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Item Open Access An overview of research undertaken in the NZERDC contracts "Energy in Agriculture"(University of Canterbury and Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management, 1985) Hendtlass, C. A.This report was commissioned by the New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee. Its intention is to provide readers with an overview of the work undertaken by the Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences (now the Centre for Resource Management ) under contracts to the NZERDC entitled 'The Energy Costs of Agriculture in New Zealand'. These studies had as their objectives the calculation of the energy used to produce different agricultural commodities and the evaluation of alternative strategies for maintaining production in the face of energy shortages. Readers who wish more detailed information are advised to refer to the original reports.Item Open Access Property rights and mineral legislation(Centre for Resource Management, 1988) Ackroyd, PeterIt is a commonplace that the ultimate constituents of the social world are individual people who act more or less appropriately in light of their dispositions and understanding of their situation, i.e.it is individuals, and not society as a whole, that make decisions. In understanding the consequence of existing law, and the likely implications of its reform, it is necessary, therefore, to comprehend the logic of the situation that the law provides individual decision makers and how that situation would be adjusted by reform. In particular, the way in which natural resources are used and managed is influenced by the definition and structure of property rights that the law provides. Property rights are enforceable claims to use or to benefit from resources. An example is a mining licence that allows its holder to extract minerals in a specified area. Property rights establish the structure of incentives, opportunities and constraints within which resource use decisions are made, i.e. the logic of the situation, and hence influence the use and management of resources. The extent and type of mining in New Zealand, for example, reflects the rights that miners have to extract minerals, and their rights to benefit from mining as against their duties to compensate landowners and pay royalties. This paper describes the characteristics of minerals that are relevant to the definition of property rights, analyses the implications of alternative property right arrangements and describes the existing situation.Item Open Access Implications of a Chatham Island synthetic crude industry(Lincoln College. Centre for Resource Management, 1984-07) Barker, Paul SMuch of New Zealand's major energy development in recent years has occurred in rural areas. These developments, by virtue of their size, have had significant social, economic and environmental implications. The scale of social change, for instance, is often larger than the host community can adjust to without significant social dislocation. Although there is no clear consensus in the literature as to what actually constitutes the field of social impact assessment (see Krawetz 1983 and Taylor & Sharp 1983), ideally any study that addresses a resource development proposal should undertake to describe and assess the host community in the pre-impact phase. This type of study may then be used for subsequent planning, assessment of alternatives, mitigation strategies, monitoring and management. This report provides an initial analysis of the Chatham Islands with regard to peat mining proposals. It contains an integrative review of the literature and provides a community analysis which was the result of fieldwork on the Chatham Islands. The emphasis of the report is the identification of the main types of issues that could arise from a major resource development such as peat mining for the production of synthetic fuels. This study can therefore be viewed as providing the initial research for an on-going social impact assessment process. Further research using an issues oriented approach for investigations into a Chatham Island synthetic crude industry could be integrated into an anticipatory planning framework. This type of approach would be responsive to changing circumstances as investigations proceed. The work being undertaken by the author is in partial fulfilment of the degree of Masters of Science in Resource Management. The Liquid Fuels Trust Board and the Town and Country Planning Directorate of the Ministry of Works and Development have jointly provided financial assistance for the project. Their support and enthusiasm is gratefully acknowledged. Similarly, the staff of the Centre for Resource Management and the people of the Chatham Islands are acknowledged for their generous assistance to this work.Item Restricted Bromley on property rights : A critique of "Property Rights and the Environment : Natural Resource Policy in Transition"(1989) Anderson, Terry L.; Hide, Rodney P.In August 1987 Professor Daniel W. Bromley from Wisconsin University visited New Zealand. In a series of lectures he generated widespread interest in the role and significance of property rights in natural resource and environmental policy and in the process did much to dispel the suspicions that those concerned with natural resource and environmental policy had of economists. Fortunately the lectures that he gave have now been published as a collection of papers titled "Property Rights and the Environment: Natural Resource Policy in Transition" (Ministry for the Environment, April 1988). * The framework that Professor Bromley has provided for the analysis of natural resource and environmental policy is without parallel in New Zealand both in its penetration of the issues and in the scope with which it considers them. The importance of his work has not been lost on New Zealanders. It was, for example, extensively referred to in the recent Royal Commission on Social Policy. His framework