Monuments and public spaces: Questions of equity, inclusivity and justice: An investigation into three Latin American case studies : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University

Abstract

Responses to inequality, violence, war, genocide, injustice, and trauma take many forms in the built environment. Contemporary conversations around statues and monuments in public spaces have renewed a conversation about the power of the past. This research explores recent responses to monuments that embrace colonial and historical narratives in Latin American public spaces, highlighting their significance for social justice and equity in the field of landscape architecture. Through three case studies, the thesis features diverse responses to historical narratives embedded in monuments, focusing on acts of reclamation, resignification, and recontextualisation. The equestrian Sebastian de Belalcázar monument in Popayán, Colombia, has become a symbol of Spanish oppression of Indigenous people. The Isabela La Católica monument in La Paz, Bolivia, raises concerns about discrimination against native women. Finally, the equestrian monument of General Manuel Jesús Baquedano González in Santiago de Chile symbolises the repression of Indigenous people by the Chilean elite. On-site responses, such as removal, dressing, and graffiti, provide insights into how communities actively engage with and contest dominant narratives. Methodologically, the research employs a case study approach, incorporating online interviews with three key stakeholder groups: public officials, activists/Indigenous leaders, and designers/academics. Social media data, primarily from activists and community participants, further enriches interpretations of each case study by exploring a range of design proposals and on-site responses. This study makes a unique contribution to the academic discourse on the intersection of monuments, public spaces, and landscape architecture. By recognising the contested nature of these sites, landscape architects can actively contribute to the creation of inclusive and reflective environments, prioritising principles of equity and justice. The study emphasises the crucial role that landscape architecture can play in amplifying marginalised voices and fostering dialogue regarding colonial narratives. By doing so, it can create opportunities for diverse interpretations of the past, promote inclusivity, and raise awareness about the implications of colonial histories in the present. Importantly, this research introduces its findings to the English-speaking world, bridging gaps in understanding and enriching global conversations on the subject. In conclusion, this research represents a call for action on reimagining the role of monuments in public spaces. By reassessing their historical significance and embracing diverse perspectives, the field of landscape architecture can pave the way for more equitable and inclusive commemorative designs, acknowledging the complexities inherent in our shared history.