TRREC Report series

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https://hdl.handle.net/10182/78

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Open Access
Tourism, growth and infrastructure demands: data review and gap analysis
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2004-08) Dakers, Andrew J.; Simmons, David G.
Open Access
Tourism, water, wastewater and waste services in small towns
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2004-03) Cullen, Ross; Dakers, A.; Meyer-Hubbert, G.
This is a two-part report on research completed during 2003/2004 in Hanmer Springs and Kaikoura. The research was conducted by the Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre (TRREC) at Lincoln University. Hanmer Springs and Kaikoura are small towns and cater for steadily increasing numbers of tourists each year - now in excess of one million visits per year to Kaikoura. The research, funded by the Ministry of Economic Development and Canterbury Development Corporation, included four seven-day snapshot studies (in July 2003, October 2003 and December/January 2004) of water, wastewater and waste services in the townships. Tourists directly and indirectly use the water, wastewater and solid waste services provided by the District Councils in those townships. The research also examines the funding of the water, wastewater and solid waste systems in the township. A particular focus is tourism demand for these services.Part One of the report studies the rates and charges used at present in each of the townships to fund these services. Part Two of the report provides a Toolkit to aid Territorial Local Authorities (TLAs) in the management of water, wastewater and solid wastes in small townships. The Toolkit developed is the culmination of four intensive seven-day snapshot studies completed in Hanmer Springs and Kaikoura during 2003-2004.
Open Access
Emerging tourism planning processes and practices in New Zealand : a local and regional perspective
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2003-07) Jones, T.; Shone, Michael C.; Memon, Pyar A.
The research reported in this study was undertaken in the context of the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010 (released in 2001) and the anticipated amendments to the Local Government Act 1974 (amended in December 2002). The key objective of this study was to document existing and emerging tourism policies and practices within the local government sector in New Zealand. Within the core themes of tourism enablement and management, the issues of inter, and intra, organisational relationships were addressed by this research. The findings from this study provide an assessment of current practices and review future options for more integrated regional planning and management of New Zealand tourism.
Open Access
Sustainable management of natural assets used for tourism in New Zealand : a classification system, management guidelines and indicators
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2003-02) Hughey, Kenneth F. D.; Ward, Jonet C.
Nature and recreation based activities are significant components of the tourism industry in New Zealand. Growing numbers of visitors, and the needs of statutory resource managers, have placed pressure on tourism operators and providers to effectively avoid, remedy and/or mitigate existing and potential effects of tourism. At the same time there is also pressure to provide a quality visitor experience and to operate tourism enterprises profitably. Although a major review and investigation into the environmental effects associated with the tourism sector was carried out by the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (PCE) in 1997, standard tools for identifying and monitoring visitor impacts, and generic guidelines for management, are currently not widely applied or available to many operators. In this report we develop and apply a framework for the integrated management of natural assets used for tourism. We concentrate in particular on developing three related products: 1) a simple and applied tourism asset classification framework; 2) a framework for sustainable management of natural assets incorporating management and monitoring guidelines; and 3) a set of Environmental Performance Indicators for Natural Assets used for Tourism consistent with other sets being developed by the Ministry for the Environment.
Open Access
Issues and indicators of acceptable change : a study of visitors’ and stakeholders’ concerns about three natural attractions in the Paparoa area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2001-03) Johnson, V.; Ward, Jonet C.; Hughey, Kenneth F. D.
This report presents results from visitor surveys and stakeholder interviews at three natural attractions in the Paparoa National Park. The sites were the Pancake Rocks (Dolomite Point), the Fox River caves, and the Westland Black Petrel colony. Questions in the surveys and interviews were based on the Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) framework to identify potential indicators of change at the site, and were developed from previous studies using this system. The surveys gathered information on visitors' experience of the Pancake Rocks and Fox River caves, and people's sensitivity to impacts encountered at the sites. This was done using self-administered questionnaires on-site immediately after the visit. Stakeholders were interviewed about their issues and concerns for all three sites, and were asked to provide a list of potential indicators of acceptable change.
Open Access
Biophysical impacts of tourism : an annotated bibliography
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre., 2001-05) Crawford, K.; Phillips, Jeremy G.; Ward, Jonet C.; Hughey, Kenneth F. D.
