Water: towards a bicultural perspective

Abstract

The research presented here was commissioned by the Centre for Resource Management because a need was perceived for written material that might guide managers as well as users of resources about topics Maori. Legislative change in New Zealand as well as change in attitudes and actions of many Pakeha and Maori have raised our awareness that we have some unfinished history. The responsibility rests with all individuals to develop an awareness of Tikaka Maori and its relevance to New Zealand society in 1990 and beyond. The Centre for Resource Management has made a commitment to assist in that consciousness raising by providing policy advice and information, wherever possible, on issues raised by the Treaty of Waitangi - especially where those issues relate to natural resource ownership; Iwi and Crown institutional and operational arrangements, and Maori approaches to environmental management practices. The production of this publication is one step towards achieving that goal.

According to Pakeha understanding, water is a chemical substance, a commodity to be sold or licensed, its flow is to be regulated and channelled according to computer models, it is an appropriate site for the release of a variety of wastes, water courses are responsible for purification processes, and judgements of water quality are based on 'acceptable' levels of pollution rendering 'purity' a relative term. Within this context, Maori views seem to be metaphysical or religious notions that are out of place and are not appropriate for consideration by 'scientists'. Recently, with the reference to the Treaty of Waitangi and to Maori spiritual and cultural values in legislation, the increased cognisance of the Treaty by the Courts and Tribunals, and renewed judicial recognition of Maori rights, it is now necessary for decision makers to understand Maoritaka as well as the new obligations of their position. It is the purpose of this publication to provide an introduction to these issues, especially as they relate to water resources. The first part of this publication outlines some principles of Maori worldview, social organisation, resource ownership and use to provide a basis for understanding Maori views and values. The second part of the publication focuses on Maori rights and values in a legislated and legal context. Some of the legislation and hearings where Maori water-related issues have been included or raised are discussed. Because it is hoped that this information will be of use, some consideration is also given to the ways in which resource managers can move towards including a Maori perspective in the operations of their departments or agencies.