddlery/hamesses, rate of depreciation .................................................................. D- 82 
Safety, equipment - cost of ...................................................................................... B-171 
Salaries - see also wages 
, farm workers ..................................................................................................... B- 7 
, paid to relatives (in relation to Company tax) ................................................ O- 22 
F-44 
Page 
, PAYE tax on .................................................................................................... D- 5 
Sales commission, livestock ..................................................................................... B- 83 
, real estate ......................................................................................................... B- 98 
Saleyards, rate of depreciation .................................................................................. D- 82 
Salt (agricultural), cost of ......................................................................................... B- 27 
Salt blocks, cost of .................................................................................................... B- 27 
Sanitizers (dairy), cost of .......................................................................................... B- 24 
Saviogs Banks, finance costs ....................................................................... B-l 07, B-II 0 
Sawnillling equipment, rate of depreciation ............................................................ D- 82 
Scales, animal - cost of ............................................................................................. B- 38 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 82 
Schedule, Export Meat - Beef Cattle ........................................................................ A - 26 
-Lamb ........................................................................................................... A- 8 
- Mutton ....................................................................................................... A- 15 
- Pork ............................................................................................................ A- 50 
- Venison ...................................................................................................... A- 41 
Seaming twine, cost of .............................................................................................. B- 34 
Seasonal finance, cost of .......................................................................................... B-I07 
Second shear, wool prices ........................................................................................ A- 23 
Seed, blending - cost of ............................................................................................. B- 44 
, boxes - hiring, cost of.. .................................................................................... B- 42 
, Certification Fees ............................................................................................. B- 40 
,coating - cost of.. ............................................................................................. B- 71 
, cost of - cereals ................................................................................................ E- 68 
- flowers ....................................................................................................... B- 71 
- small ........................................................................................................... B- 68 
- vegetable .................................................................................................... B-71 
, dressiog charges ............................................................................................... E- 44 
, drying charges .................................................................................................. B- 43 
, health test - cost of.. ......................................................................................... B- 46 
,levies (herbage) ................................................................................................ B- 86 
, store handliog charges ..................................................................................... B- 44 
, testing fees ....................................................................................................... B- 45 
Seeds, air freight rates ............................................................................................... B- 67 
Selenium fertiliser, cost of ........................................................................................ B- 52 
Self employed, ACC Levy rates .............................................................................. D- 78 
Self sample herd testing ............................................................................................ B- 23 
Selling Charges (stock) ............................................................................................. B- 83 
Separating charges, seed ........................................................................................... B- 44 
Septic tanks, cost of ................................................................................................. B-133 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 80 
Serpentine super, cost of ........................................................................................... B- 56 
Shade cloth, cost of .................................................................................................. B-186 
Sharefarming agreements, cost of ............................................................................. B- 97 
Shares, taxation of ..................................................................................................... D- 22 
Shearer's, wages ........................................................................................................ B- 10 
F-45 
Page 
, taxation of ......................................................................................................... D- 6 
Shearing, contract rates ............................................................................................. B- 32 
, machines - cost of.. .......................................................................................... B- 32 
, shed equipment - cost of.. ................................................................................ B- 32 
, shed expenses .................................................................................................. B- 32 
, work - PA l'E (withholding payments) ............................................................ D- 6 
Shears (loppers), cost of.. ......................................................................................... B-170 
Shedhands, wages ........................................................................................... B- 7, B- 32 
Shed expenses, dairy ................................................................................................. B- 24 
, wool ....................................................................................................... B- 32,C- 6 
Sheds, cost of - dairy ................................................................................................ B-174 
- deer ............................................................................................................ B-175 
- hay/implement. ......................................................................................... B-179 
- killing ........................................................................................................ B-181 
- wool. ......................................................................................................... B-182 
Sheep, animal health costs ........................................................................................ B- 14 
, average prices 1986 - 90 ................................................................................. A- 19 
, cartage rates - road ........................................................................................... B- 64 
, crates - rate of depreciation ............................................................................. D- 82 
, cormnission on sale ............................. : ......................................................... :.B- 83 
, counters - cost of.. ........................................................................................... B- 34 
, dipping costs .......................................................................................... B- 14,B- 48 
, dips - rate of depreciation ................................................................................ D- 82 
, drenching costs ...................................................................................... B- 15,B- 16 
, feed - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 28 