This annotated bibliography focuses on the biophysical impacts of tourism. Literature was sourced from scientific, managerial and industry publications. Annotations include a description of the activities, biophysical impacts and indicators for assessing the effects of tourism. The publication has been developed in conjunction with the electronic database, Indicators of Tourism's Biophysical Impacts
Open Access
Tourism and transport in New Zealand : implications for energy use
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2001-07) Becken, Susanne
Securing and conserving our long term future is the number one objective of the recently released New Zealand Tourism Strategy (2001). Previous research showed that an essential impediment to achieving sustainable tourism is the heavy use of transport by tourists and the environmental impacts resulting from this travel (Müller, 1992; Gössling, 2000). The associated energy use is a major concern, since it does not only undermine the goal of efficient resource use as outlined by the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010, but it also contributes to the failure of New Zealand in achieving its goals set by the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. This report discusses previous research in this field, describes the present transport sector’s greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand, discusses the supply of tourism transport infrastructure, and provided senergy intensities of main New Zealand transport modes. Different transport modes are hypothetically juxtaposed on an analysis of a journey from Christchurch to Dunedin. Suggestions for reducing transport energy use are discussed. Clearly, to achieve the stakes set by both the Tourism (Tourism Strategy Group, 2001) and the Energy Strategy (Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority [EECA], 2001), transport of tourists plays a critical role.
Open Access
Green Globe 21 Kaikoura community benchmarking pilot study
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2001-07) McNicol, J.; Shone, Michael C.; Horn, Chrys M. I.
This document reports on a pilot study that assesses the processes involved in the GREEN GLOBE 21 Benchmarking of the Kaikoura District, New Zealand. This study represents the third of three pilot studies that examine the processes associated with the GREEN GLOBE 21 Community Benchmarking procedure. This study also serves to contextualise the GREEN GLOBE 21 Community Standard for the New Zealand setting. One of the four objectives of the New Zealand Tourism strategy is to ‘secure and conserve a long-term future’. A key recommendation under this objective is to continue to implement Green Globe or similar systems of environmental certification (NZTS, 2001). GREEN GLOBE is a global benchmarking, certification and improvement system for sustainable travel and tourism and is based on the Agenda 21 principles for Sustainable Development.
Open Access
Conflict between sea-kayakers and motorised watercraft users along the Abel Tasman National Park coastline, New Zealand
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2001-05) Hawke, Nathan; Booth, Kay L.
The Abel Tasman National Park coastline is a mecca for water–based recreationists. Its golden beaches and clear water attract many thousands of visitors to the region each year. The area has witnessed many changes over the years, most notably a rapid increase in the number and size of commercial sea–kayak companies operating along the coastline. This growth has been paralleled by an increase in the number of independent sea–kayakers, a steady increase in the number of motorboat users and the introduction of jet–skiers along the coastline. Such use has resulted in increasing problems of crowding and conflict in the area. This study responds to a research gap identified by Cessford (1998) in a report on visitors to the Abel Tasman National Park. He found that 53% of sea–kayakers were disturbed on the water by motorboats and stated that further research should focus on the conflict between the two groups. As jet–skiers are an emerging user group along the coastline, they were added to this study. Thus, this study examines conflict between sea–kayakers and motorised watercraft users (motorboaters and jet–skiers).
Open Access
Methodologies for measuring thresholds of change from tourism impacts on New Zealand natural assets
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2004-11) Ward, Jonet C.; Hughey, Kenneth F. D.
The demand to see and the level of diverse use made of natural assets by tourists is increasing and a methodology is needed to measure change in the condition of these assets and whether or not that change is acceptable to users and managers. A preliminary framework for the integrated management of natural assets used for tourism was developed and applied by Ward et al., (2002). This framework included: A simple and applied system for tourism natural asset classification; A framework for sustainable management of natural assets incorporating management and monitoring guidelines; A Decision Support System to integrate the above requirements. More recently further work on the integrated management framework has been undertaken by Hughey and Ward (2003) and Hughey et al. (in press) who found that despite the benefits that the classification framework apparently offered, feedback from stakeholder consultations showed that it failed to allow for many of the site-specific differences that determine an asset's priority for management. These differences may relate to a range of factors such as the ecological value of the asset, its rarity or distinctiveness, its history of use, or its value to local Maori and other such cultural, social, and economic factors. In some instances, certain asset types have attributes such as these clearly defined in policy to determine their importance and management priority (e.g., caves, vegetation and bird species). Accordingly, a further revised framework was developed and the classification of an asset's level of management was replaced with an assessment of its importance. Through this method, guidelines could be developed and allocated in a manner compatible with existing policies and criteria for individual asset types.
