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Publication Unknown Parks or playgrounds? An analysis of the concept of Tongariro National Park(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1990) Hedley, SimonNational parks are cultural constructions embodying and reflecting the values of society. To date research on parks in New Zealand has focused upon surveys of users and analyses of historical data. Noble (1987) identified the need for a study of national parks along the lines of the Darling and Eichhorn's (1969) study of the US national park system, in which the authors asked the provocative question "What is a national park?". Following their lead I examine the purpose of national parks using indepth interviews with the administering authorities and selected commercial users of Tongariro National Park. I argue that the perceptions of the majority of the commercial concessionaires and users regarding the purpose of Tongariro National Park are incompatible with specified fundamental objectives of national parks. Secondly, I argue that national park administrators are not neutral agents regulating use under the National Parks Act (1980). While there is no evidence, or suggestion, of management practices which breach the National Parks Act (1980) or the Tongariro National Park Management Plans Vols I, II, Ill, the system within which the administrators operate has accepted central government "market efficiency" ideologies and policies. Administrators are increasingly dependent upon concessionaires for the day-to-day operating costs of the park. This relationship and fundamental conflicts in perceptions of use threaten traditional objectives and the future of national parks.Publication Unknown Tourism and sustainability: Unfolding local identities; shifting global challenges: Papers presented in the Tourism Strand of the Sociological Association of Aotearoa-New Zealand Conference 1995(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1996) Berno, Tracey; Berno, TraceyIn recognition of the importance of informed debate on the issue of sustainability in general, the Sociological Association of Aotearoa/New Zealand adopted for the theme of their 1995 conference in Akaroa (1-3 December), "Unfolding Local Identities; Shifting Global Challenges". One stream of that conference addressed issues concerning sustainability and tourism in New Zealand. This Occasional Paper presents four of the papers given as part of the Tourism Stream of the Sociological Association of Aotearoa/New Zealand's 1995 Conference.Publication Unknown Leisure and recreation in New Zealand: A research register (1974-1991)(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1992) Rickerby, Bronwyn; King, Jeanette; Cushman, Grant; Simpson, ClareA register of research on leisure and recreation is important to researchers, practitioners and students as well as to the generral public. The value of such a register is enhanced when it is assembled in concise format for easy reference and when it is an extension of similar projects from previous years. This register builds usefully on, and complements the earlier bibliographies of Jorgensen (1974), Neave (1977) and Middleton (1981), all of which are referenced in the present publication. The major aim of this project is to make available to researchers, and others interested in research, a listing of much of the research which has been conducted on this topic since 1974. The volume will assist researchers to locate reports or papers of interest and for their work. It provides a reasonably comprehensive picture of recreation research activity in New Zealand. Leisure and recreation research in New Zealand has been undertaken by a wide range of individuals and organisations, with much of this research not being readily accessible. Access to this infonnation was gained by researchers and practitioners drawing our attention to people and organisations involved in relevant research which otherwise might have been neglected. In addition the papers and reports held by libraries, unpublished material and research in progress is included in this volume. It is envisaged that the register, and in particular the researcher/practitioner listing, will have the useful outcome of putting researchers in touch with each other. Experience suggests that direct discourse between researchers is often as valuable as reading formal research reports. Leisure and recreation has been defined in the broadest terms. embracing recreational tourism and travel, sport and physical education, arts and cultural activities, outdoor recreation, home-based leisure, non-formal learning, and including those activities and experiences not always recognised as recreational, such as drinking, gambling and vandalism. Similarly, the settings and situations are many and varied, including leisure centres, sports fields, libraries, urban sub-divisions, rivers, ski-fields, national parks, beaches, hotels, restaurants, botanical gardens, zoos and shopping centres to name but a few. The disciplinary focus includes research relating to the social, natural and medical sciences, as well as the practical application of these. The nature of research has been interpreted widely, and includes not only empirical research, but also work which is conceptual and has a policy focus.Publication Unknown A review of trends in walkway use: selected New Zealand and overseas findings(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1990) Balfour, RichardIn response to pending changes in Walkways Administration, the Hillary Commission has asked for a review of current New Zealand literature on Walkway Users, and to compare this with overseas trends. This study was undertaken over a six week period, during which literature was sought that applied to the research objectives.Publication Unknown Liberal ideology and its relationship to leisure theory and policy: The case of Australia(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1991) Cushman, Grant; Purvis, Alison; Rickards, DeidreIn Australia there has been little scholarly attention given to political ideology in relation to leisure. A major reason is the dominant influence of liberal concepts and ideas. An understanding of liberalism is essential for developing an understanding of the ways in which leisure within Australia has been conceptualized by theorists and applied in practice. Particular attention is given to the interpretation under liberal ideology of the growth and development of commercial leisure, and the role of the state, and the limitations that this approach has in leisure provision and opportunities. The paper urges that