, fencing - cost per krn ...................................................................................... B-134 
, grazing fees - cost of.. ...................................................................................... B- 31 
, Gross Margins - crossbred flock ...................................................................... C- 5 
- 2 year flock ................................................................................................. C- 8 
- merino ewe flock ....................................................................................... C- 10 
, lamb - see Lamb 
, killing charges ................................................................................................. B- 84 
, levies ................................................................................................................ B- 85 
, meat - Market Price index ................................................................................ A- 3 
, mutton - see Mutton 
, pelts - see Pelts 
, plan - see Animal Plan 
, revenue - export meat ......................................................................... A- 8 to A- 16 
- local prime stock prices ............................................................................. A- 17 
- store and breeding stock prices ................................................................. A- 18 
- wool. .......................................................................................................... A- 21 
, sales - see sheep revenue 
, scales - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B- 38 
, selling charges ................................................................................................. B- 83 
, shearing costs ................................................................................................... B- 32 
, skins - see Pelts 
F-46 
Page 
, valuation of for taxation ................................................ D- 30, D- 62, D- 65, D- 68 
, value/worth ...................................................................... A- 19, C- 5, C- 8, C- 10 
, yard fees ........................................................................................................... B- 83 
, yards - cost of ................................................................................................. B-183 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 82 
Sheep fann, input price trends .................................................................................. B- 3 
, repairs and maintenance costs ......................................................................... B- 89 
, vehicle expences .............................................................................................. B- 90 
, wages ............................................................................................................... B- 9 
, weed and pest control budget figures .............................................................. B- 74 
Shellfish - see also Fish Farming 
, taxable income ................................................................................................. D- 42 
Shelter, belts - insurance of ...................................................................................... B-102 
- contract trimming ...................................................................................... B- 48 
? cloth - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B-186 
, trees - cost of ................................................................................................... B-184 
Shelters, animal- cost of .......................................................................................... B-182 
, calf - cost of .................................................................................................... B-182 
Shield (welding), cost of .......................................................................................... B-171 
Shingle, backf'ill- cost of.. ....................................................................................... B-133 
Silage, contract making rates .................................................................................... B- 48 
, covers - cost of ................................................................................................ B-156 
, feedout wagons - cost of ................................................................................. B-155 
, handling equipment - cost of .......................................................................... B-156 
,harvesters ............................................................................................. B-I46,B-156 
,pits - cost of .................................................................................................... B-182 
- rate of depreciation ........................................................................ D- 89, D- 82 
, wagons - cost of.. ............................................................................................ B-155 
Sill, borderdyke irrigation - cost of ......................................................................... B-132 
Silo, grain - cost of ................................................................................................... B-176 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 83 
,mesh - cost of .................................................................................................. B-I40 
Silverbeet, seed cost. ................................................................................................. B- 70 
Sinking fund factor ................................................................................................... B- 90 
Sire replacement cost. ............................................................................................... B- 21 
Skim milk powder, cost of ........................................................................................ B- 29 
Slashers, rotary - cost of .......................................................................................... B-151 
Slaughter, charges ..................................................................................................... B- 84 
, houses - rate of depreciation ........................................................................... D- 83 
Sleepouts, cost of ..................................................................................................... B-180 
Slurry treating of small seeds, cost ........................................................................... B- 44 
Small Seeds, contract harvesting .............................................................................. B- 48 
, cost of ............................................................................................................... B- 68 
, dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 44 
, Gross Margins - see White Clover 
, herbage levy ..................................................................................................... B- 86 
F-47 
Page 
,prices paid for .................................................................................................. A- 61 
, slurry treating costs ......................................................................................... B- 44 
, testing fees ....................................................................................................... B- 45 
Soaps (dairy), cost of ................................................................................................ B- 24 
Software, microcomputer - cost of.. ........................................................................ B-188 
Soil, aerators - cost of .............................................................................................. B-161 
, and Water Conservation Grants ...................................................................... A- 80 
, fumigants - cost of ........................................................................................... B- 82 
,testing - cost of.. .............................................................................................. B- 61 
, warming cables - cost of.. ............................................................................... B-177 
Solar powered fence energisers, cost of .................................................................. B-143 
Solicitors, charges ..................................................................................................... B- 97 
, interest rates .................................................................................................... B-119 
Somatic cell count fees ............................................................................................. B- 23 
Soyabean, World price trends/price forecast ............................................................ A- 60 
Specified Livestock, values for ................................................................................ D- 62 
Spinach, seed cost. .................................................................................................... B- 70 
