A review of academically substantiated guidelines for designing honey bee habitat in residential yards : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master at Lincoln University

Abstract

Honey bee Apis mellifera populations are under threat globally. Honey bees provide important ecosystem services through pollination, honey production and provide a connection to nature. Declines in honey bees will have a negative impact on human populations. This review describes honey bee habitat needs, finding that honey bees are able to thrive in an urban residential environment, if urban yards are designed and managed appropriately. Guidelines are suggested as a tool, translating honey bee research into practical recommendations for both residents and landscape architects. Best practice criteria for guidelines are then established. Existing guidelines are assessed to determine whether suitable guidelines are available. Guidelines found in a systematic literature review offer insufficient recommendations for urban residents to easily take action and enhance honey bee habitat within their yards. Interdisciplinary research will be required to develop guidelines for urban residents and landscape architects to enhance honey bee habitat within their properties to ensure the key ecosystem services honey bees provide are preserved.