attention be given to re-constructing an adequate ideology of leisure which recognises the problems associated with liberalism as the dominant political ideology in driving leisure policy, and develops a more complete and realistic understanding of the complex flows of costs and benefits of leisure to different groups in society.Publication Unknown The 1990 recreation personnel study: Recreation personnel employed in the central and local government, voluntary and tertiary education sectors in New Zealand: A report prepared for the Recreation Association of New Zealand (RANZ)(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1991) Perkins, Harvey. C.; Hindson, Anne C.To gather information on, and describe, the present status of recreation personnel employed in the central and local government, voluntary and tertiary education sectors in New Zealand, and their: a. conditions of appointment; b. professional and educational backgrounds; c. job activities; d. education and training needs, and e. the extent to which those recreation personnel recognise RANZ as being an organisation which can meet their professional needs.Publication Unknown Interpretation of history(Lincoln University College. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1989) Cessford, G. R.Without a doubt, New Zealanders have become increasingly interested in their cultural heritage over the past ten years. Perhaps the pace at which the quality of our life is decreasing is a contributing factor towards this. In our often artificial and 'processed' world, the term 'old fashioned' with its associated connotations of wholesomeness will now sell bread. There was an era when goods, processes and ways of life associated with times past were often scorned as being obsolete. Society in general could not wait to toss the 'old' away in favour of obtaining a 'new improved' quality of life. Consequently, our lives have become increasingly empty of functions that were common in the past, for example, the healthy exercise and satisfaction of chopping wood for fires, for warmth and cooking, is denied to many today. Much of our lives has become 'softer' physically, but more stressful mentally. Perhaps it is, that by looking to history, people are seeking to find a balance in their lives. But whatever people's motives are for exploring the avenues of history, it can be a fascinating and valuable past-time. To open these avenues and to share them with others is not only challenging, but also an important function to our society. The monumental approach: glittering brass plaques set in concrete or a string of facts and figures, has probably never been a very successful method of preserving history. If we desire to see people (not just a select few) take an interest in history and benefit from it, it must be presented in such a way as to make it 'live'. History should not consist of a dead past, but rather be meaningful and living in the minds of present generations.Publication Unknown Synchronised slide presentations(Lincoln University College. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1989) Lilleby, Tony; Greenaway, RobertAudio visual presentations play a major role in the fields of education, advertising and tourism. The ability of this medium to communicate and entertain has led to its use in many of New Zealand's museums and national parks, with the techniques of production being taught in some universities and technical colleges. The development of high-tech photographic hardware has opened new frontiers of presentation and reliability and slide productions are now a serious competitor against moving film and video. However, the different mediums share the necessary investment of time, careful and creative planning, and the coordination of the multiple talents a production team requires. This dissertation is intended to provide an understanding of one aspect of the art of audio visual production - synchronised slide programmes. The strengths of this medium are evaluated and the planning, design and production procedures are outlined. This will prove particularly useful to those who are contemplating the commissioning or construction of an audio visual presentation which incorporates slide presentations.Publication Unknown Sagarmatha National Park : Management considerations(Lincoln University College. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1989) Jeffries, Bruce E.; Sherpa, Lhakpa N.; Greenaway, RobertSagarmatha National Park, the most famous conservation area in Nepal, is situated within an area which has long been inhabited by the Sherpa people. By including these people's settlements within the confines of a national park, a unique set of management considerations has been created. The conservation programme established within the park must contend with the resource dependency of the traditional Sherpa lifestyle, tourism, the changes tourism is bringing to the Sherpa people, and the impacts these issues have upon the Sagarmatha environment. This dissertation gives a broad overview of management needs for Sagarmatha National Park. It deals with the history of the park's establishment, the relationship of the Sherpa people with the land, their changing circumstances, the influences of tourism, the state of the natural park environment and the needs of an effective conservation programme. Of particular note are the considerations required to ensure the survival of a unique system of inhabitation by a native people while maintaining the state of environmental integrity necessary within a national park. Through their close association with the park, Lhakpa Sherpa and Bruce Jefferies have been able to examine and describe these considerations, and formulate some suggestions which will help maintain the park's character. Lhakpa Sherpa comes from the Khumbu region and is currently working at Sagarmatha. Bruce Jefferies spent several years living in the park with his family as advisor to Nepal's National Park and Wildlife Conservation Office.Publication Unknown Interpretation for children(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1989) Cessford, Gordon R.This paper discusses environmental interpretation for children. Included are definitions of interpretation; reasons for doing it; why emphasis upon children is important; the special requirements of effective interpretation for children, and some examples of techniques that have been used. The bulk of this paper comprises edited excerpts from the three undergraduate diploma dissertations that have been done on the topic: - Somerville, M. (1979) "Environmental Education for Young People." - Burns, L. (1982) "Interpreting