Spinners, irrigation - cost of.. .................................................................................. B-129 
, fertiliser ........................................................................................................... B-157 
Spot spitters (irrigation) cost of ............................................................................... B-129 
Spray, agricultural- cost of.. ..................................................................................... B- 74 
, equipment - cost of ......................................................................................... B-153 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 83 
,gear (safety) - cost of ...................................................................................... B-171 
,irrigation - water charges ..................... : .......................................................... B-130 
Spray contractors, Accident Compensation levies ................................................... D- 78 
? charges ............................................................................................................. B- 82 
Sprayers, cost of ....................................................................................................... B-153 
Spraying, ACC levy .................................................................................................. D-78 
Spreaders, fertiliser .................................................................................................. B-157 
Spreading agents (sprays), cost of ............................................................................ B- 81 
Spreading costs, fertiliser and lime ........................................................................... B- 60 
Spring Onions, price paid to growers ....................................................................... A- 78 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 70 
Sprinklers (irrigation), cost of .................................................................................. B-129 
Squash, levy .............................................................................................................. B- 88 
, price paid to grower ......................................................................................... A- 78 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 70 
Stags - see Deer 
Stamp Duty ............................................................................................................... B- 97 
Standard, drivers - cost of ........................................................................................ B-142 
,removers - cost of ........................................................................................... B-142 
Standard Value, for depreciation purpose ................................................................ D- 79 
, of livestock ........................................................................................... D- 32, D- 62 
Standards, electric fencing - cost of ......................................................................... B-I44 
Standing charges ...................................................................................................... B-I02 
F-48 
Page 
Staples, cost of ......................................................................................................... B-145 
Stays (fencing), cost of.. .......................................................................................... B-137 
Steers - see also Cattle 
, average prices ........................................................................... A- 33, A- 34, A- 35 
,schedule ........................................................................................................... A- 26 
Stencils, cost of ......................................................................................................... B- 34 
Sticker (spray), cost of.. ............................................................................................ B- 81 
Stock and Station Agents, account charges ............................................................. B-l 08 
, commission on sale of livestock ..................................................................... B- 83 
,interest rates ........................................................................................ B-I08, B-I10 
Stock, average prices 1986 - 1990 - cattle ............................................................... A- 33 
- sheep .......................................................................................................... A- 19 
,buying - ACC levy .......................................................................................... D-78 
, commission on sale of ..................................................................................... B- 83 
, feed and nutrition ............................................................................................. B- 26 
, food manufacturing plant - depreciation on .................................................... D- 83 
, gross margins .................................................................................................... C- 5 
, gross margins - comparison of past and present ............................................. C- 20 
, identification - cost of ...................................................................................... B- 37 
,insurance ......................................................................................................... B-I03 
, killing charges ................................................................................................. B- 84 
, lick blocks - cost of ......................................................................................... B- 27 
, levies ................................................................................................................ B- 85 
, management ..................................................................................................... B- 35 
, prices - beef cattle ............................................................................................ A- 31 
- dairy cattle ................................................................................................. A- 39 
- deer ................................................ : ........................................................... A- 45 
- goats ........................................................................................................... A- 49 
- pigs ............................................................................................................. A- 51 
- sheep .......................................................................................................... A- 17 
, sales - see individual livestock types 
, scales - cost of .................................................................................................. B- 38 
, shelter - cost of ............................................................................................... B-182 
,valuation of for taxation ................................................... D- 31,D- 62,D- 65,D- 68 
- worked examples ....................................................................................... D-71 
, water supply charges ...................................................................................... B-121 
,yard - cost. ...................................................................................................... B-183 
- fees ............................................................................................................. B- 83 
Stock Company charges ........................................................................................... B-I08 
Stonefruit, levies ....................................................................................................... B- 88 
,average price paid to growers 1987 - 1990 ..................................................... A-71 
Storage, charges - grain ............................................................................................. B- 44 
, cool - rates ........................................................................................................ B- 45 
? increments - wheat. ......................................................................................... A- 52 
, silos - cost of ................................................................................................... B-176 
, tanks - rate of depreciation .............................................................................. D- 83 
F-49 
Page 
Store, and charges ....................................................................... B- 44 
Store, stock - cartage rates ........................................................................................ B- 65 
,. commission 011 sales .... , ............................................................................. B- 83 
