Niu, XuetingDing, YuexiaChen, ShengweiGooneratne, RaviJu, Xianghong2022-08-072022-04-022022-042022-03-26https://hdl.handle.net/10182/15286Immune stress markedly affects the immune function and growth performance of livestock, including poultry, resulting in financial loss to farmers. It can lead to decreased feed intake, reduced growth, and intestinal disorders. Studies have shown that pathogen-induced immune stress is mostly related to TLR4-related inflammatory signal pathway activation, excessive inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, hormonal disorders, cell apoptosis, and intestinal microbial disorders. This paper reviews the occurrence of immune stress in livestock, its impact on immune function and growth performance, and strategies for immune stress prevention.19 pagesen© 2022 The authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerlandgrowth performanceimmune functionimmune stressmechanismspreventionJournal Article10.3390/ani120709092076-26152022-08-03ANZSRC::300301 Animal growth and developmentANZSRC::300304 Animal protection (incl. pests and pathogens)ANZSRC::410407 Wildlife and habitat managementANZSRC::410202 Biosecurity science and invasive species ecologyANZSRC::310301 Behavioural ecologyANZSRC::3003 Animal productionANZSRC::3009 Veterinary sciencesANZSRC::3109 Zoologyhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Attribution