Open Access
Best practice policies for local government management of natural assets developed for tourists
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2004-11) Montgomery, Roy L.; Hughey, Kenneth F. D.; Wason, K.; Lovell, Peter J.
With the tourism sector now a significant contributor to the New Zealand economy ($5.9 billion direct tourism value added in the year ended March 2003), and strong growth patterns forecast to continue for the 2003-2009 period, concerted attempts to manage natural assets must now not only be made, they must also have a degree of success. It is recognised that unlike the Department of Conservation (DoC), which has a high degree of 'ownership' of the natural assets that they manage, territorial and regional authorities tend to administer the natural assets within their jurisdiction. Consequently new and different approaches are needed from those used by DoC. This strengthening of focus on tourism represents a turning point for local and territorial authorities which have historically played a less active role in the tourism sector. An initial assessment of a sample of district and regional authority plans revealed that there were references to methods for dealing with a diversity of environmental issues, and this indicates in a very general way, the impacts of tourism on natural assets are being considered. It is recognised that until now territorial and regional authorities have had to work with a statutory framework that does not specifically take tourism into account, leading to a predominantly reactive approach to administering natural assets. The demands of a rapidly growing tourism sector, however, now require a more strategic and proactive approach. A raft of new enabling frameworks and processes is needed to focus resources on the impacts of tourism on natural assets, as well as ensuring that the tourism sector develops in a sustainable way.
Open Access
An inventory of natural asset monitoring tools: with recommendations for visitor impact monitoring applications
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2006) Hughey, Kenneth; Coleman, Dennis
The overall goal of the study is to develop a baseline inventory of natural asset condition and impact monitoring tools that can be used to derive lists of standard tools for visitor impact monitoring applications. It is based on identifying the main natural asset value categories, and the standard monitoring methods associated with these, then identifying which of these have valid visitor impact management applications.
Open Access
Environmental indicators of tourism impacts on natural West Coast assets, Aotearoa New Zealand
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2001-11) Urlich, Stephen; Ward, Jonet; Hughey, Kenneth
We examined the environmental effects of visitor activities at three different natural assets (scenic icon sites, seabirds, and caves) on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand. To catalogue the effects of different visitor activities on these assets, and to identify indicators of environmental change in relation to the effects of these activities, we used a range of methods including modelling visitor impacts, close consultation with managers, literature reviews, and at one site we observed visitor behaviour. We analysed which site indicators of visitor effects were more widely applicable, and could be used as a basis for develping management guidelines for similar types of attractions elsewhere.
Open Access
Community perceptions of tourism in Christchurch and Akaroa
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2003-03) Shone, Michael C.; Simmons, David G.; Fairweather, John R.
This study reports on community response to tourism in the urban centres of Christchurch and Akaroa (Canterbury, New Zealand). Specifically, it examines residents' perceptions, expectations and adaptations to tourism at the local level and thus represents a host community perspective on the phenomena of tourism in the Canterbury region. This report is the fourth of four case studies in New Zealand visitor destinations that are aimed at understanding the way in which host communities influence tourism and, conversely, the ways in which tourism influences them. The three previous community case studies undertaken as part of the wider research programme include Kaikoura (1998), Rotorua (2000) and Westland (2001). Taken together, the potential impact of visitors on host destinations and communities has seen growing attention given to the issue of sustainability in tourism development. Central to this notion of sustainability is the recognition that tourism has both positive and negative impacts on host destinations. Good management of this growing industry therefore requires us to understand how tourism development occurs at the local level, as well as how different communities adapt to that development. Increasing our understanding of these processes is vital to the sustainability of the industry, and is a crucial component of the strategies that local communities need to develop in order to reap the benefits that they seek from tourism.
Open Access
Maori tourism : concepts, characteristics and definition
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2003-03) Zygadlo, F.; McIntosh, Alison J.; Matunga, Hirini P.; Fairweather, John R.; Simmons, David G.
The aim of this report is to seek conceptual clarification of 'Maori tourism', 'Maori tourism business' and 'Maori tourism product'.To achieve this aim, the report has the following objectives: To review the different definitions of Maori tourism; To provide a broad conceptual framework for defining Maori tourism (business and product); To identify and describe common values that characterise Maori tourism. A Kaupapa Maori research approach was employed to achieve the objectives. It is critical that Maori research is framed within a culturally relevant perspective.