, s~ock prices ,. cattle ............. oo ................................................................ A- 32, A- 33 
,. sheep ............................................................................................... A- 18, A- 19 
,. Iamb comracts ............................................................................................ A- 13 
Strainer posts, cost of ..... , ......................................................................................... B-137 
Straining Equipment cost of ................................................................... B-141 
Straw, cost o?..., .............. , ............ oo ............................................................................ B- 30 
Straw short,eners, regulants) - cost of ......................................................... B- 81 
Strawberries, prices paid to gl'Owers (processing) ................................................... A- 72 
, runners - cost 01., ............................................................................................. B- 72 
, wholesale market prices (Auckland) ............................................................... A- 63 
Stud stock, commission on sales .............................................................................. B- 83 
, insurance of. .................................................................................................... B-l 03 
Submersible pumps .................................................................................................. B-126 
Subscriptions, cost of. .............................................................................................. B-l00 
Subsidies receivc-A.i by farmers (N.Z. and Intemational) ........................................... A- 7 
Subsoiier, cost 0[ ..................................................................................................... B-160 
Subsoiling, cost 0[ ................................................................................................... B-132 
Subterranean clover, seed cost ................................................................................. B- 69 
Subtropical fruit, levies ............................................................................................. B- 88 
, plants - cost of ................................................................................................. B- 49 
Successions, valuation of ........................................................................................... E- 7 
Sulphate of Arrlmoma, COSt of.. ................................................................................ B- 53 
Sulphur fertiliser, cost oL ........................................................................................ B- 52 
Sumlner (forward) lamb contracts ............................................................................ A- 13 
Sundry income., ........................................................................................................ A- 65 
Superannuation, tax surcharge ...................... ; ........................................................... D- 21 
Superphosphat.e. I;ost of, ........................................................................................... B- 52 
::iuppilcI11e!]its, concentrates - cost of ......................................................................... B- 28 
, milk - cost of.. .................................................................................................. B- 26 
,mineral and vitamins (Pigs) - cost of.. ............................................................ B- 29 
, salt - cost of.. .................................................................................................... B- 27 
Surgical fee, vetelinary ............................................................................................. B- 20 
S.V ............................................................................................................................. D-79 
Swedes, paid to grower for seed ...................................................................... A- 62 
, seed cost .......................................................................................................... B- 68 
? seed cost (vegetable ) ........................................................................................ B- 70 
Sweetcom, paid to growers (processing) ........................................................ A- 78 
, seed cosL .......................................................................................................... B- 70 
Sweet pea, seed cost.. ................................................................................................ B-71 
Syringes, cost of.. ...................................................................................................... B- 20 
F-50 
Page 
T 
Table, grapes - see Grapes 
,mortgage charges ............................................................................................ B-120 
Tail paint, cost of ...................................................................................................... B- 36 
Tailing requisites, cost of.. ........................................................................................ B- 36 
Tags, stock identification - cost of.. .......................................................................... B- 37 
Tall Fescue, herbage seed levy ................................................................................. B- 87 
,price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 61 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
. Tamarillo, wholesale market price (Auckland) ........................................................ A- 63 
Tangelos, gross margins ........................................................................................... C- 29 
, prices (processing) ........................................................................................... A- 73 
Tanks, (water) - cost of ............................................................................................ B-122 
Tanks/tankstands, rate of depreciation ..................................................................... D- 83 
Tarpaulins, cost of.. .................................................................................................. B-172 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 83 
Tattoo equipment, cost of ......................................................................................... B- 37 
Tax, Taxation - see Income Taxation 
Taxes on fuels, refunds ............................................................................................. A- 80 
T.B. testing, cost of ................................................................................................... B- 20 
Teat, sprayers - cost of .............................................................................................. B- 26 
, sprays - cost of ................................................................................................. B- 24 
Tedder (hay), cost of ................................................................................................ B-151 
Telephone charges ..................................................................................................... 13- 99 
Term Mortgages, interest rates ................................................................................ 13-109 
Terminal tax ..................................................................................................... D- 7,D- 57 
Testers, electric fences - cost of ............................................................................... B-l45 
, hay moisture - cost of.. ................................................................................... B-153 
Testing (milk) expenses ............................................................................................ B- 23 
Testing fees, fleece .................................................................................................... B- 34 
,seed .................................................................................................................. B- 45 
,nutrient solutions/plant tissue/soillfeedstuffs ................................................. B- 61 
, wool. ................................................................................................................ B- 34 
Texel ram, cost of ...................................................................................................... B- 22 
Thermostats, glasshouses - cost of .......................................................................... B-178 
Thinning costs, orchard examples .............................................................. C- 27 to C- 29 
Threshing plant, rate of depreciation ........................................................................ D- 83 
Tiles, field - cost of .................................................................................................. 13-132 