for Children in New Zealand National Parks." - Edginton, M.O. (1983) "Introducing Children to Nature: Interpretative Displays for Children in National Parks. Although the topics of these dissertations overlap, each makes a particular contribution on its own. This is reflected by the extensive excerpts from each included in Section 2.3. Where smaller excerpts have been used in previous sections, appropriate acknowledgement is made by author initials before and after. Other material is referred to as required. All references are included in Appendix One as a composite bibliographic list, which also includes a list of suggested readings.Publication Unknown School use of national parks for outdoor education : a case study of Arthur’s Pass National Park(Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1981) Clifton, N.This study is centred on issues concerning school outdoor educational use of national parks. The degree to which school group use of national parks threatens the preservation of parks in their natural state and the effectiveness of park education (interpretation) programmes are shown to be issues of concern to national park managers. The outdoor education use of Arthur's Pass National Park is examined in relation to these issues. The study determines the extent and reasons for use of Arthur's Pass National Park for outdoor education purposes, the effectiveness of a park interpretation programme in promoting sympathetic attitudes towards national parks and the degree to which school group use threatens the preservation of Arthur's Pass National Park in its natural state. Arthur's Pass National Park is shown to be the most heavily used outdoor education site in Canterbury. The main reasons for this use are the Park's ease of access by rail and the existence of accommodation which became established in the Park during a period when school outdoor education programmes were rapidly expanding. The effectiveness of a park interpretation programme in promoting change in attitude in school pupils is assessed by means of an attitude scale. No significant change in attitude is recorded. Some impacts of school group use on Arthur's Pass National Park are identified but school outdoor education is not considered to jeopardise 'park preservation'.Publication Unknown Recreation, leisure and social policy(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1990-06) Cushman, Grant; Laidler, AllanRecreation and leisure are rarely of central interest in political discussions of public policy, but they merit careful consideration for a number of reasons, which is the basis of this occasional paper prepared as a submisson to the Royal Commission on Social Policy. The two authors make a number of recommendations from their areas of expertise: leisure studies and recreation leadership education.Publication Unknown Women and recreation in Aotearoa/New Zealand : an annotated bibliography(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1991-02) Simpson, Clare S.Publication Unknown Outdoor Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand : an annotated bibliography(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism, 1994-06) Lynch, Pip; Massam, Robyn; Peebles, CatherineInterest in outdoor education has grown significantly over recent decades, and with this interest has come a growth in literature about outdoor education in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Much of this literature was collated in 1989 (Bailey, 1989). The present bibliography updates the 1989 effort with the added dimension of annotations in the form of an abstract for each publication listed. The publications listed include empirical research reports as well as literature that has a descriptive, conceptual or policy focus. This bibliography is targeted principally toward those undertaking academic studies related to outdoor education. For this reason, material dealing solely with venues, equipment and activity ideas for outdoor education (e.g. guide books, activity manuals and technical books) has been excluded. Additionally, the latter publications are numerous and relatively easily accessible. This bibliography is a collation of material less readily available, but nonetheless valuable. The authors have noted the quality and quantity of information on outdoor education emanating from conferences. To increase awareness of this comprehensive source of information and to make it more readily available, individual conference papers as well as complete conference proceedings have been referenced.Publication Unknown The St. James walkway study(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism., 1989-09) Simmons, David G.; Cessford, Gordon R.Prior to the opening of the St James Walkway in 1981, David Simmons of the Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism at Lincoln College, proposed a five year research programme to the New Zealand Walkways Commission. This proposal took advantage of the 1981 opening to initiate a longitudinal study which could identify any subsequent changes in use or use impacts on the Walkway. The general aims of this research were to: (i) Describe the user population of the Walkway and any changes to it over the study period; (ii) Describe the role played by the Walkway in the recreation life histories of users; and (iii) Identify any physical impacts from use that occurred following the opening of the new track. This paper presents a compilation, summary and assessment of data gathered from the research programme.Publication Unknown Garden tourism and its potential organization in Canterbury(Lincoln University. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism, 1994-05) Thomas, R. P.; Porteous, G.; Simmons, David G.This paper had its origin as a final year tourism research report at Lincoln University. In it we briefly review the concept of garden tourism which includes garden tours, garden festivals and special events, and the potential organization of this particular type of tourism in the Canterbury region. The origins of garden tourism in England and Germany are examined, followed by a review of models, objectives and management for organising garden festivals and special events. A description of a variety of New Zealand garden festivals follows. Results of a recent garden tourism survey are presented prior to a summary of the types of commercial garden tours offered in the Canterbury region. Recommendations and conclusions focus on the possible organisational structure of garden tourism in Canterbury, and on the goals, objectives and organisational development of garden tours and festivals in the region.