Research@Lincoln
Research@Lincoln is an open access institutional repository collecting the research produced by Lincoln University staff and students. You may also be interested in Data@Lincoln or Lincoln University Living Heritage.
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Item Restricted Are co-opted boards socially responsible?(John Wiley & Sons, 2024-02-01)Corporate resolution on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) communication informs firms' environmental commitment, a growing determinant of corporate risk profile perceived by the market. This study examines ESG reporting in the presence of board co-option, a phenomenon that paralyzes the dependency of the board of directors and impairs corporate transparency. Using data from 643 US-listed firms from 2007 to 2018, we investigate the relationship between board co-option and ESG disclosure practices and show that firms with a higher proportion of co-opted directors on board disclose less ESG information, though this relationship diminishes if firms are strong ESG reporters. Further analyses reveal that long-tenure board chairs, high attendance rates at board and audit committee meetings, and independent chairs of audit committees mitigate this adverse effect. In addition, we document an increasing inverse relationship among firms located in more corrupt and Democratic-leaning states and operating in heavy-emitting industries. Our results support the premise that co-opted directors insulate CEOs from ESG reporting pressure and highlight that corporate governance, environmental performance as well as state institutions play significant moderating roles in this relationship.Item Restricted What impact would tobacco retailer proximity limit have on tobacco availability in New Zealand?(BMJ Publishing Group, 2022-08-11)Introduction One policy option to reduce the density of tobacco retailers is to restrict the distance retailers can be located to each other. This study examined the impacts of proximity limits of 150 m, 300 m and 450 m between tobacco retailers in New Zealand and if critical threshold reduction in tobacco retailers of 90%–95% would be achieved. Methods Using a spatial modelling approach, tobacco retailers were randomly removed based on a minimum distance between retailers until there were zero retailers within each scenario’s minimum distance. This was repeated for all three proximity limit scenarios and descriptive statistics are provided for each. Results Implementation of 150 m, 300 m or 450 m distance restrictions between tobacco retailers would result in an average reduction in availability of 35%, 49% and 58%, respectively. On average, the current median distance to the closest retailer increases from 110 m to 377 m, to 568 m or to 718 m, respectively. The average median distance from a retailer to the closest school also increases across the three proximity limits, from 1017 m to 1087 m, to 1149 m or to 1231 m, respectively. Reduced clustering in deprived areas would be most apparent if a 450 m restriction policy was implemented. Conclusions A proximity limit of 450 m would reduce retailers by 58%, but would not reach proposed critical behaviour- change threshold of 90%–95% required to reduce smoking prevalence independently. There is a need for a combination of policies, which focus on promoting equity, to achieve this bold endgame goal.Item Restricted Strategic spatial opportunities for local food distribution: urban accessibility of community gardens in Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand(Cogitatio Press, 2025-05-14)This study explores strategic opportunities for improving access to and distribution of locally produced food. Food consumption in urban areas often depends on long and distant supply chains and corporate distribution points such as supermarkets. Poor integration of local urban food production is a source of food insecurity as much as an ecological, social, and infrastructural problem. It creates pressures on the supply and logistics of food distribution, challenging the resilience of the entire system, particularly in the context of sudden (e.g., earthquakes, floods, bushfires) and slow‐onset disasters, such as climate change. This article explores how strategic spatial opportunities for community‐oriented, urban food production sites could make cities more resilient from a food security and social accessibility perspective. With the help of a case study—urban community gardens in Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand—and geographic information system (GIS) analysis, the article proposes a method to examine spatial accessibility to urban community gardens and examines associated socio‐demographic factors, in comparison to commercial food outlets (supermarkets). The results suggest that the applied method is useful in examining the spatial accessibility of gardens within their specific demographic context. They reveal that urban community gardens in Christchurch are mainly located in more deprived areas and that walkable access to gardens is provided to about one‐fifth of the city’s total population. The article discusses the results within the context of specific spatial and demographic urban characteristics, including low density, car dependency, and disaster susceptibility, and provides suggestions for further research and urban planning policy.Item Restricted Inter-regional characterization of New Zealand pinot noir wines: assessing geographical origin through mid-FTIR and phenolic profile analysis(Elsevier, 2025-07)Pinot Noir wines from New Zealand, celebrated for their high-quality and regional distinctiveness, are ideal for origin differentiation studies due to their sensitivity to environmental variations. This study aims to identify the characteristics of wine origins and establish a model for tracing these origins, with the goal of protecting the economic position of New Zealand Pinot Noir wine. Exploratory and multivariate analyses were conducted on phenolic and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic data using 116 Pinot Noir wine samples from three regions. The Mid-FTIR spectra, particularly between 3050 and 1950 cm−1 wavelengths, were successfully correlated with the major phenolic compounds in wines through Partial Least Squares Discriminant Regression (PLSR), achieving R2Pre values ranging from 0.75 to 0.99. Multivariate analyses, including Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) based on either phenolic data alone, spectral data alone, or a fusion of both, achieved high classification acccuracy. Among these methods, the LDA and ANN models demonstrated superior classification performance compared to PLS-DA and RF. The phenolic profile provides detailed information on key compositional markers, while FTIR spectra offer a holistic chemical representation. This fusion enables a more comprehensive differentiation of wine origins, reducing potential misclassification caused by the limitations of individual datasets. In conclusion, exploratory and multivariate analyses proved to be rapid and efficient methods for tracing the origin of pinot noir wines produced in New Zealand.Item Restricted Performance of sustainable investments: do green-labeled bonds outperform green-unlabeled bonds?(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2025-05-15)Purpose ̶ The increase in demand for sustainable investments globally raises the question of benefits of investing in green bonds. A green label attracts investors because it represents less information asymmetry on green bonds with lower potential environmental risks. However, not all bonds with green features are easily recognized and labeled, creating limited options for bond investors. This paper helps investors to identify green-unlabeled bonds, offering them more sustainable investment options in the market. Next, we investigate the performance of green-labeled and green-unlabeled bonds to identify which bond can serve as a safe-haven asset in different economic conditions. Design/methodology/approach ̶ To identify green-unlabeled bonds, we screen three bond categories: climate, sustainability, and ESG (Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance). Using the generalized least squares regression models and daily data of 7250 bonds in 83 countries and entities from 2012 to 2021, we compare the performance of green-labeled and green-unlabeled bonds between corporate and government bonds, high-income and lower-income economies, and short-term and long-term periods. Findings ̶ The results show that green-labeled bonds underperform green-unlabeled counterparts in terms of bond liquidity and yield. For both green-labeled and green-unlabeled bonds, corporate bonds are less liquid than government bonds in the short term; but offer higher yield in the long term. Green-labeled and green-unlabeled bonds have short-term hedging potential in volatile market conditions. Regarding green-unlabeled bonds, financing climate-related activities via climate bonds is unattractive and risky during uncertain periods; but sustainability bonds are a safe-haven asset in the economic downturns. Originality/value – This study timely contributes to the scarcity of studies on green-unlabeled bonds in the literature. We expand the screening categories to identify green-unlabeled bonds, including climate, sustainability, and ESG bond categories, to form the Sustainable Bond group. Our findings show the existence of greenium effect between green-labeled and green-unlabeled bonds; provide valuable insights to investors, bond issuers, and governments; and suggest that investors may add green-labeled bonds and green-unlabeled bonds in their portfolios to hedge downside risk, especially during extreme market conditions.-
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