Timber, cartage rates (rail) ........................................................................................ B- 66 
, sales - taxation of ............................................................................................. D- 39 
Timber tanks, cost of ................................................................................................ 13-123 
Time licences, cost of ............................................................................................... B- 94 
Timothy, dressing and store handling charges ......................................................... 13- 44 
,herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 87 
, price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 61 
F-51 
Page 
,seed coating - cost of ....................................................................................... B- 71 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
Tip trailer, cost of ..................................................................................................... B-155 
Toll charges ............................................................................................................... B- 99 
Tomato(es), levies ..................................................................................................... B- 88 
, growing equipment - rate of depreciation ....................................................... O- 83 
, price paid to growers (processing) .................................................................. A- 78 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 70 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) ................................................................ A- 74 
, wholesale market price (Auckland) ................................................................ A- 75 
Tools, fencing - cost of. ........................................................................................... B-141 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... 0- 83 
Topdressers, cost of. ................................................................................................ B-157 
Topdressing costs ...................................................................................................... B- 60 
Toppers/Mowers, cost of ......................................................................................... B-149 
Town Supply Milk, price paid for ............................................................................ A- 38 
Trace elements (fertiliser), cost of ............................................................................ B- 54 
Tracks, farm - repairs and maintenance of.. ............................................................ B- 89 
Traction engines, rate of depreciation ...................................................................... O- 83 
Tractor, contract work ............................................................................................... B- 47 
,cost of ........................................ , ..................................................................... B-I46 
, fuel consumption ............................................................................................. B- 90 
,insurance of ..................................................................................................... B-I02 
, licensing fee - cost of.. ..................................................................................... B- 93 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... 0- 83 
, repairs and maintenance .................................................................................. B- 89 
, running costs .................................................................................................... B- 90 
,trays - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B-155 
, tyres and tubes - cost of ................................................................................... B- 93 
- insurance of ............................................................................................... B-I02 
Trade weighted exchange rates .................................................................................. A- 6 
Trading, Banks - interest rates ...................................................................... B-I07,B-112 
, Society discounts .............................................................................................. B- 3 
Trading stock, scheme (taxation) .................. : ................................................ O- 32,0- 71 
, valuation of ...................................................................................................... 0- 32 
Trailers, cost of ........................................................................................................ B-155 
, farm bike - cost of. .......................................................................................... B-148 
, licence fee ........................................................................................................ B- 93 
? rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... 0- 83 
Training incentives, agricultural workers .................................................................. B- 8 
Transplanters, cost of ............................................................................................... B-166 
Transport rates, air .................................................................................................... B- 66 
, railways ............................................................................................................ B- 65 
,road .................................................................................................................. B- 64 
Travelling expenses, as farm expense ..................................................................... B-I0l 
, shearers ............................................................................................................ B- 10 
F-52 
Page 
Travelling irrigators, cost of .................................................................................... B-128 
Trays, propagating - cost of. .......................................................................... B- 72, B- 73 
, tractor - cost of.. .............................................................................................. B-155 
Tree planting, equipment - cost of.. ............................................................. B-166, B-186 
,expenditure - taxation provisions .................................................................... D- 38 
, fruit - cost of .................................................................................................... B- 71 
,shelter - cost of ............................................................................................... B-184 
Trees, cost of - fruit ................................................................................................... B- 71 
- nut. ............................................................................................................. B-72 
- shelter ........................................................................................................ B-184 
Trickle irrigation equipment, rate of depreciation ................................................... D- 83 
Trike (motor), cost of.. ............................................................................................. B-148 
Triple disc drill, cost of ............................................................................................ B-164 
Triticale, price paid to growers ................................................................................. A- 60 
TrimmersIBrushcutters, cost of ............................................................................... B-168 
Troughs, concrete - cost of.. .................................................................................... B-122 
, seedling - cost of .............................................................................................. B- 73 
Trucks, farm - cost of .................................................................................... B-l46,B-159 
, licensing - cost of.. ........................................................................................... B- 93 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 80 
, repairs and maintenance costs ......................................................................... B- 89 
, tyres and tubes - cost of ................................................................................... B- 93 
Trust Companies, interest rates ................................................................................ B-119 
Trustee Savings Bank, interest rates ............................................................ B-l 07, B-116 
Trustees income .................................................................................................... o<o.D- 26 
Trusts, classification of ............................................................................................. D- 26 