is also proving of especial importance as New Zealand's town and country planning, minerals, and soil and water legislation undergoes major reform. Professor Bromley has made, in short, an enormous contribution to policy analysis in New Zealand. Professor Bromley has also stimulated ourselves and other scholars to think about the importance of property rights to resource allocation. Because of the importance of his work we have studied it most carefully. What began as marginal notes and discussion has now grown into a full critique. It is a critique that should prove of interest to students of policy and those interested in natural resource and environmental issues.Publication Open Access An assessment of the economic impact of Canada goose grazing on Grasmere Station using a farm management modelling technique(An assessment of the economic impact of Canada goose grazing on Grasmere Station using a farm management modelling technique, 1987) Harris, P. S.; Potts, K. J.; Costello, E. J.Estimates are made of the quantities of various pasture and crop types consumed by Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) at Grasmere Station over two years. The costs incurred by the farmer as a result of such feeding are then calculated on the basis of displaced stock units using a computer-based farm management modelling technique.Publication Open Access The economics of Canada goose management in New Zealand : A preliminary analysis(Lincoln, N.Z. : Centre for Resource Management, Lincoln College and the University of Canterbury, 1986) Leathers, K. L.; Costello, E. J.In some areas the numbers of Canada Geese are imposing costs on runholders and farmers. An attempt was made to quantify this cost and identify the beneficiaries of any reduction in numbers. Two methods of quantifying costs were used. The first was from personal interviews with farmers and runholders. The second was to employ a computer based feed budgeting model. The results between the two approaches varied and the reasons for this are discussed. These variations are thought to result from limitations of data. The impact of goose damage was explained using a model high country pastoral system. An important determinant of cost is the time of year at which geese graze pasture. The cost of control methods were compared. Culling the geese at moult would appear as a commercially viable method of control. Farmer and runholder attitudes on control, recreational hunting and the selling of hunting rights were surveyed, collated and presented.Publication Open Access Rural change : Issues for social research, social assessment and integrated rural policy(Lincoln, N.Z. : Centre for Resource Management, Lincoln College, 1987) Taylor, Nick; Abrahamson, Mike; Williams, TraceyIn this paper we examine current issues for social research, social impact assessment (SIA) and policy making for rural areas. The central argument is that current economic restructuring and social change in New Zealand has important implications for rural areas. Changes such as relocation of rural employment and population, institutional reform including new roles for central government, and new strategies for economic growth which emphasise the use of local resources and entrepreneurship, are being promoted, as they are in several Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries (OECD, 1986). We suggest that the longer term social implications of these changes are largely unknown, and require applied social science research. This information needs to be applied to the formulation of public policy and the management of change in rural areas.Publication Restricted Report on environmental implications of liquid fuel production in the Waimakariri Basin(Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1979) Brander, W. D. S.; Brumley, C. F.; Bryce, D. A.; Carlin, W. F.; Collins, D. W.; Ford, R. M .D; Hughey. K. F. D.; Law, E.; Patterson, M. G.; Shaw, W. B.; Taylor, K. R.There are two principal findings from this case study. The first is that liquid fuel production from the Waimakariri Basin is feasible and economic. The smaller scenario shows that 15 percent of the South Island's fuel requirements can be produced from the Basin. While many impacts have been assessed other significant environmental implications remain. These are understood and should be further studied in the context of a specific proposal. The areas included in both scenarios are not necessarily those that would have been identified by a conventional planning or design approach. This leads to the second principal finding. In this study environmental factors were taken into account in the planning approach. This type of study has usually been regarded as theoretically desirable but impractical because of finance and approval procedures. We believe, however, that we have been successful in developing a planning approach that would reduce delays characteristic of conventional environmental impacting procedures. Before liquid fuel production could be a reality our proposals need further detailed economic study and an environmental impact report on a specific proposal. We believe that this study sets the framework within which these detailed studies should be made.Publication Restricted Integration of the environment and development in decision-making: Application of Agenda 21, chapter eight, to the Mount Cavendish gondola decision process: RESM 603 resource management case study(Lincoln University, 1994) Carlin, Alison; Millner, Judd; Moffat, Jonathan; Passl, Ursula; Taiepa, Todd; Whittle, JoanneAgenda 21 (Chapter 8) of the UNCED conference in Rio called on countries to integrate the environment and development in decision-making. This was in recognition of the importance of the interaction between economic, social, and ecological spheres in decision-making. This report conceptualises an integrated decision making process in terms of the five dynamics affecting the outcome of development decisions: values, law, public participation, information, and