Open Access
Tourism in Christchurch and Akaroa : challenges for planning and recommendations for management
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2003-11) Simmons, David G.; Fairweather, John R.; Shone, Michael C.
This report provides a synthesis of eight separate reports (listed in Appendix 1) on key aspects of tourism in Christchurch and Akaroa, and makes recommendations for the future management of the sector. The overall goals of the research programme that encompasses these case studies are the improved management of tourism growth, and the development of better guidelines to ensure its sustainability. The studies focus primarily on the important private/public sector interface in tourism planning and development. They are not marketing studies per se (although significant data are produced to inform marketing decisions) but are focused on public sector responses, and community adaptations to tourism, with a long-term view toward sustainable tourism at the local and national level.
Open Access
Tourism, water and waste in Akaroa : implications of tourist demand on infrastructure
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2003-11) Cullen, Ross; Dakers, Andrew J.; McNicol, J.; Meyer-Hubbert, Gerit K.; Simmons, David G.; Fairweather, John R.
There are three components to this research project. The first is the quantitative analysis of the impact of tourist flows to Akaroa on the town's water supply services and wastewater management services. The second is the quantitative analysis of the impact of tourist flows to Akaroa on the town's solid waste management services. The third component is the investigation of the way in which water supply, wastewater and solid waste systems are funded. This analysis investigates whether there are alternative funding systems that are more efficient, moderate demands, and are more equitable than present funding systems. It also considers how best to allocate any additional costs of water supply if there is growth in tourist numbers.
Open Access
The economic impact of tourism on Christchurch city and Akaroa township
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2003-04) Butcher, G; Fairweather, John; Simmons, David
In recent years tourism has been one of the fastest growing sectors of the New Zealand economy, and has become particularly important in some smaller communities. Some of the larger cities also have high visitor numbers, and tourism may be a reasonably significant part of their economy. Those who administer community resources have a strong interest in knowing something about the scale of tourism in their economy so that they can judge the value of allocating resources to the sector. The first objective of this study was to estimate the size of direct tourism in Christchurch and Akaroa, and then calculate tourism multipliers (the ratio of direct impacts to total impacts for various types of visitor expenditure) at the level of each geographic entity. Application of these multipliers enables the calculation of total economic impacts of tourism on both Christchurch and Akaroa. The second objective of this study was to develop and trial such a method, drawing on the experience of previous case studies and making use of existing data bases on commercial accommodation bed-nights and visitor flows.
Open Access
The values associated with Maori-centred tourism in Canterbury
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2003-07) Zygadlo, F. K.; McIntosh, Alison J.; Matunga, Hirini P.; Fairweather, John R.; Simmons, David G.
The overall aim of this study was to analyse Maori tourism development in the Canterbury region according to values of Maori-centred tourism. The objectives to achieve this aim were to validate the relevance of the values of Maori-centred tourism to Maori tourism business practices in Canterbury and to identify the strategies for achieving Maori-centred tourism business ethics in Canterbury. A Kaupapa Maori research approach was used to achieve the objectives. This approach was seen appropriate given the need for a culturally relevant perspective. This included employing Maori values derived from a Maori epistemology as measures to analyse Maori tourism development.
Open Access
Visitors’ and locals’ views of environmental management in Christchurch, New Zealand
(Lincoln University. Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, 2003-04) Fairweather, John R.; Maslin, Crystal L.; Swaffield, Simon R.; Simmons, David G.
The objective of the research presented in this report was to develop an understanding of visitors' and locals' views of environmental management in Christchurch. A total of 63 people were selected in a diverse, non-random sample with roughly equal proportions of men and women, and including 21 overseas visitors, 33 domestic visitors and 22 local people. Each subject sorted a pre selected set of structured photographs into nine piles, ranging from those that represented good environmental management to those that represented poor environmental management, to create their own Q sort. All Q sorts were factor analysed to identify three factors or views on environmental management. Subjects' attitudes, beliefs and expectations in making their selections were recorded in interviews and provide an additional basis for interpreting the three different factors. The themes distinctive to the factors, and the themes that are common to the factors, are discussed to develop some theoretical implications. Finally, a number of implications for policy are considered, in particular the need to retain a breadth of approaches to environmental management.

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