, liability for income tax .................................................................................... D- 26 
, taxation of ........................................................................................................ D- 26 
Tubes, irrigation - cost of ......................................................................................... B-130 
, propagation - cost of. ....................................................................................... B- 72 
Tulip, bulb cost ......................................................................................................... B-71 
Tunnel houses, cost of. ............................................................................................ B-176 
,rate of depreciation ............................................................................... D- 81,D- 38 
Turf grasses, price forecast ....................................................................................... A- 61 
,price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 61 
, seed cost ............................................... ; ........................................................... B- 69 
Turnip, dressing and store handling charges ............................................................ B- 44 
, fertiliser - cost of ............................................................................................. B- 56 
, prices paid to growers (seed) .......................................................................... A- 54 
, seed cost (crop) ................................................................................................ B- 68 
,seed cost (vegetable) ........................................................................................ B-70 
Turnstile milking sheds, cost of ............................................................................... B-17 4 
Twine, baling - cost of ............................................................................................. B-152 
, seaming - cost of. ............................................................................................. B- 34 
Two-Tooths, average prices store stock 1988-90 .................................................... A- 19 
Tyres and tubes, cost of ............................................................................................ B- 93 
F-53 
Page 
u 
Udder sprays and creaIIls. cost of .............................................................................. B- 24 
Underground. cable (electric) - cost of.. .................................................................. B-145 
? silage pits. rate of depreciation ....................................................................... D- 83 
Undersowing. contract rates ..................................................................................... B- 48 
Urea. cost of.. ............................................................................................................ B- 53 
Utilities (light commercial). cost of ......................................................................... B-159 
v 
Vaccination costs ...................................................................................................... B- 17 
Vaccinators, cost of.. ................................................................................................. B- 20 
Vaccines. cost of.. ..................................................................................................... B- 17 
Vacuum pumps. cost of ............................................................................................ B- 25 
Valuation charges ...................................................................................................... B- 98 
Valuation of. annuities ............................................................................................... E- 7 
? consumable aids .............................................................................................. D- 32 
? estates for estate duties ..................................................................................... E- 6 
? fringe benefits .................................................................................................. D- 49 
? gifts .................................................................................................................. E- 13 
,livestock ............................................................................ D- 31,D- 62.D- 65.D- 68 
,nursery stock (horticulture) ............................................................................. D- 43 
? pensions ............................................................................................................ E- 19 
? successions ........................................................................................................ E- 6 
? trading stock .................................................................................................... D- 31 
Variable costs. vehicle .............................................................................................. B- 90 
Vealers. cartage rate .................................................................................................. B- 65 
Vegetable. Gross Margin - vining peas .................................................................... C- 25 
? levies ................................................................................................................ B- 88 
? price paid to growers (processing) .................................................................. A- 75 
? seed costs ......................................................................................................... B- 70 
? wholesale market prices (Auckland) ............................................................... A- 74 
Vehicle(s). average prices of ................................................................................... B-146 
? expenses ........................................................................................................... B- 90 
? licencing - cost of ............................................................................................ B- 93 
? prices ................................................................................................... B-I46. B-159 
? repairs and maintenance .................................................................................. B- 89 
? use (Farm Workers Awards) ............................................................................ B- 8 
Velvet. grading/selling charges ................................................................................ B- 84 
? levies ................................................................................................................ B- 86 
? prices ................................................................................................................ A- 43 
Velveting. veterinary charges ................................................................................... B- 20 
Venison. Gross Margins ........................................................................................... C- 16 
? levies ................................................................................................................ B- 86 
F-54 
Page 
, market price index ............................................................................................ A - 3 
, meat inspection fees ........................................................................................ B- 85 
, prices ................................................................................................................ A - 41 
, price forecast. ................................................................................................... A - 3 
, price trends ...................................................................................................... A- 42 
Ventilation fans, cost of.. ......................................................................................... B-178 
Vessels, fishing - rate of depreciation ...................................................................... D- 83 
Veterinary charges .................................................................................................... B- 20 
Veterinary club, membership cost ............................................................................ B- 20 
Vine pruners/trimmers ............................................................................................. B-169 
Vines, cost of.. ........................................................................................................... B- 72 
Vining peas, Gross Margin ....................................................................................... C- 25 
Visitors from overseas, taxation ............................................................................... D- 18 
Vitamin supplements, cost of ................................................................................... B- 29 