organisations. To enable the assessment of the New Zealand decision-making process in terms of our concept of integrated decision-making, we examine these five dynamics in a local case-study: the decision to allow the construction of the Mount Cavendish Gondola on the Pon Hills, Canterbury.Publication Restricted The state of Kaikoura's environment 1998: Developing indicators for monitoring environmental change(Lincoln University, 1998) Aldridge, Brett; Barr, Miranda; Boow, Jared; Dolheguy, Anna; Gray, Maree; Hargreaves, Rachel; Metcalf, Erina; Rowlands, Carmel; Sidaway, CateThis report makes the second contribution to a long term research programme, building upon and refining the contribution made by the 1997 report concerned with monitoring the State of Kaikoura's Environment. As such, this report can not comment on the State of Kaikoura's Environment, i.e., whether it is 'good' or 'bad', or on the implications of any change. This report concludes that it is important to continue consistent regular monitoring before any definite trends can be established. To aid in this continued monitoring, the following general recommendations are made: • Ensure that the previous year's report has been read and recommendations taken into account. • Follow the methods for the data collection exercises as closely as possible to the 1998 report. • Encourage students to partake in data collection exercises outside of their disciplines to provide the opportunity to learn new skills. • Use supplementary data to reinforce findings and conclusions, e.g. , primary and secondary sources from agency and university research. • Clearly determine the indicator(s) for each data collection exercise. • The indicators that should be carried out yearly include: Car counts; Westend Businesses; Photograph Points; Rubbish Collection; Cray Pot Counts; Interviews; and Surveys. The data collection exercises that may be alternated include: Bird Counts; Seals; Coastal Ecological Transect with the Forest Transect and Stream Study. • Comparatively analyse 1997, 1998 and 1999 results to start to evaluate trends over time It is hoped that these recommendations will allow future students to further refine and improve upon the methods and indicators discussed, so that the State of Kaikoura's Environment can continue to be assessed in an integrated and comprehensive manner.Publication Restricted Changing consumption patterns with respect to the transport sector in New Zealand: A recipe for society crumble: RESM Group project(Lincoln University, 1993) Corry, Susan; Kilvington, Margaret; Puentener, Rachel; Robertson, Campbell; Roxburgh, Angus; Thomson, Stephan; Young, JustineAgenda 21, the principle document emerging from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, highlights amongst other issues the need for an investigation into the unsustainable consumption patterns of the developed world. Titls report makes a contribution to the debate regarding the consumption patterns of New Zealand by investigating the transport sector in particular as a major component of New Zealand's consumption patterns. The situation in Christchurch regarding road transport is considered, from which emerges some principle barriers to a change of consumption patterns. These include institutional fragmentation and lack of coordination in planning and decision making; lack of political will and substantial investment in the status quo; the dominance of one particular economic paradigm; and a social and psychological dependence on current transport systems that, coupled with the complexity of the transport issues, results in a failure to see transport as a consumption problem. The insights gained from looking at transport as an issue of consumption can be transferred to consumption patterns in general. It becomes obvious that whilst institutional change is a desirable step in the pathway to more sustainable consumption this cannot occur in isolation of social value change. This value change is part of a cyclic interaction between the public and the state and can be stimulated in a number of ways using education, the media and greater public participation in decision making.Publication Restricted "Professions pastimes, professions": An analysis of the West Coast whitebait regulations review 1989-95: Report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Resource Management(Lincoln University, 1995) Airey, Sally; Barber, Faith; McGarry, Sharon; Randle, Nicolla; Selby-Neal, RochelleThe main aim of this report is to evaluate the review, development and implementation (the process) of the management regime for the whitebait fishery on the West Coast, during the period 1989-1995. Within this main aim the report has five objectives: 1. To detail and analyse 'the process', determining what went wrong and where. 2. To analyse the Department of Conservation as the managing institution. 3. To identify all involved parties (administrative and community), their values and the influence of those values on 'the process'. 4. To identify the sources of knowledge in 'the process' and the role each source has played. 5. To present conclusions and recommendations which could assist any future development and implementation of management regimes for the whitebait fishery.Publication Restricted Waste recycling in halls and flats at Lincoln University - Social and cultural implications: ERST 620 group project(Lincoln University, 2001) Seigismund, Annette; Marroni, Virginia; de Queiroz, Ana Beatriz J.; Young, Brodie; Bauer, Andrea; Walkinshaw, Neil; Hill, ZachLincworks, in partnership with the Lincoln University's Environmental Taskforce and in line with the university's Environmental Policy has launched a new recycling programme for the halls of residence and flats on Lincoln University campus. The recycling programme started in mid April and is the first stage of a "Zero Waste" scheme. (For further details see section 2.2). The ultimate goal is to remove the University's dependence on landfill. Altogether there