Ecosanctuaries: How can spatial design in new residential subdivisions enhance the halo effect? : A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Landscape Architecture at Lincoln University

Abstract

Ecosanctuaries offer a potential solution for protecting New Zealand’s threatened indigenous wildlife by providing a ‘safe haven’ from predators and a breeding ground. Inevitably, wildlife will spread, or halo, out into the wider landscape requiring us to look beyond the fence. With increased pressure to develop land for residential purposes, this research explores how landscape architects can support ecosanctuaries through the spatial design of new residential subdivisions located within the halo of mainland New Zealand ecosanctuaries. A literature review of overseas conservation-oriented eco-estates in South Africa and conservation subdivisions in the United States unwraps strategies used in each that help inform the spatial design of new subdivisions in the New Zealand context. In addition, case studies of three ring-fenced mainland New Zealand ecosanctuaries and interviews with key employees identify the aspirations behind ecosanctuaries and reveal what needs to be done within the broader landscape to support their success. This research suggests that through the halo effect, ecosanctuaries influence the wider environment. In turn, the spatial design of the wider landscape affects the conservation success of ecosanctuaries. The findings show that beyond the fence, safe, quality and functionally connected habitat is required. By taking an ecosystem approach and ensuring careful spatial design at the ‘landscape’, ‘subdivision’, and ‘backyard/homeowner’ scales, landscape architects can help ensure the long-term success of ecosanctuaries as a conservation model. Based on findings from the research a checklist is provided listing strategies that can be used to inform the spatial design of new residential subdivisions within the halo of New Zealand ecosanctuaries.