w 
Wages, Awards - Agricultural and horticultural workers ......................................... B- 7 
, orchard costs ...................................................................................... C- 27 to C- 29 
, paid to wife - in relation to taxation ................................................................ D- 28 
,PAYEtax .......................................................................................................... D- 5 
, shearers and shedhands ................................................................................... B- 10 
Wagons, feedout - cost of ........................................................................................ B-155 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 83 
Wallflower, seed cost ................................................................................................ B-71 
Walnut tree, cost of.. ................................................................................................. B- 72 
Wapiti, average market values - 1988 (taxation) ..................................................... D- 69 
- 1989 (taxation) .......................................................................................... D- 66 
- 1990 (taxation) .......................................................................................... D- 62 
Wash-down systems, milking plant - cost of.. ......................................................... B- 26 
Water, blaster - cost 0(." ......................................................................................... B-154 
, community supply .......................................................................................... B-121 
, pipe ................................................................................................................. B-127 
,pumps .............................................................................................................. B-124 
, race charges .................................................................................................... B-121 
, rights ................................................................................................... B-130, B-131 
? stock, supply charge ....................................................................................... B-121 
, supply costs - irrigation .................................................................................. B-130 
, supply - repairs and maintenance .................................................................... B- 89 
, tanks ................................................................................................................ B-122 
, testing/analysis - cost of ...................... : ........................................................... B- 63 
, towers - rate of depreciation ............................................................................ D- 83 
, troughs (concrete) - cost of ............................................................................. B-122 
, wells - cost of drilling ..................................................................................... B-l24 
Water and Soil Conservation Grants ........................................................................ A- 80 
Water Melon, seed cost.. ........................................................................................... B- 70 
F-55 
Page 
Weaner, bull beef/dairy beef contracts ..................................................................... A- 29 
, cattle - average prices 1986 - 9O ..................................................................... A- 34 
, deer - prices ..................................................................................................... A- 45 
,pigs - prices ..................................................................................................... A- 51 
Weaners, cartage rate ................................................................................................ B- 65 
Weed, Pest and Disease Control- application cost. ................................................. B- 82 
,chemical/spray cost ......................................................................................... B- 74 
,crop expenses .................................................................................... C- 21 to C- 25 
? farm budget figures .............................. ~ .......................................................... B- 74 
, orchard expenses ............................................................................... C- 27 to C- 29 
Vveighing charges, grain ........................................................................................... B- 43 
Weighing, machines and scales - cost of.. ..................................................... B- 34, B- 38 
- rate of depreciation .................................................................................... D- 83 
, platforms - cost of ............................................................................................ B- 38 
Weirs, borderdyke irrigation - cost of... .................................................................. B-132 
Welder, portable - cost of ........................................................................................ B-170 
Well, drilling - cost of .............................................................................................. B-124 
, liners - cost of.. ............................................................................................... B-125 
Wells and bores, rate of depreciation ....................................................................... D- 83 
Wetting agents, sprays .............................................................................................. B- 81 
Wet weather, gear allowances - agricultural workers ............................................... B- 8 
Wheat, contract harvesting ....................................................................................... B- 48 
, dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 44 
, drying charges .................................................................................................. B- 43 
, gross margin .................................................................................................... C- 21 
, levies ................................................................................................................ B- 87 
, market price index ............................................................................................ A- 3 
, prices - contract price ...................................................................................... A- 52 
- forecast ............................................................................................. A- 3,A- 54 
- historic and world trends ........................................................................... A- 53 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 68 
White clover, contract harvesting ............................................................................. B- 49 
, dressing and store handling charges ................................................................ B- 44 
, gross margin .................................................................................................... C- 24 
, herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 86 
, price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 62 
, seed coating ..................................................................................................... B- 71 
, seed cost ........................................................................................................... B- 69 
Whole milk, for manufacture - see Milkfat 
, for town supply - price paid for ...................................................................... A- 38 
Wholesale Market Prices (Auckland), cut flowers .................................................. A- 79 
, fruit. ................................................................................................................. A - 63 
, vegetables ............................................. ~ ................................................ A- 74,A- 75 
Willow trees, cost of ................................................................................................ B-184 
Windbreak, cloth '" cost of ........................................................................................ B-186 
, grants (NW ASCA) .......................................................................................... A- 80 
F-56 
Page 
Windmills, cost of .................................................................................................... B-127 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 83 
Windrowers, cost of ..................................................................................... B-151, B-167 
Windrowing, contracting .......................................................................................... B- 48 