are 459 students currently living in on-campus accommodations of which 59% are internationals (for further information see appendix). A major issue, however, is that the students in the flats and halls of residence have differing cultural and social backgrounds. This could influence how successful the recycling programme will operate. The aim of this project is to find out how the multi-cultural dimension of the halls of residence and flats on Lincoln campus will influence the recycling programme. This information will be used to propose implementation strategies that will maximise student participation.Publication Restricted An approach to the management of genetic resources: 603 case study, Centre for Resource Management(Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1986) Blackford, Carolyn; de Ronde, Brigitte; Gibbs, Nicola; Jebson, Michael; Keenan, Janice; McClurg, Tom; Pemberton, Roger; Shearer, David; Sheppard, Allen; Smitheram, Graham; Turbott, Christopher; Wallace, PhilipThis report is concerned with the development of an approach to the management of genetic resources. The approach is based upon a conceptual characterisation of the genetic resource as "information", which is carried and reproduced through time by living things. The management approach is primarily concerned with the maintenance of the diversity or the "stock" component of the genetic resource. Two criteria, equity and efficiency have been offered as evaluative tools for the assessment of management strategies. Two case studies, one concerning plant variety rights, the other concerned with endangered species, are used to illustrate the application of our approach. The report concludes by identifying that maintenance of genetic information may be compromised by present management, which focuses only on living things. Directions for policy are suggested, which are directed at the maintenance and use of genetic information. The strategies presented are founded on the belief that genetic resources are most appropriately held as common property belonging to all people.Publication Restricted Perspectives in resource management: A role for government: 603 case study for the Centre of Resource Management(Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1988) Edwards, Victoria; Furminger, Alison; Irwin, Jacqui; McRae, Sarah; Mussack, Irmi; Allison, Nick; Clover, Doug; Jenner, Graeme; Keller, Jeanine; Sheldon, Jane; Stupples, Liana; Brougham, Matthew; Dalziell, JanetIn January, 1988, the Minister for the Environment, the Rt. Hon. Geoffrey Palmer, announced a comprehensive reform of the principal resource management laws, continuing the process of review begun with the Town and Country Planning Act, Water and Soil Legislation, and Minerals legislation. A wide range of statutes are covered by the review, which has a stated aim of developing a statute or set of statutes which is "integrated, workable, efficient, and fair.". The resource statute review is one of the most important events in the field of resource management in the last decade. We chose this topic because we felt that we could contribute to the process of formulating new rules for the management of natural resources in New Zealand. Rationale for the reform was the focus of the initial public discussion. In an address to the NZ Law Society (22 March 1988), Dr. Roger Blakeley discussed commonly perceived deficiencies of the present system. These included concern with the excessive cost, time delays, and overlaps between statutory procedures which allow avoidable mistakes to occur and enable interested parties to proclaim the procedures unfair. Another criticism made was that the present statutes "do not allow for comprehensive consideration of the impact of [development] proposals on the environment", with the result that the environment is compromised.* The review in effect called for more efficient decision making procedures coupled with the wise use of natural resources. In order to isolate a manageable part of the subject, our group began by constructing questions we felt were crucial to the review. One of the most touted guidelines for the review was that it should be 'zero-based'. It appeared that this implied that all government intervention must be justified. This lead us to the question; "what is the role for government in the management of natural resources?"Publication Restricted Cultivating a crop of ideas: An investigation into the potential of organic agriculture to provide a framework for sustainable agriculture: Presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Resource Management)(Lincoln University, 1997) Hooker, Vanessa; Lynch, Heidi; McAven, Kim; Preston, Sandra; Taylor, Rhys; Woods, TamiThe purpose of this report is provide a comprehensive and interdisciplinary evaluation of the potential of organic agriculture to contribute towards a framework for sustainable agriculture. This report examines the past and present practices of agriculture in an international and national context. As agricultural production has intensified to meet the growing needs of an expanding population, considerable adverse effects have been incurred on the environment. These effects are discussed by applying an ecological, economic, sociocultural, policy and institutional disciplinary perspective. Concerns regarding these effects have initiated a growing interest into more sustainable forms of agriculture. As there is no universal definition of 'sustainable agriculture,' criteria were derived to facilitate a general understanding of the concept. As with sustainable agriculture, there is no universal definition of organic agriculture, therefore its characteristics were established. A framework was created based upon the relationship between the sustainable agriculture criteria and the characteristics of organic agriculture. Organic agriculture has a role to play in the quest for sustainable agriculture because, theoretically, the characteristics of organic agriculture fulfil the criteria derived for sustainable agriculture. A number of opportunities exist for organic production to contribute to sustainable agriculture in New Zealand. However, significant issues within the economic, institutional and policy context and philosophical context constrain the potential of organic agriculture to provide a framework for sustainable agriculture.Publication Restricted State of the environment monitoring: A process to assist Kaikoura District Council meet its obligations under the Resource Management Act: RESM 664 group case study(Lincoln University, 1996) Anderson, Peter; Coumbe, Rachael; Dickey, Miranda; Gould, Jo; Johnson, Simon; Sweeney, Annette; Nelson, Penny; Williams, EuanUnder section 35(2)(a) of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA), district councils are required to monitor the state of their environment. At present, there is a lack of clarity as to how to interpret and fulfil this requirement. Early in 1996, a staff member from the Kaikoura District Council (KOC) approached the Department of Resource Management at Lincoln University with a proposal for a group research project to clarify how the Council could best meet its monitoring obligations. A group of eight students undertook this task and produced this report recommending a process for KOC to follow to develop a state of the environment (SOE) monitoring strategy.Publication Restricted Public passenger transport and the Christchurch City Council: A difficult journey along a road well travelled: A group report presented in partial fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Science in Resource Management(Lincoln University, 1995) Craythorne, Mary; Morrison, Toni; Hart, Caroline; Newman, Alix; Shaw, AngelaThe environment in which public passenger transport (PPT) in New Zealand operates is complex, with a diverse range of actors involved with various levels of influence. Public passenger transport is operating in a deregulated environment and is forced to compete in a free market economy. There is competition between PPT operators, and PPT generally has to compete with other modes of transport, particularly the private car. This has forced PPT into a position where it faces considerable uncertainties in the future. This report focuses on the Christchurch City Council (CCC), and asks the question "What options does the Christchurch City Council have to maintain and improve PPT in Christchurch in the short term?". The City Council is in a position to influence PPT in Christchurch through a range of policies including traffic management, parking, land use and infrastructure. The CCC is actively developing some initiatives for PPT. However policy and action tend to be reactive, and generally do not promote PPT. On the basis of these findings, a suggested policy design shows that future policy formulated by the CCC should consider integration on internal and external levels, be aware of causal links between effects, outcomes and constraints of policy design, and recognise how lobby group pressure impacts on policy design. The practicality of recommendations based on these findings must be addressed. Analysis illustrated the varying probability of policy being accepted by the CCC or acted upon if recommended. A model of agenda setting reveals and re-emphasises the complexity of the environment in which the CCC and PPT operate. Our recommendations reflect this complexity and the ability of the CCC to operate within this environment to maintain and improve PPT. On this basis, what options do the CCC have for maintaining and improving PPT in Christchurch in the short term? It is recommended that the CCC reorient its perspective on PPT to consider it as a method in implementing other policies, to anticipate future growth and demand, and incorporate an awareness of the consequences of other policies on PPT.Publication Restricted An aquaculture feasibility study for Ngai Tuahuriri: Presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Resource Management(Lincoln University, 1991) Came, Sharron; Cowan, Cameron; Gravatt, Adrienne; Lambert, Ray; Morgan, Kate; Napp, Greg; Ryan, Stuart; Visser, Andre; Waterhouse, Emma; Welsh, Craig; White, James; Woudberg, LesleyThis report assesses the feasibility of a sustainable aquaculture development for the Ngai Tuahuriri of Tuahiwi. The report focuses on a site situated 2-4 kilometres north of the Ashley River/Saltwater Creek Estuary mouth, in Pegasus Bay, Canterbury. Background to the social, physical, ecological and legal characteristics of any proposed development are detailed along with an account of aquaculture in New Zealand. Species thought to have an aquaculture potential are evaluated within a framework incorporating available information and a risk assessment procedure. Evaluation of the species with potential for aquaculture indicates that none are suitable for the Ashworth Ponds site. The report also provides information and contact sources relevant to aquaculture options at other sites in Canterbury. Finally sustainable harvesting of tuatua/surf clams from the subtidal and intertidal zones is comprehensively dealt with in a management strategy. This provides an alternative to aquaculture for Ngai Tuahuriri at the Ashworth Ponds site.Publication Open Access The New Zealand Futures Game(The Commission for the Future, 1978) Scott, GraemeThe New Zealand Futures Game is a classroom exercise based on current perceptions of future trends in population growth, economic growth and environmental quality. For the purpose of the game, "The Future" is defined as being 50 years from now. The game kit is capable of being used in a number of different ways. In the basic game students make a series of resource-demand decisions followed by a series of population growth decisions. As a consequence of these decisions they select one of 12 future scenarios, each of which describes the future New Zealand that would result if many New Zealanders made the same decisions as they did.
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