Wine, grapes - price paid to producers ..................................................................... A- 73 
, making equipment - rate of depreciation ........................................................ D- 83 
Winter/Spring lamb contracts ................................................................................... A- 12 
Winter Milk Contracts .............................................................................................. A- 39 
Wintering bams, rate of depreciation ....................................................................... D- 84 
Wire, cost of.. ........................................................................................................... B-136 
, electric - cost of ................................... : .......................................................... B-I44 
, netting - cost of ............................................................................................... B-I40 
, reels - cost of.. ................................................................................................. B-142 
- electric, cost of .......................................................................................... B-I44 
, ropes - rate of depreciation .............................................................................. D- 83 
, straining equipment - cost of .......................................................................... B-141 
Withholding, payments - tax ..................................................................................... D- 5 
, tax (residents) ................................................................................................... D- 6 
Wooden tanks, cost of.. ............................................................................................ B-122 
Wool, average auction price 1981 - 1990 ................................................................. A- 25 
, bale - trolleys, cost of.. .................................................................................... B- 34 
- weighers, cost of.. ...................................................................................... B- 34 
, Board levies ..................................................................................................... B- 83 
, Board's minimum price 1989!90 .................................................................... A- 21 
, cartage rates - road ........................................................................................... B- 64 
- rail .............................................................................................................. B- 66 
, charges ............................................................................................................. B- 83 
, fleece weighers - cost of .................................................................................. B- 34 
,insurance of ..................................................................................................... B-I02 
, market price index ............................................................................................ A- 3 
, Measurement Service (Lincoln University) .................................................... B- 34 
, packholders - cost of ........................................................................................ B- 34 
? packs - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B- 34 
, pelt payments .................................................................................................... A- 9 
, press, cost of .................................................................................................... B- 33 
, price - average auction 1981 - 1990 ................................................................ A- 25 
- forecast. ....................................................................................................... A- 3 
- indicator, trends ......................................................................................... A- 24 
- minimum ................................................................................................... A- 21 
- ratios 1960 to 1990 (fme/mediurn/coarse) ................................................ A- 25 
- trends ............................................................................................... A- 24,A- 25 
, prices (seasons high/low) ................................................................................ A- 22 
- impact of exchange rate .............................................................................. A- 6 
, scales - cost of.. ................................................................................................ B- 34 
, selling charges ................................................................................................. B- 83 
, tables - cost of .................................................................................................. B- 34 
F-57 
Page 
, testing - cost of ................................................................................................ B- 34 
Woolshed, cost of ..................................................................................................... B-182 
, equipment and expenses ......................................................................... B- 32,C- 6 
Workers, agricultural - awards ................................................................................... B- 7 
Workshop, construction costs .................................................................................. B-175 
Worm drench, cost of. ............................................................................................... B- 15 
y 
Yard fees ................................................................................................................... B- 83 
Yards, cost of ........................................................................................................... B-183 
, rate of depreciation .......................................................................................... D- 82 
, repairs and maintenance .................................................................................. B- 89 
Yarrow, dressing and store handling charges ........................................................... B- 44 
, herbage seed levy ............................................................................................ B- 87 
, price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 61 
Yearlings - see CattleIDeer 
Yorkshire fog, herbage seed levy ............................................................................. B- 87 
,price paid to growers ....................................................................................... A- 61 
z 
Zero-rating of activities for G.S.T ............................................................................ D- 51 
Zinc dispenser, cost of .............................................................................................. B- 19 
Zinnia, seed cost. ....................................................................................................... B- 71 
Zucchini, price paid to growers (processing) ........................................................... A- 78 
F-58 
F-59 
CAREERS IN FARM MANAGEMENT 
You'd be surprised where our graduates go !! 
Banking 
Finance 
Marketing 
Research 
Teaching 
Government Departments 
Journalism 
Politics 
International Development 
and of course ... 
Farming 
Private consulting 
- to business 
- to agriculture 
Stock Firms 
Service Organisations 
- Dairy Board 
- Meat and Wool Board 
Agricultural Corporations 
FARM MANAGEMENT TEACHING 
Farm Management courses at Lincoln University use a "PRACTICAL 
PROFESSIONAL" approach in teaching. Principles and methods in management are 
taught through case study projects on local farms and agri-businesses. Students obtain 
fIrst hand experience of preparing budgets. cash flows, development plans, investment 
and performance analyses. Students combine their coursework in farm management 
with electives in production sciences (animal science, plant science, etc) accounting 
and fmance, marketing, valuation, and economics. 
FARM MANAGEMENT QUALIFICATIONS 
There are three main qualillcations involving the study of Farm Management: 
Diploma in Farm Management - A two year applied course requLr:ing 15 months 
practical work. Designed particularly for those interested in the commercial side of 
the farming and allied industries. 
B.Com.(Ag) Farm Management stream - A three year degree requiring 18 months 
practical work. Designed for commercial and professional people who want a basic 
grounding in business and commerce. 
B.Agr.Sc. - A four year degree requiring 11 months practical work (generally done in 
vacations). This degree is designed for those wanting professional and technical 
training in agriCUlture, with a good grounding in the basic sciences. 
FURTHER INFORMATION: The Registrar, P.O.Box 84, 
Lincolu University, 
CANTERBURY. 
F-60